H5N1HPAICases of avian influenzaBirdsH7N9HumansSubtypeInfectionsFlocks20232022SubtypesLPAITransmission of avian influenzaNorth AmericaHigh pathogenic avian influenzaHighlyCirculating avian influenza virusesHuman InfectionTest for avian influenzaSpread of avian influenzaOutbreaks of avian influenzaPandemic InfluenzaRaptors or avian scavengersThreatFactors for avianH5N6BirdVaccinesSeasonalPreventionInfectious DiseasesPneumoniaBiosecurityOutbreak of avianWild migratory waterfowlHemagglutininWaterfowlMild disease in poultryStrains of influenzaInfection with influenzaExposureMortalityPosePathogenicityVaccinePoultry marketsStrain of influenzaPopulationsDiseasesGuidanceRespiratorySerotypeH1N1
H5N139
- 14 March 2015 - The Ministry of Health and Population of Egypt has notified WHO of an increase in laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) in recent months. (who.int)
- This rise is the biggest ever in avian influenza A (H5N1) infections reported in humans in Egypt since the first human infection was reported in the country in 2006. (who.int)
- Since its introduction in Egypt in 2006, avian influenza A (H5N1) virus has been circulating in domestic poultry in the country and has been the source of sporadic human infections. (who.int)
- Though the number of cases reported is higher compared to last year, the increase in the number of cases does not change current risk status of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus that is currently circulating at the animal-human interface in the country. (who.int)
- The mission, assessing the current situation in both animal and human health sector, provided both short, mid and long-term recommendations in order to step up appropriate containment measures to reduce the circulation of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus at the animal-human interface and also to minimize the risk of transmission to humans. (who.int)
- The challenge is to develop the vaccination program that is more successful in containing and preventing the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 from recurrence in the Red River Delta, Vietnam and reducing vaccination costs. (hawaii.edu)
- Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- February 25, 2023 - Two human infections with avian influenza A H5N1 (H5N1 bird flu) virus have been reported by Cambodia. (cdc.gov)
- CDC's existing influenza surveillance systems are well-equipped to rapidly detect cases of avian influenza A virus infection, including H5N1 virus, in people. (cdc.gov)
- The Chief Veterinary Officer for Scotland has confirmed a case of H5N1 Avian Influenza in birds at a premises in the Angus constituency, Scotland. (scottishgamekeepers.co.uk)
- The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
- Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
- The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
- Avian influenza strains are divided into two types based on their pathogenicity: high pathogenicity (HP) or low pathogenicity (LP). The most well-known HPAI strain, H5N1, was first isolated from a farmed goose in Guangdong Province, China in 1996, and also has low pathogenic strains found in North America. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Influenza A/H5N1 was first isolated from a goose in China in 1996. (wikipedia.org)
- Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
- Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
- The rapid spread of the A(H5N1) virus to previously unaffected areas and its successful persistence during summer months has likely been facilitated by ongoing evolution and reassortment with local low pathogenic avian (LPAI) viruses. (earth.com)
- Consequently, HPAI viruses have impacted wild bird populations worldwide, with the influenza A(H5N1) virus causing the death of more than 40 percent of the pelican population in Chile and Peru. (earth.com)
- There are many types of avian influenza viruses, but only a few of them have caused serious concerns for human health, most notably H5N1, H7N9 and H5N8. (earth.com)
- 2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
- A sample from each location has tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), subtype H5N1. (gov.mb.ca)
- This new mechanism allowed China to successfully manage the avian influenza H5N1 and the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 outbreaks in 2005 and 2009, respectively. (who.int)
- Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
- The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
- As of 2019, 2,644 human cases of avian influenza, mainly H7N9 or H5N1 subtypes have been reported. (qld.gov.au)
- There is a high risk that Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI H5N1) will arrive in the Southern Ocean during the 2023/24 austral summer. (usap.gov)
- Avian influenza H5N1 virus is known to cross the species barrier and infect humans and felines. (flu.org.cn)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (flu.org.cn)
- Gross and microscopic lesions from dog infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flu.org.cn)
- Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) gene sequences of the H5N1 influenza virus isolated from a dog´s lung. (flu.org.cn)
- Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
