Risk factors for myopia. Medical search. Frequent questions

Myopia, or nearsightedness, is when vision is blurry at a distance and clear at near. (allaboutvision.com)
Known more widely as nearsightedness, myopia doesn't sound concerning on its own, especially with the modern advances in eyeglasses and contacts available to help sharpen eyesight. (seattleschild.com)
As the name suggests, low myopia is considered mild nearsightedness. (healthline.com)
Severe nearsightedness (which also qualifies as high myopia) requires 6 or more diopters for correction. (healthline.com)
Unlike a person with low myopia, moderate or severe nearsightedness will usually require some form of corrective vision aid (glasses or contacts) to be worn throughout the day - not just for certain tasks. (healthline.com)
It's important to keep in mind that if your child is diagnosed with nearsightedness at a young age, you should expect myopia to progress as they age. (healthline.com)
Myopia , or nearsightedness, is when a person cannot clearly see far-away objects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Those with severe nearsightedness may be at a higher risk of other eye problems, such as retinal detachment . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the leading cause of vision impairment globally. (apple.com)
While biology is an important factor in developing nearsightedness, the explosion of myopia over time reveals that environment can also play a critical role. (discovermagazine.com)
Myopia is nearsightedness caused by physical changes to the eye and it is increasing across the world at a dramatic level. (shamrockeye.com)
Eye Conditions: Myopia (nearsightedness) and thin corneas increase susceptibility. (ulicznik.net)

LASIK or Lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis), commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction, is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and an actual cure for astigmatism, since it is in the cornea. (wikipedia.org)
For example, a scleral buckle procedure can increase myopia (short-sightedness) and/or astigmatism . (specsavers.co.uk)
What are the differences between astigmatism and myopia? (medicalnewstoday.com)
Both astigmatism and myopia are issues that can affect a person's vision. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Astigmatism and myopia are common eye conditions that can result in blurry vision. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This article will discuss the differences between astigmatism and myopia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Both astigmatism and myopia are known as refractive errors . (medicalnewstoday.com)
While the exact cause is currently unknown, evidence suggests that people can inherit the risk of developing an astigmatism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
During 2001-2018, there were approximately 1.38 million incident diagnoses of myopia, 1.21 million incident diagnoses of astigmatism, and 492,000 incident diagnoses of hyperopia among active component service members (crude overall incidence rates of 7.8, 6.6, and 2.2 diagnoses per 100 person-years, respectively). (health.mil)
During 2001-2018, myopia and astigmatism were the most common refractive errors at 1.4 million and 1.2 million incident diagnoses, respectively, among active component service members of all occupational groups. (health.mil)
The crude annual lifetime prevalence was 38.5% for myopia and 32.9% for astigmatism. (health.mil)
Myopia, astigmatism, and hyperopia remain a consistent concern for the operational force. (health.mil)
13, 2018-- STAAR Surgical Company (NASDAQ: STAA), a leading developer, manufacturer and marketer of implantable lenses and companion delivery systems for the eye, is today announcing that the FDA has granted approval of the PMA Supplement for the Visian Toric ICL for the correction of myopia with astigmatism. (staar.com)
This approval represents a meaningful expansion of the Implantable Collamer® Lens (ICL) product line for the correction of refractive error in patients with both myopia and astigmatism which are common conditions in the United States (US). (staar.com)
In this situation, early diagnosis of visual problems is essential for patients to progress in the neurological and motor fields, and there are complications such as refractive errors (myopia, astigmatism and hyperopia), strabismus and hypoactomy. (bvsalud.org)

