BiopsyMyocardiumRight ventricular outflAtrial fibrillationInterstitialDysfunctionEjection fractionRestrictive cardiomyopathiesNoncompactionIdiopathicArrhythmogenicSystolicEchocardiographicEndocardiumDiseasesAmyloidosisMyocytePericardialEndocardial fibrosisMyocarditisEosinophilicEosinophiliaArrhythmiasClinicalDiagnosisEndocarditisNecrosisCalcificationInvolvementHypertrophyMyocardial tissueIndiaConductionConstrictionVentriclesCardiac eventsPatchyCollagenTricuspidStiffnessHeart failureCompliance
Biopsy9
- Cardiac MRI and transvenous endomyocardial biopsy may also be necessary in some cases. (wikipedia.org)
- Although non-invasive diagnostic methods are emerging, the gold standard of diagnosis is the histological examination of an endomyocardial biopsy. (intechopen.com)
- Histological examination of endomyocardial biopsy or myocardium at autopsy is key to the diagnosis of myocarditis. (bvsalud.org)
- Despite their near universal acceptance, the extent to which pathologists use these criteria or their own criteria to consistently render the diagnosis of myocarditis on endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
- On occasion, an endomyocardial biopsy is required for the diagnosis. (ontariohomeopath.ca)
- Endomyocardial biopsy-may be necessary to differentiate from restrictive cardiomyopathy in difficult cases. (easymbbs.com)
- Sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy is low, around 25%, mainly due to patchy nature of disease along with technical factors. (asnc.org)
- However, diagnosis of isolated cardiac sarcoidosis using these diagnostic criteria or with endomyocardial biopsy can be challenging. (asnc.org)
- Richardson et al showed an elevation of creatine kinase, LDH, malic dehydrogenase, and alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase levels in endomyocardial biopsy specimens taken from 38 patients with DC. (kaiteki-eye.jp)
Myocardium4
- Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a form of cardiomyopathy characterized by the presence of prominent trabeculae, intertrabecular recesses, and myocardium that is characterized by two distinct layers of compacted and noncompacted myocardium [ 1. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, Maisch B, Mautner B, O'Connell J, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 1996; 93: 841-842. [ CrossRef ] ">1 ]. (lidsen.com)
- The ventricular myocardium is thicker than the atrial myocardium, in particular, the myocardium of the left ventricle . (radiopaedia.org)
- The vascular territories of the left ventricular myocardium are divided into 17 segments and illustrated by the cardiac segmentation model of the American Heart Association (AHA) 6,7 . (radiopaedia.org)
- This form of cardiomyopathy is characterised by varying degrees of focal or diffuse fibrosis of the myocardium, sub-endocardium and endocardium. (vin.com)
Right ventricular outfl1
- Hypertrophy of the interventricular septum may result in narrowing of the left and/or right ventricular outflow tract. (vin.com)
Atrial fibrillation2
- Ventricular stiffness along with atrioventricular valvular regurgitation results in atrial enlargement, which has been linked to atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation . (medscape.com)
- Acute can be defined as large volume acute consumption of alcohol promotes myocardial inflammation leading to increased troponin concentration in serum, tachyarrhythmias including atrial fibrillation and rarely ventricular fibrillation. (kaiteki-eye.jp)
Interstitial7
- B: The nonspecific histologic picture in typical DCM, with myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis (collagen is blue in this Masson trichrome-stained preparation). (serdarbalci.com)
- Chronic allograft injury (CAI), consisting of vasculopathy and interstitial fibrosis, affects approximately 50% of patients after 10 years and limits long-term survival following heart transplantation ( 1 ). (frontierspartnerships.org)
- Besides endothelial dysfunction, the progression of interstitial and perivascular fibrosis consecutively leads to impaired diastolic and systolic graft function, thus preservation of endothelial and vascular function is certainly a clinically desirable goal. (frontierspartnerships.org)
- It may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases (ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS or AMYLOIDOSIS) causing interstitial fibrosis. (sdsu.edu)
- Myocyte necrosis and interstitial fibrosis are frequently observed. (ontariohomeopath.ca)
- CMR identifies areas of increased interstitial space where gadolinium is retained (eg, areas of myocardial infarction, acute edema/inflammation due to capillary leak, myocardial fibrosis/scar, or amyloid protein infiltration). (medscape.com)
- Parametric T1 and T2 mapping sequences can be used for evaluation of diffuse, interstitial myocardial fibrosis that is not detected by LGE imaging. (medscape.com)
Dysfunction12