- Immunohistochemical tests were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues by using a mouse monoclonal antibody anti-nucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1 (B.V. European Veterinary Laboratory, Woerden, the Netherlands) as a primary antibody and a polyclonal goat antimouse immunoglobulin G tagged with peroxidase as a secondary antibody (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark). (flu.org.cn)
- Positive lung tissue from the dog that was incubated with phosphate-buffered saline instead of the mouse monoclonal antibody antinucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1, and tissue from the liver and lung of a cat killed by a car served as negative control ( 2 ). (flu.org.cn)
- elivaldogene autotemcel, influenza A (H5N1) vaccine. (medscape.com)
- teplizumab decreases effects of influenza A (H5N1) vaccine by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
- Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
- To minimize the global threat and risk of HPAI in humans and domestic poultry, through progressive control and eradication of HPAI, particularly that caused by H5N1 virus, from terrestrial domestic poultry in Asia. (bvs.br)
- Der handelsübliche Influenza A-Schnelltest erfasst das H5N1-Vogelgrippevirus nicht. (medscape.com)
HPAI38
- Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- Before HPAI-H5N2 outbreaks, higher educated respondents demonstrated greater risk awareness and concerns regarding AI. (biomedcentral.com)
- Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- The risk of incursion of highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza H5 in wild birds has increased from medium (event occurs regularly) to high (event occurs often) for wild birds. (scottishgamekeepers.co.uk)
- The risk of poultry and captive bird exposure to HPAI H5 across Great Britain has increased from low (with medium uncertainty) to medium (with medium uncertainty) where biosecurity on premises is below the required standard. (scottishgamekeepers.co.uk)
- The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (wikipedia.org)
- What is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)? (birdnote.org)
- The strain of avian influenza currently causing outbreaks is highly contagious and easily transmitted, so it is often referred to as highly pathogenic avian influenza or HPAI . (birdnote.org)
- Some regions have had larger outbreaks of HPAI than others - you can see a map of the distribution of avian influenza in North America from the U.S. Geological Survey of reported cases here . (birdnote.org)
- Does HPAI pose a risk to people? (birdnote.org)
- If HPAI is reported near you, taking down birdfeeders and birdbaths can reduce the risk of transmission among your local birds. (birdnote.org)
- In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has transformed from a seasonal phenomenon associated with migratory birds in specific regions to a constant global risk. (earth.com)
- HPAI viruses, particularly the influenza A(H5) subtype, are causing the worst bird epidemics to date. (earth.com)
- The experts also refer to global reports of HPAI transmission to mammals like minks and sea lions, which increases the risk of the virus spilling over to pet animals through contact with dead or sick wild birds or mammals such as foxes. (earth.com)
- Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
- Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
- The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
- On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
- With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
- Professor Jeff Bender answers key questions about Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), or bird flu, an extremely contagious viral illness that affects both wild birds and livestock, such as chickens and turkeys. (umn.edu)
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), or bird flu, is an extremely contagious viral illness that affects both wild birds and livestock, such as chicken and turkeys. (umn.edu)
- Q: Where does highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or "bird flu" come from? (umn.edu)
- Small flocks are considered at high risk for HPAI infection as they often have access to outdoor pens or free range. (gov.mb.ca)
- It is referred to as 'highly pathogenic' avian influenza, or HPAI. (bto.org)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses that emerged in poultry in East Asia spread to Europe and North America by late 2014. (eur.nl)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has recently been confirmed in a Saskatchewan backyard flock and a commercial poultry flock. (prairiepost.com)
- On April 14, 2022, Saskatchewan's Chief Veterinary Officer put in place an animal health control area order to limit the co-mingling of poultry due to the risk of HPAI. (prairiepost.com)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus strains are extremely infectious, often fatal to chickens, and can spread rapidly from flock-to-flock. (cdc.gov)
- In mid-January, USDA first announced finding highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) bird flu virus in wild birds, marking the first detection of this virus in wild birds in the United States since 2016. (cdc.gov)
- February 14, 2022 -The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspective Service (APHIS) has announced multiple detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in U.S. commercial poultry and backyard flocks . (cdc.gov)