The present study shows that earlier age at first spectacle use, higher myopic refraction of first spectacles, mothers with high myopia, and after-school class attendance in senior high school are predictive factors for high myopia in adulthood. (researchsquare.com)
Increased number of myopic parents was associated with a significant risk of high myopia in the children (p = 0.008). (nih.gov)
Having myopic parents is a risk factor for myopia. (myopiainstitute.org)
Associations between myopia and birth order have been reported in several cohort studies, with first born children tending to be more myopic. (myopiainstitute.org)
This remarkable single-generation myopic shift indicates that there are likely effects of environmental factors on myopia development in urban Chinese children. (bmj.com)
In addition, myopic eyes have a degenerate vitreous that is more likely to collapse and separate from the retina, also increasing the risk of retinal tears. (cehjournal.org)
Because of its widespread occurrence in student populations and effects on not only physical health but also the risk of complications of the eye, including myopic retinopathy, retinal detachments, and blindness, myopia has become the focus of many studies [ 2 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
If one of your parents is myopic, your risk of acquiring the condition is raised. (eyemantra.org)
The risk is even huge if both parents are myopic. (eyemantra.org)
If neither parent is myopic, a child has a lower risk of myopia development or progression, but environmental factors can still increase their risk. (shamrockeye.com)

According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology , adults who don't have any symptoms or risk factors associated with eye disease should have a baseline examination at age 40. (healthline.com)
Naduvilath T , 2023 , 'Spectacle Lenses With Highly Aspherical Lenslets for Slowing Myopia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Clinical Trial: Parts of these data were presented as a poster at the Annual Research in Vision and Ophthalmology meeting, 2022. (edu.au)

A systematic review of the available evidence concluded that the risk of developing glaucoma was nearly 50% higher (or one and a half times as high) in individuals with moderate to high myopia, compared to those with low myopia (odds ratios [OR] of 2.5 and 1.7 respectively). (cehjournal.org)
Because the risk of open-angle glaucoma increases in individuals with high myopia, it is wise to assess intraocular pressure and optic disc appearance at every visit. (cehjournal.org)
But myopia can lead to serious issues such as glaucoma, retinal detachment, and even permanent blindness down the road, and the risks rise the younger a child's myopia starts. (seattleschild.com)
Although anyone can get glaucoma, the risk is higher for those over age 60, those who have a family history of the condition and African Americans. (healthywomen.org)
Another risk factor for glaucoma is high pressure within the eye. (healthywomen.org)
The progression of the disease is faster in those who have the specific risk factors for progression, namely, Japanese ancestry, cardiovascular disease, family history of any kind of glaucoma and being female. (healthywomen.org)
4BR talks to the experts at Allegro Optical to find out more about the risks of glaucoma. (4barsrest.com)
Dr Gezairy said that while everyone was at risk of glaucoma, certain groups were at higher risk than others. (who.int)
Family history increased the risk of glaucoma four to nine times. (who.int)
In secondary glaucoma, an existing condition or other outside factor causes eye pressure to go up enough to cause this damage. (allaboutvision.com)
In primary glaucoma, this happens without any outside factor. (allaboutvision.com)
With secondary glaucoma, there are known, specific factors directly affecting aqueous flow and IOP. (allaboutvision.com)
Myopia typically begins in childhood and can cause eye strain, headaches, and an increased risk of developing more serious eye conditions in adulthood, such as cataracts, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. (shamrockeye.com)
But, when they're informed that the primary purpose of intervention is to prevent diseases caused by axial length growth, such as a ninefold greater risk of retinal detachment and a 3.3-times greater risk of glaucoma and cataracts, there is often instant motivation for pursuing options for treatment. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Family History: Having a family member with glaucoma increases your risk. (ulicznik.net)

A 2016 systematic review indicates a growing prevalence of myopia and predicts that by 2050, roughly half the global population will have myopia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
it's predicted that myopia will be the leading cause of permanent blindness in the world by 2050. (reviewofoptometry.com)

Genetics alone cannot explain the dramatic change over the last fifty years and environmental risk factors have a key role in myopia development and progression. (myopiainstitute.org)
Rapid increases in myopia prevalence over time, particularly in East Asians, combined with a universally higher risk of myopia in urban settings, suggest that environmental factors play an important role in myopia development, which may offer scope for prevention. (bmj.com)

refractive surgery carries risks and the results are not always permanent. (discovermagazine.com)

Countries identified as having a myopia epidemic tend to have early onset of educational pressures with homework starting even in the pre-school years. (myopiainstitute.org)
There is considerable evidence showing that increased time outdoors delays the onset of myopia. (myopiainstitute.org)
1-4 Epidemiological studies have identified parental history of myopia as a significant risk factor for both the onset and progression of myopia in children. (bmj.com)
Generally, the earlier the onset, the more severe myopia is, says Mark Bullimore, an adjunct professor at the University of Houston College of Optometry. (discovermagazine.com)
The studies identified the protective effect of time spent outdoors on reducing the onset of juvenile-onset myopia. (berkeley.edu)