- Transthoracic echocardiography , the most widely available initial standard of care test for ventricular dysfunction, can help differentiate ischemic and nonischemic etiologies of cardiomyopathies. (medscape.com)
- This chapter provides an overview of restrictive heart diseases, conditions characterized by diastolic dysfunction in the presence of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and limited increase in volume. (mhmedical.com)
- The diastolic dysfunction may be observed in myocardial (restrictive cardiomyopathy [RCM] and phenocopies), endocardial/endomyocardial (fibrosis, elastosis), and pericardial (constriction, effusion) diseases (see Fuster and Hurst's Central Illustration). (mhmedical.com)
- The composite of cardiac death and hospitalization occurrence for HF was significantly higher in the high CAVI group.ConclusionCAVI before TAVI is mainly affected by the AS severity, while CAVI after TAVI is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and late cardiac events, which may reflect arterial stiffness. (nagoya-u.ac.jp)
- Clinical features of cardiac involvement include heart block, ventricular arrhythmias, and left ventricular dysfunction. (asnc.org)
- 3,4 On CMR, CS can be identified by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in a sub-epicardial or mid-wall pattern, which is often multifocal, involving septal segments and/or right ventricular free wall, 5 with or without evidence of acute edema and or left ventricular segmental dysfunction (Figure 2, 3). (asnc.org)
- Objective: The target of the present investigation is to echocardiographic grade of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in grown-up patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension over 30 years. (fortuneonline.org)
- Conclusion: In present study examination exhibits that hypertension and diabetes mellitus have an independent positive impact on left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. (fortuneonline.org)
- The occurrence of grade 3 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular systolic dysfunction increased with diabetes mellitus. (fortuneonline.org)
- CMR parameters at presentation associated with persistent left ventricular dysfunction were larger left ventricular end-diastolic volume and lower left and right ventricular ejection fraction but not abnormal LGE. (biomedcentral.com)
- Intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agents should be used with caution in patients with severe renal dysfunction, because of the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. (ecrjournal.com)
- A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. (bvsalud.org)
Ejection fraction2
- Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) TTE allow automated detection of endomyocardial borders for accurate assessment of ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. (medscape.com)
- CMR is considered the gold standard for assessing chamber volumes and LV and right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction. (medscape.com)
Restrictive cardiomyopathies2
- Loeffler endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis are restrictive cardiomyopathies, defined as diseases of the heart muscle that result in impaired ventricular filling with normal or decreased diastolic volume of either or both ventricles. (medscape.com)
- Primary restrictive cardiomyopathies include idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial fibrosis while the others are considered secondary forms. (msdmanuals.com)
Noncompaction1
- Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a rare form of heritable cardiomyopathy with wide genotypic variability, numerous phenotypic variations, and a wide spectrum of clinical disease from asymptomatic to end stage heart failure. (lidsen.com)
Idiopathic1
- Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is an idiopathic disorder of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world that is characterized by the development of restrictive cardiomyopathy and fibrotic changes in the endocardium, usually limited to the cardiac apex. (medscape.com)
Arrhythmogenic3
- Additional expert interpretation of the cardiac histology confirmed the absence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (biomedcentral.com)
- hypertrophic, dilated restrictive and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. (vin.com)
- Even so, the dispute considering Brugada syndrome as an independent entity or forming part of the spectrum of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is still controversial. (bvsalud.org)
Systolic1
- Primary RCMs are rare myocardial diseases and are defined by restrictive ventricular physiology in the presence of normal or reduced diastolic volumes of one or both ventricles, normal or reduced systolic volumes, and normal ventricular wall thickness, with significant atrial dilation. (mhmedical.com)
Echocardiographic3