- Although no new highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infections in wild birds have been documented in North Carolina since March, those birds that migrated to other states and Canada during the spring and summer, where HPAI was present, are returning to North Carolina for the winter. (ncwildlife.org)
- Wild bird mortalities can occur with HPAI, particularly in species of raptors that prey on waterfowl and in avian scavengers that feed on infected carcasses. (ncwildlife.org)
- Songbirds present a low risk for HPAI transmission to other birds, however, if you own poultry, it is not recommended to maintain bird feeders or bird baths. (ncwildlife.org)
- Earlier in 2022, HPAI was detected in domestic Canadian birds, prompting the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to prohibit most avian products from crossing the border this spring and summer. (deltawaterfowl.org)
- Past strains of avian influenza have not been known to cause widespread mortality in wild waterfowl, but HPAI has killed snow geese, Canada geese and bluebills in 2022. (deltawaterfowl.org)
- The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 outbreak that decimated the egg industry from December 2014 through June 2015 continues to impact supply-chain decisions related to egg product and potential substitutes, particularly in the bakery industry. (snackandbakery.com)
- There has been ongoing 'highly pathogenic avian influenza' (HPAI) or 'bird flu' outbreak in South Africa, of the strains HPAI H5 and H7, over the last few months. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is associated with severe disease and mortality in birds. (qld.gov.au)
Cases of avian influenza3
- To date, no cases of avian influenza have been detected in poultry flocks in Manitoba. (gov.mb.ca)
- No human cases of avian influenza viruses have been detected in the United States. (timesreview.com)
- Human cases of avian influenza are usually associated with direct or indirect exposure to live or dead infected birds or their contaminated environment. (qld.gov.au)
Birds49
- This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- People who have job-related or recreational exposures to infected birds or sick or dead mammals are at higher risk of infection and should take appropriate prevention measures . (cdc.gov)
- Following a number of detections of avian influenza in wild birds across Great Britain, the Chief Veterinary Officers from England, Scotland and Wales have declared an Avian Influenza Prevention Zone (AIPZ) across the whole of Great Britain to mitigate the risk of the disease spreading amongst poultry and captive birds. (scottishgamekeepers.co.uk)
- Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
- Though influenza A is adapted to birds, it can also stably adapt and sustain person-to-person transmission. (wikipedia.org)
- Companion birds in captivity are unlikely to contract the virus and there has been no report of a companion bird with avian influenza since 2003. (wikipedia.org)
- The type of influenza known informally as avian or bird flu is caused by viruses adapted to birds. (wikipedia.org)
- The most widely quoted date for the beginning of recorded history of avian influenza (initially known as fowl plague) was in 1878 when it was differentiated from other diseases that caused high mortality rates in birds. (wikipedia.org)
- This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
- The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
- France's farm ministry said on Tuesday it would remove avian influenza-related restrictions on poultry farming across the country, citing a halt in outbreaks after the worst-ever crisis of the highly contagious virus led to the culling of 16 million birds, reported Reuters . (thepoultrysite.com)
- For instance, a few people elsewhere in the world have contracted avian influenza - bird flu - after handling game birds who had been involved in staged fights, Goodwin said. (upc-online.org)
- Our birds are facing outbreaks of avian influenza, also known as bird flu. (birdnote.org)
- The outbreak is continuing into spring, and the number of birds that have died from avian influenza is now a record. (birdnote.org)
- In North America, a new strain of avian influenza virus was first detected in wild birds in late 2021. (birdnote.org)
- Wild birds, commercial poultry, and backyard domestic birds are all at risk of becoming infected. (birdnote.org)
- Public health organizations closely monitor avian influenza outbreaks in birds and humans because of the potential for the virus to mutate and gain the capability to spread easily among humans, which could lead to a pandemic. (earth.com)
- Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (who.int)
- The risk of avian influenza to commercial poultry farms and small flocks increases each spring and fall, as waterfowl and other birds follow their migratory paths. (mapleridgenews.com)
- Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
- The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
- Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
- Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
- Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
- However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are found in aquatic birds. (umn.edu)