The following signs of uncorrected myopia in children will help you determine whether your child may have myopia. (allaboutvision.com)

Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children. (reviewofoptometry.com)
ABSTRACT We aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors of myopia among secondary-school students in Amman. (who.int)

The purpose of our study was to analyze the prevalence of subsequent retinal tears (SRT) in patients with a PVD, and to identify possible risk factors for SRT. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of our study was to analyze the prevalence of subsequent retinal tears (SRT) in patients that developed retinal tears in the course of a PVD and to identify possible predisposing risk factors for their occurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
9 People with high myopia have longer eyes (axial elongation), which means that the retina is more stretched and therefore prone to peripheral retinal tears. (cehjournal.org)

These terms refer to types of myopia where a person has a higher risk of ocular complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)

How Can I Tell If My Child Has Myopia? (allaboutvision.com)
The most effective way to tell if your child has myopia is to schedule an eye appointment with an eye doctor . (allaboutvision.com)
If your child has myopia or is at risk of developing myopia, we will discuss the Myopia Control options available at their comprehensive exam. (shamrockeye.com)

Depending on the degree of myopia, a child will hold reading material very close to the face so that they can see it clearly. (allaboutvision.com)
It is important to make patients aware of these potentially sight-threatening conditions and that their risk appears to be proportionate their degree of myopia. (cehjournal.org)

In addition to comprehensive eye exams for the whole family, Shamrock Family Eye Care uses the newest Myopia Control methods to slow down myopia progression in children. (shamrockeye.com)
What Are Some Good Lifestyle Habits to Slow Down Myopia? (drleoeyespecialist.com)

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to assess the influence of childhood reading on the development of myopia after allowance for familial differences in susceptibility. (bmj.com)
Outdoor light and the outdoor environment help to slow down the development of myopia due to how the eye is exposed to light and how eyes function in large spaces. (seattleschild.com)

8 Myopia begins in early life and increases in frequency and severity through childhood and adolescence into adulthood. (bmj.com)
Depending on the severity, a person with low myopia may only need glasses when driving or working on tasks that require looking from a distance. (healthline.com)
Let our optometrists and eye specialist conduct an eye check to determine if you have myopia or not, as well as its severity. (drleoeyespecialist.com)

Sankaridurg PR , 2023 , 'Myopia Progression in Adults: A Retrospective Analysis. (edu.au)

To investigate the risk factors for high myopia in adulthood, especially as it relates to the age of first spectacle wearing. (researchsquare.com)
The most important predictive factor is earlier age at first spectacle use, which emphasizes earlier myopia control is a protective factor for high myopia in adulthood. (researchsquare.com)
Stress or exhaustion could tire out those muscles, causing myopia to emerge during adulthood, she explains. (discovermagazine.com)

We think that is a combination of genetics and environmental factors. (seattleschild.com)

A systematic review identified population-based surveys with estimates of childhood myopia prevalence published by February 2015. (bmj.com)
Systematic review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk. (vitamindwiki.com)

The bottom line says Cabrera is this: "If you spend more time outdoors, you'll get less myopia. (seattleschild.com)
For example, children who are outdoors for 1.5 hours per day or 11 hours per week experience 54% less myopia progression. (reviewofoptometry.com)