- Hassan WM, Fawzy ME, Al Helaly S, Hegazy H, Malik S. Pitfalls in diagnosis and clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic findings in endomyocardial fibrosis: a 25-year experience. (medscape.com)
- Goodwin J.F. Echocardiographic features of tropical endomyocardial fibrosis in South India. (gvr.co.in)
- Doppler echocardiographic studies in endomyocardial fibrosis. (gvr.co.in)
Endocardium2
- Ultimately, after several years of disease activity, the fibrotic phase is reached, when the endocardium is replaced by collagenous fibrosis. (medscape.com)
- a subcategory of hypereosinophilic syndrome with primary cardiac involvement), which occurs in the tropics, begins as an acute arteritis with eosinophilia, followed by thrombus formation on the endocardium, chordae, and atrioventricular (AV) valves, progressing to fibrosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Diseases1
- Restrictive endomyocardial diseases include endomyocardial fibrosis of right, left, or both ventricles, frequently with involvement of valves, Hedinger syndrome of the right-sided heart valves in patients with neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoid syndrome, as well as endocardial fibroelastosis associated with congenital heart anomalies. (mhmedical.com)
Amyloidosis2
- T1 and T2 mapping better characterize myocardial tissue by identifying areas of edema (T2), inflammation, and more diffuse fibrosis (T1), which may aid in diagnosing myocarditis without LGE, amyloidosis , hemochromatosis , and Fabry disease . (medscape.com)
- Ventricular uncommon except in sarcoidosis, conduction block in sarcoidosis and amyloidosis. (unboundmedicine.com)
Myocyte5
- [ 6 ] Fibrosis has also been suggested as facilitating focal activity by fibroblast-myocyte coupling as well. (medscape.com)
- As described by Cunningham et al, these toxins may cause endothelial and myocyte damage, resulting in thrombosis, fibrosis, and infarction. (medscape.com)
- [ 2 ] Recently, fibrosis has been suggested to facilitate focal activity by fibroblast-myocyte coupling as well. (medscape.com)
- In addition to providing reliable measurements of ventricular size and function, CMR myocardial tissue characterization techniques can assess for inflammatory changes such as edema, hyperemia, capillary leak, and myocyte necrosis [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Rather, it is common practice to apply the Lake Louise Criteria which requires abnormalities in 2 of 3 tissue characterization techniques: T2-weighted imaging (T2W) which assesses for edema, T1-weighted early gadolinium enhancement imaging (EGE) which assesses for hyperemia, and late gadolinium enhancement imaging (LGE) which assesses for myocyte necrosis and fibrosis [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pericardial1
- Pericardial knock (a third heart sound due to rapid ventricular filling). (easymbbs.com)
Endocardial fibrosis2
- Endocardial fibrosis principally involves the apices of the right and left ventricles and may affect the atrioventricular valves mainly by tethering the papillary muscles, leading to tricuspid and mitral regurgitation. (medscape.com)
- In patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome and extensive endocardial fibrosis, thrombus can form in the apices and inflow tracts ventricles compromising the size of the ventricular cavities. (msdmanuals.com)
Myocarditis2
- [ 3 ] Pathologic specimens in Loeffler endocarditis show eosinophilic myocarditis, a tendency toward endomyocardial fibrosis and clinical manifestations of thromboembolism, and acute heart failure. (medscape.com)
- [ 11 ] More recently, cases of isolated eosinophilic myocarditis have been reported without signs of endomyocardial involvement, with or without vasculitis. (medscape.com)
Eosinophilic3
- [ 2 ] (nontropical eosinophilic endomyocardial fibrosis or fibroplastic parietal endocarditis with eosinophilia). (medscape.com)
- [ 10 ] Myocardial involvement is less well known and has been considered a manifestation of an acute necrotic stage of eosinophilic endomyocardial disease, as reported by Olsen and colleagues. (medscape.com)
- EMF is sometimes considered part of a spectrum of a single disease process that includes Löeffler endocarditis (nontropical eosinophilic endomyocardial fibrosis or fibroplastic parietal endocarditis with eosinophilia). (medscape.com)
Eosinophilia4
- The tropical form of endomyocardial fibrosis is associated with eosinophilia, a common finding in Loeffler endocarditis. (medscape.com)
- Some have suggested that, particularly in the tropics, patients who present with later fibrotic stages of endomyocardial disease may have had either transient earlier bouts of moderate eosinophilia with spontaneous resolution, or only moderate levels of eosinophilia leading to a low-grade endomyocarditis with gradual progressive fibrosis, as reported by Olsen et al. (medscape.com)