- Although the risk of transmission of avian influenza to humans is low, people should not touch dead birds or other wildlife with their bare hands. (gov.mb.ca)
- Small flock owners are encouraged to confine their birds indoors, if at all possible, during this high-risk period of wild bird migration. (gov.mb.ca)
- Biosecurity remains the best tool for poultry producers and small flock owners to protect their birds from avian influenza. (prairiepost.com)
- Those who work with poultry or wild birds can be at increased risk. (cdc.gov)
- Infected birds shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, mucous and feces. (cdc.gov)
- People with close or prolonged unprotected contact with infected birds or contaminated environments may be at greater risk of infection. (cdc.gov)
- The risk of human infection is low, but rare instances have occurred due to direct interaction with diseased birds. (ncwildlife.org)
- An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza - a.k.a. the bird flu - means the harvested meat of ducks, geese and game birds from affected areas will not be allowed to be brought into the United States. (deltawaterfowl.org)
- Whole wild game birds harvested outside of highly pathogenic avian influenza control zones can be brought into the United States," Mike Stepien, a USDA spokesman, told the Duluth (Minnesota) News Tribune . (deltawaterfowl.org)
- Avian influenza A viruses circulate among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species to cause disease referred to as avian influenza. (cdc.gov)
- People who are exposed to poultry or wild aquatic birds infected with avian influenza A viruses or associated contaminated environments may become infected with these viruses. (cdc.gov)
- People involved in poultry outbreak response activities and others with exposures to infected birds or contaminated material, surfaces, or water may be at risk of avian influenza A virus infection. (cdc.gov)
- As noted in " Avian influenza 2015: an industry update ," the outbreak-the worst of its kind in U.S. history-left more than 48 million affected birds in its wake. (snackandbakery.com)
- As far as St Helena is concerned, the risk is primarily to our poultry flocks and other resident birds of note such as seabirds and the endemic wirebird, although the latter two categories should in theory be little affected. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
- If we had one infected, that means the state would have to come in and cull our flock, and then the rumor would get out that we had avian flu on our property and nobody would come to buy birds. (timesreview.com)
- The prevention zone required bird keepers in all areas of Scotland to put in placed enhanced biosecurity measures prior to letting their birds outside, in order to reduce the risk of disease. (rehis.com)
- Cabinet Secretary for Rural Economy Fergus Ewing said: "This will be welcome news for many keepers who have opted to keep their birds indoors to protect them from a seasonally increased risk from highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8. (rehis.com)
- This decision has been made following the recent veterinary risk assessment concluding that the risk of avian influenza incursion to poultry and captive birds in Scotland had decreased to low. (rehis.com)
- With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
- The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
- Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
- Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
- Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
H7N910
- Scientists are to create mutant forms of the H7N9 bird flu virus that has emerged in China so they can gauge the risk of it becoming a lethal human pandemic. (abc.net.au)
- To identify the general public's perceptions of the overall risk communication strategy carried out by Chinese public health agencies during the first wave of avian influenza A(H7N9) outbreak in humans in 2013. (who.int)
- Human infection with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were first identified in China in March 2013. (who.int)
- 6 H7N9 is a strain of influenza that causes mild disease in poultry but can be severe in humans. (who.int)
- 8,9 Given that concern, in this study we conducted focus group interviews in three cities in China to assess China's risk communication responses to the 2013 H7N9 outbreak in humans from the general public's perspective. (who.int)
- Isolation of H5N6, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from air sampled at live poultry markets in China, 2014 and 2015. (cdc.gov)
- Viral genome and infectious avian influenza A viruses of H5N6, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes were detected predominantly from particles larger or equal to 1 microm in diameter in the air sampled with cyclone-based bioaerosol samplers at the live poultry markets in Guangzhou. (cdc.gov)
- Animal health officials in Tennessee yesterday announced that a second H7N9 avian flu outbreak has been detected at a farm in Giles County in the southern part of the state, but tests show the virus is low pathogenic, not the highly pathogenic strain found recently in neighboring Lincoln County. (umn.edu)
- Routine screening identified avian influenza in the flock on Mar 6, and tests at state and federal labs confirmed low-pathogenic H7N9 in the samples. (umn.edu)
- In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