Associations between myopia (defined as a refractive error of at least -1.0D in one or both eyes) and indices of reading in childhood were explored. (bmj.com)
The aim of this review was to quantify the global variation in childhood myopia prevalence over time taking account of demographic and study design factors. (bmj.com)
2 , 13-15 In contrast, studies from Asian populations suggest rapid increases in the prevalence of childhood myopia (in terms of prevalence and absolute levels of myopia), affecting 80-90% of school-leavers in East Asia. (bmj.com)
Myopia is something that develops during childhood and the reason it develops then is that when children are born, their eyes are relatively short. (seattleschild.com)
While myopia usually emerges during childhood, adults are not immune, and many of their current lifestyles introduce the risk factors thought to be driving this upward trend. (discovermagazine.com)
Because most research focuses on the more prevalent and problematic childhood myopia, "we're really left to extrapolate from the literature on children to what goes on in adults," Bullimore says. (discovermagazine.com)
Myopia is best treated in childhood. (drleoeyespecialist.com)
With myopia being a childhood epidemic in Singapore - affecting up to 43.4% of nine year olds - a myopia specialist who is trained to treat children and is comfortable around them, can surely go a long way in managing the disease well. (drleoeyespecialist.com)

A retrospective study enrolled adults aged between 20 and 45 years being invited to complete a questionnaire about age, sex, current refractive error, high myopia in parents, age at first spectacle use, refractive power of the first spectacles, and life habits at different educational stages. (researchsquare.com)
The association between these factors and high myopia were then evaluated and analyzed. (researchsquare.com)
Their average refractive error was -4.03 diopters, and high myopia was noted in 27.5% of the study population. (researchsquare.com)
Only 3.3% of participants had fathers with high myopia, while 6.0% had mothers with high myopia. (researchsquare.com)
0.001), mother with high myopia (p = 0.015), and after-school class attendance in senior high school (p = 0.018). (researchsquare.com)
9 years of age were more predisposed to high myopia than those who did so at ≧ 13 years, with an odds ratio of 24.891, while the odds ratio for those aged between 10 and 12 years was 5.294. (researchsquare.com)
To evaluate factors associated with the development of high myopia (worse than -6.00 D) over 7 years of follow-up in the COMET cohort. (nih.gov)
Time to high myopia was analyzed by Cox proportional hazard models and linear regression. (nih.gov)
Younger (6-7 years) versus older (11 years) age at baseline was a significant risk factor (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 6.6, 95% CI = 3.4, 12.7) for having high myopia within 7 years. (nih.gov)
More (SER from -2.26 to -4.50 D) vs. less (SER from -1.25 to -2.25 D) baseline myopia was also a significant risk factor for high myopia at 7 years (adjusted HR = 7.4, 95% CI = 4.4, 12.4). (nih.gov)
Gender, ethnicity, and treatment assignment were not associated with the risk of high myopia within 7 years. (nih.gov)
Children who developed high myopia during 7 years of follow-up were younger and had more myopia at baseline. (nih.gov)
The prevalence of myopia and high myopia has been increasing in many parts of the world, in particular East and South East Asia. (myopiainstitute.org)
High myopia affects up to 20% of secondary school children in East Asia, and is associated with sight-threatening pathologies that are irreversible. (bmj.com)
Screening the general population for POAG is most effective if targeted toward those at high risk, such as African Americans and elderly individuals, especially if the screening consists of IOP measurements combined with assessment of optic nerve status. (medscape.com)
For patients with moderate to high myopia or thin corneas which cannot be treated with LASIK and PRK, the phakic intraocular lens is an alternative. (wikipedia.org)
High myopia increases the risk of blinding eye conditions, so regular follow-up is essential. (cehjournal.org)
High myopia is said to occur when a person's myopia progresses until they need -5 dioptres (D) or more of spherical correction, 1,2 although the definitions used to grade myopia are variable. (cehjournal.org)
The definition of high myopia as ≤ -5 D was adopted as the World Health Organization (WHO) definition in 2015. (cehjournal.org)
The incidence of these conditions is greatest in individuals with high myopia. (cehjournal.org)
Higher rates of cataract surgery are seen in individuals with high myopia. (cehjournal.org)
Ophthalmic workers should acknowledge high myopia as a significant cause of visual impairment and a risk factor for a number of sight-threatening conditions. (cehjournal.org)
high myopia and low myopia. (healthline.com)
By contrast, someone with high myopia could fall into one of two categories. (healthline.com)
A person with myopia may experience either high myopia or pathological myopia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, high myopia and pathological myopia often result in more significant vision and eye health risks. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Other risk factors included eye injury, high myopia, diabetes and hypertension. (who.int)
High amounts of near work have been shown to increase the risk of myopia development or progression. (shamrockeye.com)
2 Ieong A.et al, Quality of Life in High Myopia before and after Implantable Collamer Lens Implantation. (staar.com)
It can also be associated with variety of congenital, inherited or acquired eye diseases and accelerated by high myopia, surgical and non-surgical trauma, and intraocular inflammation. (institut-vision.org)
Patients with high myopia usually develop PVD earlier in life. (institut-vision.org)
As symptomatic flap tears are at high risk, they should be properly treated to prevent an RD (Fig. 3-4). (institut-vision.org)
The section of the ques- sex, education, occupation, intelligence, tionnaire concerning self-reported myopia high socioeconomic status and decreased and other eye problems was rechecked outdoor activities [ 10-16 ]. (who.int)