- Some authors have argued that in tropical eosinophilia, where the eosinophil count does climb to levels as high as 12,500/dL, endomyocardial fibrosis is rarely seen and the cardiac manifestations are limited, while severe eosinophilia is absent in EMF. (medscape.com)
- Rutakingirwa M, Ziegler JL, Newton R, Freers J. Poverty and eosinophilia are risk factors for endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) in Uganda. (medscape.com)
Arrhythmias1
- In addition, fibrosis in the right ventricular/left ventricular (RV/LV) apex can be a substrate for ventricular arrhythmias. (medscape.com)
Clinical2
- Clinical course of endomyocardial fibrosis. (medscape.com)
- De Souza J.A. A comparison of the clinical and cardiologic features of endomyocardial disease in the temperate and tropical regions. (gvr.co.in)
Diagnosis2
- Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis in Africa. (medscape.com)
- Echocardiography, which reveals decreased ventricular contractility, aids in diagnosis. (ontariohomeopath.ca)
Endocarditis3
- Pathophysiologically, the fibrotic stage of Loeffler endocarditis is very similar to the disease entity described as endomyocardial fibrosis, which is indolent in comparison to Loeffler endocarditis. (medscape.com)
- Endomyocardial damage in Loeffler endocarditis is well known and described in a study by Solley and associates. (medscape.com)
- In right-sided endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis. (petermillerfineart.com)
Necrosis1
- Whether the eosinophil actually induces myocardial necrosis and subsequent fibrosis or is attracted to the endocardial surface as a result of the initial insult is unknown. (medscape.com)
Calcification2
- Vijayaraghavan G , Balakrishnan M, Sadanandan S, Cherian G. Pattern of myocardial calcification in endomyocardial fibrosis. (gvr.co.in)
- It is a disease of heart muscle characterized by progressive thickening, fibrosis and calcification of pericardium. (easymbbs.com)
Involvement3
- When right ventricular involvement or tricuspid regurgitation predominates, lower extremity swelling, increasing abdominal girth, and nausea may be expected. (medscape.com)
- With left ventricular involvement, dyspnea is the predominant symptom, especially exertional dyspnea. (medscape.com)
- In those with right ventricular involvement, jugular venous pressure elevation, ascites, and edema may be present. (medscape.com)
Hypertrophy2
- Cardiomegaly (220 g) and symmetric left ventricular hypertrophy from the autopsy of a 6-year-old boy who suddenly collapsed while on a walk with his family. (medscape.com)
- The term "athlete's heart" is used to define the pattern of morphological, functional and electrical changes that result from intensive training including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). (acc.org)
Myocardial tissue1
- The principal utility of CMR and its advantage over echocardiography for cardiomyopathy is its use of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) , which visualizes myocardial tissue and detects scar, fibrosis, or infiltration. (medscape.com)
India2
- Vijayaraghavan G, Sivasankaran S. Tropical endomyocardial fibrosis in India: a vanishing disease! (medscape.com)
- Cherian G. Left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis in India. (gvr.co.in)
Conduction1
- Fibrosis reduces conduction velocity, impairs activation pattern, and may provide the substrate for wave breaks and reentry. (medscape.com)
Constriction1
- After surgery, persistent constriction and myocardial fibrosis may be present. (easymbbs.com)
Ventricles1
- Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) occurs commonly in tropical regions and affects both the left and right ventricles. (msdmanuals.com)
Cardiac events1
- 1% risk of adverse cardiac events, and no ventricular arrhythmia events in absence of LGE. (asnc.org)
Patchy1
- In endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF), the underlying process produces patchy fibrosis of the endocardial surface of the heart, leading to reduced compliance and, ultimately, restrictive physiology as the endomyocardial surface becomes more generally involved. (medscape.com)
Collagen1
- Myocardial fibrosis consists of collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation. (medscape.com)
Tricuspid1
- Of importance, were the fibrotic changes seen in the tricuspid valve leaflets, and the right ventricular lining, due to a condition known as endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). (cdc.gov)
Stiffness1
- Fibrosis increases the stiffness of the heart, resulting in the restrictive physiology. (medscape.com)
Heart failure1
- Heart failure resulting from restrictive cardiomyopathy will usually eventually have to be treated by cardiac transplantation or left ventricular assist device. (wikipedia.org)
Compliance1
- These changes reduce ventricular compliance and restrict filling, thus leading to diastolic failure similar to that caused by HCM. (vin.com)