Humans15
- Pigeons can contract avian strains, but rarely become ill and are incapable of transmitting the virus efficiently to humans or other animals. (wikipedia.org)
- surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
- Transmission of avian influenza to humans is rare. (birdnote.org)
- An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
- Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. (medscape.com)
- And how can we better understand the risks it poses to humans? (wamc.org)
- Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been frequently detected in live bird markets (LBMs) around the world, primarily in urban areas , and have the ability to spillover to other species, including humans . (bvsalud.org)
- The inadequate biosecurity measures at poultry stalls in Bangladesh increase the risk of AIV transmission from poultry to humans . (bvsalud.org)
- Because of high mortality rates, high rates of contagion, and the possibility of cross-species infection to mammals including humans, high pathogenic avian influenza is a major concern both to consumers and producers of poultry. (worldbank.org)
- We conclude that LBMs in Uganda are a potential risk for spread of AI to poultry and humans. (uncst.go.ug)
- Most updates concerned Ebola virus disease in West Africa, MERS and avian influenza in humans. (who.int)
- The results highlight the possibility of airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses among poultry or from poultry to humans within such settings. (cdc.gov)
- Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
- It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
- It provides a vision and goal towards diminishing the risk of avian influenza to humans and poultry. (bvs.br)
Subtype6
- Pigs can also be infected with human, avian, and swine influenza viruses, allowing for mixtures of genes (reassortment) to create a new virus, which can cause an antigenic shift to a new influenza A virus subtype which most people have little to no immune protection against. (wikipedia.org)
- Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
- Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
- All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
- All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
- In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
Infections10
- The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
- Biosecurity protocols are important to reduce the risk of infections. (umn.edu)
- No human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses have been detected to date in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- There have been four human infections with low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses identified in the United States since 2002. (cdc.gov)
- Some avian influenza A viruses have caused rare, sporadic infections in people , resulting in human illness ranging from mild to severe respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
- Zoonotic infections by avian influenza viruses occur at the human-poultry interface, but the modes of transmission have not been fully investigated. (cdc.gov)
- Though the public health risk is low, the CDC added that there have been a small number of human infections reported in North America from avian H7 viruses. (umn.edu)
- Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
- Dealing With Avian and Variant Influenza A Infections The CDC's Tim Uyeki, MD, discusses trends in avian influenza A and variant influenza A viruses, as well as guidance on prevention and treatment. (medscape.com)
Flocks4
- The spread of avian influenza around the globe has raised concerns among governments and the poultry industry due to its ability to ravage flocks and potential trade restrictions. (thepoultrysite.com)
- It's extremely disappointing that this is now the worst outbreak ever across the UK and yet another stark reminder of the importance of excellent biosecurity measures which ultimately, are the only protection we have in preventing Avian Influenza getting into our housed flocks. (itv.com)
- Some additional hazards workers can be exposed to when dealing with avian flu in their flocks include ammonia, chemical disinfectants, heat stress, dust, fatigue, and stress (see NIOSH Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) webpage) . (cdc.gov)
- Entire flocks are culled if a single bird contracts the virus, posing a financial risk to some farmers. (timesreview.com)
20231
- Avian influenza overview March - April 2023. (eurosurveillance.org)
20227
- Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)
- Since the first 2022 confirmation of avian influenza in B.C. poultry in mid-April, there have been 36 cases in B.C.," it says further. (mapleridgenews.com)
- Information about the outbreak of avian influenza in 2021 and 2022, its spread and its impact on breeding seabird populations. (bto.org)
- In April 2022, the nonprofit organization Agrisafe Network™ collaborated with several partners including the Ag Health and Safety Alliance™, the Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health (University of Iowa), Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (University of Nebraska Medical Center), and the Upper Midwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center (University of Minnesota) to revise and update a document on Avian Flu: Personal Protective Equipment Guidelines . (cdc.gov)