Based on the available evidence, they are 17% more likely than those with moderate myopia to need cataract surgery (odds ratios of 3.4 and 2.9, respectively). (cehjournal.org)
9,10 Some data suggest that myopia may cause cataract. (uspharmacist.com)
Interestingly, specific types of cataract have been associated with specific risk factors. (uspharmacist.com)
13 Changing modifiable risk factors may delay cataract, but surgery is required to restore vision. (uspharmacist.com)

If you or your child have these symptoms, you may have myopia. (drleoeyespecialist.com)

Myopia typically results from a longer axial length of the eye, causing images to be defocused in front of the retina and faraway objects to appear blurry. (health.mil)
There are also advanced devices such as the Myopia Master (Oculus) with multiple useful features including corneal curvature, risk calculators, pupil measurement and axial length. (reviewofoptometry.com)

If children have even mild myopia they may experience blurry vision while watching TV or looking across the room. (allaboutvision.com)
In myopia, the eye is often too long, so the light that enters the eye focuses in front of the retina and therefore is blurry. (seattleschild.com)
Also known as known as myopia, nearsightendess refers to a person having vision where objects close to the face are easily seen, but items at a distance are blurry. (healthline.com)
But the scientific picture of the precise external forces behind myopia - and whether they are transferable to adults - is a bit blurry itself. (discovermagazine.com)

Myopia is the most common cause of correctable visual impairment in the developed world in adults and children 1-5 and is a leading cause of preventable blindness in developing countries. (bmj.com)

Methods 395 children aged 6-17 years and their parents, who had been enrolled in the Beijing Myopia Progression Study were included. (bmj.com)
We can slow the progression of myopia using a variety of methods, including special atropine eye drops and visual aids. (drleoeyespecialist.com)

Modifiable risk factors may include elevated ocular exposure to ultraviolet B light, diabetes, and smoking. (uspharmacist.com)

Studies have shown that topical atropine is well-tolerated and effective in slowing the progression of mild and moderate myopia in Asian children. (drleoeyespecialist.com)
The risk of RD is moderate (Fig. 6). (institut-vision.org)

But even mild myopia requires investments of both time and money to manage. (discovermagazine.com)

Low-dose Atropine eye drops relax the eye's focusing mechanism and have been shown to slow myopia progression in children as young as 4 years of age. (shamrockeye.com)
The low-dose 0.01% atropine eye drops has proven very useful in controlling myopia progression in children. (drleoeyespecialist.com)

The prevalence of ERM and the ORs of potential risk factors (age, sex, myopia, hypertension and so on) were extracted. (nih.gov)
Reduction of the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. (nih.gov)
Medical Conditions: Diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease can elevate risk. (ulicznik.net)

Myopia is a major vision disorder that typically onsets during adolescents. (hindawi.com)
Myopia typically emerges between the ages of 6 and 12, according to the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan. (discovermagazine.com)
Myopia typically starts in adolescence, and you may have a greater risk if your parents are nearsighted. (eyemantra.org)

An objective approach to finding ideal candidates for myopia intervention is through cycloplegic refraction. (reviewofoptometry.com)

In myopia, either the optical power of the lens is too strong or the eyeball is too long. (discovermagazine.com)
Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long or when the cornea is too curved. (drleoeyespecialist.com)

To explore which factors are related to adolescent myopia, researchers around the world have studied a series of possible related factors to intervene in myopia in adolescence. (hindawi.com)

