Amantadine (Symmetrel) and rimantadine (Flumadine), which have long been approved to increase resistance to the flu, have recently been joined by oseltamivir (Tamiflu). (howstuffworks.com)
Amantadine (Symmetrel) and rimantadine (Flumadine), which are effective in treating influenza A infection, have been around for a long time. (fightflu.com)
Symmetrel1
Amantadine (brand names Gocovri, Symadine, and Symmetrel) is the organic compound 1-adamantylamine or 1-aminoadamantane, which consists of an adamantane backbone with an amino group substituted at one of the four tertiary carbons. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza virus1
Amantadine was first used for the treatment of influenza A. After antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibitors2
Until recently, management options for influenza were limited to vaccination and use of the M2 inhibitors amantadine or rimantadine. (ispub.com)
This is important because a Ser31Asn resistance mutation in the M2 protein of A(H7N9) viruses, also present in A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal A(H3N2) viruses, abrogates effectiveness of available M2 inhibitors (amantadine and rimantadine). (flutrackers.com)
Antiviral drugs1
20 The antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine are also effective against i= nfluenza A, but not influenza B.=20 Q3f.7 When is the influenza vaccine contraindicated? (faqs.org)
Amantadine and rimantadine have been in clinical use as anti-influenza A virus agents for decades. (ub.edu)
Strains3
Rimantadine may not be effective during every flu season because certain strains of the virus may be resistant to rimantadine. (drugs.com)
However, these H1N1 strains are sensitive to Rimantadine, so its use is a good alternative. (virology.ws)
Most H3N2 strains are resistant to Rimantadine, which is why it has not been used much in recent years. (virology.ws)
H3N21
From 2000 to 2004, amantadine resistance among the A/H3N2 subtype increased from 1.1% to 27% in Asia, and to 4.7%, 3.9%, and 4.3% in Europe, North America, and South America, respectively. (pharmacytimes.com)
Gocovri1
Amantadine, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended due to widespread drug resistance. (wikipedia.org)
Dosage3
Some persons with renal insufficiency, seizure disorders or certain psychiatric disorders who take more than the normal dosage of 200 mg of amantadine per day for over 5 days may also experience severe side effects. (fightflu.com)
Clinical observations and studies provide evidence that lowering the dosage of amantadine in these persons will reduce the incidence and severity of such side effects. (fightflu.com)
Modifications in dosage of amantadine or rimantadine may also be required for persons with impaired renal or hepatic function, the elderly, children, and persons with a history of seizures. (fightflu.com)
Resistance to the drug class is a consequence of mutations to the pore-lining amino acid residues of the channel, preventing both amantadine and rimantadine from binding and inhibiting the channel in their usual way. (wikipedia.org)
Onset1
Amantadine and rimantadine can reduce the severity and shorten the duration of influenza A illness when administered within 48 hours of symptom onset. (fightflu.com)
Vaccine2
Do not receive a nasal flu vaccine while taking rimantadine, and for at least 48 hours after your last dose. (drugs.com)
Although the strain appears to be sensitive to anti-virals amantadine and rimantadine, the initiation of a serious vaccine effort is long overdue. (recombinomics.com)
Prevention1
Eight trials of amantadine for prevention of influenza.11 Outcome is cases of influenza. (bmj.com)
Protein1
Amantadine targets the influenza A M2 ion channel protein. (wikipedia.org)
Medication1
Rimantadine may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. (drugs.com)
Side effects3
Rimantadine may cause serious side effects. (drugs.com)
Because of the central nervous system side effects of amantadine is less frequently used to treat influenza. (virology.ws)
Insufficient studies have been done to determine the effectiveness of rimantadine treatment in children who are under 13 years of age. (fightflu.com)
Tablet1
Tell your doctor if the person taking this medicine has trouble swallowing the rimantadine tablet. (drugs.com)
Symptoms2
The specific symptoms targeted by amantadine therapy are dyskinesia and rigidity. (wikipedia.org)
Start taking rimantadine within 24 to 48 hours after flu symptoms begin. (drugs.com)
Treatment1
In 1973, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amantadine for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Extended release1
The extended release amantadine formulation is commonly used to treat dyskinesias in people receiving levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Treat4
Amantadine is used to treat Parkinson's disease-related dyskinesia and drug-induced parkinsonism syndromes. (wikipedia.org)
A 2003 Cochrane review had concluded there was insufficient evidence to prove the safety or efficacy of amantadine to treat dyskinesia. (wikipedia.org)
Rimantadine is an antiviral medicine used to treat or prevent influenza A in people who are at least 17 years old. (drugs.com)
Amantadine can be used to treat children 1 year old or older. (fightflu.com)
Increase1
As plasma concentrations of amantadine increase, there is a greater risk for toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
Persons2
Amantadine is contraindicated in persons with end stage kidney disease, given that the drug is cleared by the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
Amantadine and rimantadine may cause adverse (but not severe) reactions in some persons. (fightflu.com)
Children1
Rimantadine is also used to prevent influenza A in children ages 1 to 16 years old. (drugs.com)
In 2004, it was discovered that amantadine and memantine bind to and act as agonists of the σ1 receptor (Ki = 7.44 μM and 2.60 μM, respectively), and that activation of the σ1 receptor is involved in the dopaminergic effects of amantadine at therapeutically relevant concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
Type1
Amantadine is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake. (wikipedia.org)
Channel1
Amantadine and rimantadine function in a mechanistically identical fashion, entering the barrel of the tetrameric M2 channel and blocking pore function-i.e., proton translocation. (wikipedia.org)