- An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
- The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
- 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
Subtypes3
- Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the prevalence of AIV subtypes within a subset of peri-urban and rural LBMs in Bangladesh and to further identify associated risk factors . (bvsalud.org)
- The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
- Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
LPAI2
- Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus strains occur naturally in wild migratory waterfowl and shorebirds without causing illness. (cdc.gov)
- Viruses that cause only mild disease are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (qld.gov.au)
Transmission of avian influenza4
- BirdNote has compiled a list of commonly asked questions about the disease and practical things you can do to help stop the transmission of avian influenza. (birdnote.org)
- Some clusters of limited, non-sustained human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A viruses have been reported . (cdc.gov)
- Limited person to person transmission of avian influenza has occurred however, continued transmission is low risk. (qld.gov.au)
- 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
North America3
- It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
- This continued European epizootic increases the risk of HPAIV being transported from Europe to North America as bird populations migrate through the North Atlantic to breeding sites in Greenland and Canada, and highlights the importance of these studies. (usgs.gov)
- Additional information is available at www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-health/update-avian-influenza-in-north-america.html . (gov.mb.ca)
High pathogenic avian influenza1
- This paper illustrates the effect that high pathogenic avian influenza has had on the trade flows of poultry products. (worldbank.org)
Highly6
- The African Region is highly vulnerable given its inadequate transport and other communication infrastructure, underdeveloped general administration and logistics systems, widespread poverty, and disruption of trade due to the socioeconomic impact of avian influenza. (who.int)
- Six commercial poultry farms in Abbotsford and one in Chilliwack have been placed under quarantine by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) after testing positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza. (mapleridgenews.com)
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
- Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
- The Lincoln County event is the first highly pathogenic avian flu outbreak in the United States this year. (umn.edu)
- An adult great horned owl and two owlets found dead in Peconic earlier this month have tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation officials have confirmed. (timesreview.com)
Circulating avian influenza viruses1
- Although currently circulating avian influenza viruses retain a preference for avian-type receptors, different mutations associated with transmission to and pathogenicity in mammals have been observed," said the researchers. (earth.com)
Human Infection3
- And while the risk for human infection and mortality from the bird flu remains low, some scientists are concerned that this virus could potentially mutate and cause another pandemic. (wamc.org)
- Good quality serological investigations may be useful in differentiating infection from contamination in these cases and allow for better assessment of the risk of human infection. (who.int)
- Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
Test for avian influenza2
- Unless advised by the CDC or regional health departments, clinicians do not routinely need to test for avian influenza. (medscape.com)
- Collect respiratory specimens from the patient to test for avian influenza A viruses at the state health department. (cdc.gov)
Spread of avian influenza1
- Is there a correlation between fighting cocks and the spread of avian influenza? (upc-online.org)
Outbreaks of avian influenza1
- The findings suggest that outbreaks of avian influenza have greatly restructured the international flow of poultry products. (worldbank.org)
Pandemic Influenza2
- The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
- This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)
Raptors or avian scavengers1
- We are interested hearing about morbidity events involving five or more waterbirds or waterfowl, any number of raptors or avian scavengers, like vultures, or any of those species that are observed with clinical signs consistent with neurological impairment, like swimming in circles, head tilt and lack of coordination," stated Sarah Van de Berg, wildlife biologist with the Wildlife Commission. (ncwildlife.org)
Threat5
- To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
- Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
- To address the threat of avian influenza, the authors advocate for a One Health approach, which entails rapid sharing of outbreak information, provision of sequence data and reference viruses, and close collaboration between different sectors both locally and globally. (earth.com)
- Communication campaigns may help increase public awareness and recognition of avian influenza as a threat to animal and human health, reducing the risk of contact with potentially infected animals. (earth.com)