COMET enrolled 469 ethnically diverse children (6-11 years) with myopia between -1.25 and -4.50 D. They were randomized to either progressive addition lenses (PALs) or single vision lenses (SVLs), and followed for 5 years in their original lens assignment and 2 additional years wearing either spectacles (PALs or SVLs) or contact lenses. (nih.gov)
Although some contact lenses (notably modern RGP and soft silicone hydrogel lenses) are made of materials with greater oxygen permeability that help reduce the risk of corneal neovascularization, patients considering LASIK are warned to avoid over-wearing their contact lenses. (wikipedia.org)
Myopia Control can slow down progression by more than 50% and can include a combination of eyeglasses, contact lenses, and eye drops that work together to slow the progression. (shamrockeye.com)

Risk factors for retinal detachment: a case-control study. (cdc.gov)
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for retinal detachment or tear (RD/T), and follow up two studies that found increased risk from work-related heavy lifting. (cdc.gov)

What Are Possible Future Complications For Myopia? (drleoeyespecialist.com)
Myopia management has real benefits and a significant patient population in need of slowing the progression from blinding complications. (reviewofoptometry.com)

En décembre 2019, la population de Wuhan, une grande ville chinoise de 11 millions d'habitants, est atteinte par une pneumonie virale extrêmement contagieuse due au coronavirus SARSCoV-2. (bvsalud.org)

Factors that may rule out LASIK for some patients include large pupils, thin corneas and extremely dry eyes. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, sleep duration was found to be inversely related to myopia in adolescents. (hindawi.com)
Playing sports was inversely associated with myopia but there was no association with watching television. (who.int)

The pathophysiology of myopia is not yet fully determined and its etiology is multifactorial. (researchsquare.com)

If a child has one parent with the condition, that doubles their odds of needing glasses for myopia. (seattleschild.com)
Myopia is on the rise and it's one of the most common vision problems worldwide, but most people can correct the problem by opting for glasses, contacts, or corrective surgeries like LASIK. (healthline.com)
Many parents believe that reducing their children's myopia will simply allow them to wear thinner glasses. (reviewofoptometry.com)

Epidemiological evidence shows major differences between ethnic groups in the prevalence of myopia (higher prevalence of myopia in East and Southeast Asia), but more detailed analysis shows that these differences may be mediated by environmental exposures. (myopiainstitute.org)
Marked ethnic differences in age-specific prevalence of myopia exist. (bmj.com)

4 The highest prevalence of myopia is seen in younger adults, particularly in urbanised East and Southeast Asian countries. (cehjournal.org)
Older Hispanics/Latinos are also at elevated risk, the highest prevalence being among those of Mexican descent. (healthywomen.org)

But myopia rates are growing regardless of hereditary factors and ophthalmologists' concerns are growing as well. (seattleschild.com)
Twin stud- students by trained members of the research ies and segregation analysis studies have team who explained the purpose of this indicated that myopia is hereditary [ 5 ]. (who.int)

The main outcome was odds ratios (OR) for myopia in first-born versus non-first-born individuals after adjusting for potential risk factors. (bgu.ac.il)

Anatomy6

Organisms2

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes12

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Information Science3

Named Groups4

Health Care26

Geographicals4

Nearsightedness12

Astigmatism15

Myopic10

Ophthalmology2

Glaucoma15

20502

Role in myopia development2

Refractive surgery1

Onset5

Uncorrected myopia in children1

Prevalence and risk factors2

Retinal tears3

Types of myopia1

Child has myopia3

Degree of myopia2

Slow down myopia2

Development of myopia2

Severity3

20231

Adulthood3

Genetics1

Systematic review2

Less myopia2

Childhood8

High33

Cataract4

Symptoms1

Axial length2

Blurry4

Blindness1

Methods2

Modifiable risk factors1

Moderate2

Mild1

Progression in children2

Hypertension3

Typically3

Refraction1

Eyeball is too2

Adolescence1

Contact lenses3

Detachment2

Complications2

20191

Thin corneas1

Inversely2

Pathophysiology1

Glasses3

Differences2

Highest prevalence2

Hereditary2

Odds ratios1