- While the bird flu poses less disease risk to people, it is a serious threat to domestic poultry and waterfowl. (deltawaterfowl.org)
Factors for avian1
- Prevalence and risk factors for avian influenza virus (H5 and H9) contamination in peri-urban and rural live bird markets in Bangladesh. (bvsalud.org)
H5N62
Bird11
- Avian influenza, also known as avian flu, is a bird flu caused by the influenza A virus, which can infect people. (wikipedia.org)
- In its recent ruling the court stated, "At a minimum, the act serves the significant and legitimate public purpose of preventing cruelty to animals and prohibiting human involvement in bird fighting, obviously out of compassion for avian creatures. (upc-online.org)
- But a dramatic increase in poultry farming over the past 15 years has allowed avian influenza to become entrenched in the bird population. (upc-online.org)
- Stakeholders include federal and state agencies, North Atlantic and European countries, and commercial poultry businesses who have an interest in protecting wildlife and/or domestic animals by identifying the risks of HPAIV entering the United States through North Atlantic wild bird flyways. (usgs.gov)
- Manitoba Natural Resources and Northern Development advises the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) has confirmed the presence of avian influenza in two different wild bird samples in Manitoba. (gov.mb.ca)
- Updates on wild bird surveillance testing and results are posted on the CHWC website at www.cwhc-rcsf.ca/avian_influenza.php . (gov.mb.ca)
- Avian influenza (bird flu) is caused by infection with avian influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (cdc.gov)
- While seasonal flu vaccination will not prevent infection with bird flu viruses, getting vaccinated can reduce the risk of getting sick with both human and bird flu viruses at the same time. (ncwildlife.org)
- Live bird markets (LBMs) are essential for marketing of poultry, but can be a hub for the rapid spread of diseases including avian influenza (AI). (uncst.go.ug)
- Biosurveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIV) among wild and domestic bird populations helps to identify potential risks for transmission and epizootic disease. (usgs.gov)
- Avian influenza, or 'bird flu', is an infectious viral disease caused by influenza type A viruses. (qld.gov.au)
Vaccines3
- However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
- the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
- Coadministration with live attenuated vaccines may increase infection risk. (medscape.com)
Seasonal6
- Risk for Avian eltamivir prophylaxis, and their seasonal infl uenza vaccine status. (cdc.gov)
- As with seasonal flu, some people are at higher risk for serious illness. (medlineplus.gov)
- CDC's influenza virus tests, which can detect both seasonal and novel influenza A viruses, are used in all 50 U.S states and globally. (cdc.gov)
- Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
- Mortality is possible during seasonal epidemics, particularly among high-risk patients (eg, those. (msdmanuals.com)
- The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
Prevention7
- Risk and Prevention Measures in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
- Find guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has shared guidelines on preventing avian flu in people here . (birdnote.org)
- This blog highlights efforts to communicate risk of the virus and the related chemical and stress hazards for workers as well as prevention measures and lessons learned. (cdc.gov)
- Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. (medscape.com)
- For more information on recommended infection prevention and control measures, please visit Infection Control Within Healthcare Settings for Patients with Novel Influenza A Viruses . (cdc.gov)
- In a related development, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Mar 8 said it is working with federal and state officials to minimize any human health risks posed by the outbreak developments. (umn.edu)
- The Scottish Government has confirmed that the avian influenza prevention zone covering Scotland was lifted on the 30th April. (rehis.com)
Infectious Diseases1
- In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Pneumonia2
- US researchers believe they have found a way that influenza makes people more prone to potentially deadly pneumonia. (abc.net.au)
- In elderly or high-risk patients with pulmonary symptoms, perform chest radiography to exclude pneumonia. (medscape.com)
Biosecurity2
- Where stringent biosecurity measures are in place, the risk has increased from low (with low uncertainty) to low (with medium uncertainty). (scottishgamekeepers.co.uk)
- South Africa has put in place biosecurity measures in an attempt to limit the spread of the virus, however relying on South Africa's measures will not minimise the risk and St Helena needs to put into place its own measures to prevent the introduction of the virus into the territory. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
Outbreak of avian3
- An outbreak of avian infl uenza (H7N3) among poultry fever, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, body/muscle resulted in laboratory-confi rmed disease in 1 of 103 exposed persons. (cdc.gov)
- Serum samples were screened by using microneutral- n April 2006, an outbreak of avian infl uenza occurred ization (MN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests on 3 poultry farms in Norfolk, England ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Over the winter of 2021/22, an outbreak of avian influenza was confirmed in Barnacle Geese wintering on the Solway Firth. (bto.org)
Wild migratory waterfowl1
Hemagglutinin2
- Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
- [ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
Waterfowl4
- The autumn and winter period was of particular concern with regards to wintering waterfowl, which are usually very vulnerable to avian influenza. (bto.org)
- Avian influenza virus in the aquatic environment: Surveillance in waterfowl habitat on the Delmarva Peninsula. (usgs.gov)
- Genetic material, specifically DNA from the Type A influenza virus matrix gene, has been detected in sediment samples from waterfowl habitat. (usgs.gov)
- Mallard ducks are potential carriers of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in Delmarva waterfowl habitat. (usgs.gov)
Mild disease in poultry1
Strains of influenza1
- However, the segmented genome also has the potential to allow re-assortment of genome segments from different strains of influenza in a co-infected host. (medscape.com)
Infection with influenza1
- It is important to remember that infection with influenza viruses, including avian influenza A viruses, does not always cause fever. (cdc.gov)
Exposure3
- however, it is important to remember that risk depends on exposure, and people with more exposure might have a greater risk of infection. (cdc.gov)
- Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
- Recommended actions for patients considered to have recent exposure to avian influenza A viruses . (cdc.gov)
Mortality1
- Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
Pose1
- This strain of avian influenza does not pose a food safety risk. (gov.mb.ca)
Pathogenicity2
- Risk awareness depends on high or low pathogenicity of AIVs, working in LPMs, levels of education, age, and proximity to the sites of severe AI outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
- [ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)
Vaccine4
- Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
- In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
- Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
- High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
Poultry markets1
- The implications of the avian influenza for international poultry markets are large and include the loss of consumer confidence, loss of competitiveness, loss of market shares, supply shortages, and disruptions of trade flows. (worldbank.org)
Strain of influenza1
- The strain of influenza virus behind the outbreak has a high potential to cause disease. (bto.org)
Populations2
- Although the current risk to human health is limited, the experts warn that the introduction of avian influenza viruses into mammalian populations could increase the risk of influenza virus reassortment, leading to adaptation and spread among mammals. (earth.com)
- These partnerships are necessary to reduce the risk of occupational injury and illness in rural and agricultural populations by providing timely and evidence-based community guidance. (cdc.gov)
Diseases5
- This is accomplished by establishing international standards that facilitate trade while minimizing the risk of introducing infectious animal diseases and zoonoses. (nationalacademies.org)
- Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
- Insect-borne diseases such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, malaria and zika virus are a risk. (smartraveller.gov.au)
- Avian Diseases. (usgs.gov)
- Avian Diseases Vol. 61 (4): 520-525. (usgs.gov)
Guidance1
- These recommendations are consistent with existing infection control guidance for care of patients who might be infected with a novel influenza A virus associated with severe disease. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory4
- The symptoms can range from typical influenza-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches) to severe respiratory illness and other complications. (earth.com)
- This report gives an account of actions taken by the Secretariat within the framework of the Regulations regarding the international response in 2015 to public health events and emergencies - in particular, Ebola virus disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), poliomyelitis and avian influenza. (who.int)
- Signs/symptoms may include uncomplicated upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms also referred to as influenza-like illness (ILI) [fever ≥100°F plus cough or sore throat], fever (temperature of 100ºF [37.8ºC] or greater) or feeling feverish, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, fatigue, eye redness (or conjunctivitis), shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. (cdc.gov)
- Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Serotype1
- The most recent pandemic was in 2009, caused by a swine-origin influenza of the H1N1 serotype. (medscape.com)
H1N12
- The most striking pandemic occurred in 1918, when the Spanish influenza (H1N1) resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. (medscape.com)
- A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)