Ribosomal rnas eukaryotic rna small nuclear. Medical search. Frequent questions

The 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) is an approximately 120 nucleotide-long ribosomal RNA molecule with a mass of 40 kDa. (wikipedia.org)
The designation 5S refers to the molecule's sedimentation velocity in an ultracentrifuge, which is measured in Svedberg units (S). In prokaryotes, the 5S rRNA gene is typically located in the rRNA operons downstream of the small and the large subunit rRNA, and co-transcribed into a polycistronic precursor. (wikipedia.org)
A particularity of eukaryotic nuclear genomes is the occurrence of multiple 5S rRNA gene copies (5S rDNA) clustered in tandem repeats, with copy number varying from species to species. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase III, whereas other eukaryotic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I. In Xenopus oocytes, it has been shown that fingers 4-7 of the nine-zinc finger transcription factor TFIIIA can bind to the central region of 5S RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Binding between 5S rRNA and TFIIIA serves to both repress further transcription of the 5S RNA gene and stabilize the 5S RNA transcript until it is required for ribosome assembly. (wikipedia.org)
Using a variety of molecular techniques, including immuno-electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, intermolecular chemical cross-linking, and X-ray crystallography, the location of the 5S rRNA within the large ribosomal subunit has been determined to great precision. (wikipedia.org)
In bacteria and archaea, the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) itself is composed of two RNA moieties, the 5S rRNA and another larger RNA known as 23S rRNA, along with numerous associated proteins. (wikipedia.org)
When exactly 5S rRNA is integrated into the ribosome remains controversial, but it is generally accepted that 5S rRNA is incorporated into the 90S particle, which is a precursor to 60S particle, as part of a small ribosome-independent RNP complex formed by 5S rRNA and ribosomal protein L5. (wikipedia.org)
Interaction of 5S rRNA with the La protein prevents the RNA from degradation by exonucleases in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
La protein interacts with these RNAs (including the 5S rRNA) through their 3' oligo-uridine tract, aiding stability and folding of the RNA. (wikipedia.org)
In eukaryotic cells, ribosomal protein L5 associates and stabilizes the 5S rRNA forming a pre-ribosomal ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) that is found in both cytosol and the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) are commonly known to be involved in the processing of precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). (hindawi.com)
More than 80% of RNA in most cells consists of rRNA rRNAs and dozens of ribosomal proteins form ribosomes. (freezingblue.com)
They are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (pediaa.com)
The three major types of RNA found in the cell are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) , and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (pediaa.com)
Distel, D. L., DeLong, E. F., and Waterbury, J. Epub … Bacterial Identification by 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Background All bacteria contain 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of approximately 1500 base pairs (bp) in length. (printerresource.com)
The most widely understood role of RNA is in protein synthesis, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (see Chapter 2). (printerresource.com)
To such effect, I want to perform an RNA-Seq experiment in order to analyze potential rRNA transcripts isoforms and processing sites. (printerresource.com)
rRNA genes contain regions of variable DNA sequence that are unique to the species carrying the … Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. (printerresource.com)
Base modifications occur primarily in tRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and occur after the RNA is transcribed. (printerresource.com)
Existing models suggest that RNA polymerases I and III (Pol I and Pol III) are the only enzymes that directly mediate the expression of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) components of ribosomes. (nature.com)
The shield prevents Pol I from producing sense intergenic noncoding RNAs (sincRNAs) that can disrupt nucleolar organization and rRNA expression. (nature.com)
2017). Eukaryotic RNAPIII transcribes transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal 5S rRNA, and other small non-coding RNAs required for protein synthesis to control cell division and proliferation events essential for organ/tissue development (Li et al. (plantae.org)
The messenger RNAs (mRNAs) produced from transcription are further used to encode functional proteins or make non-coding RNAs, such as tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. (sciencefacts.net)
RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) synthesizes pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into the ribosome 's 28S, 18S, and 5.8S subunits. (sciencefacts.net)
RNA polymerase produces all types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and even non-coding RNAs and ribozymes. (sciencefacts.net)

Box C/D RNAs are associated with four snoRNP core proteins: NOP56, NOP58, fibrillarin, and 15.5 kDa [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Box C/D RNAs contain the following functional elements: boxes C and D, which are essential for snoRNA interaction with specific proteins, and a guide sequence that determines the nucleotide to be modified (Figure 1(a) ). (hindawi.com)
Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. (ncsu.edu)
This is done by a complex of proteins and RNAs called spliceosome. (stemcelldaily.com)
Each RNA polymerase requires the assistance of several other proteins or protein complexes, called general (or basal) transcription factors, which must assemble into a complex on the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind and start transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)
They can self-splice without the help of any proteins, whereas nuclear introns are spliced by the spliceosome, an RNA and protein-containing enzyme complex. (jove.com)
the next seven years showing that the mitosome functions in the biosynthesis of essential cytosolic and nuclear Iron/Sulphur (Fe/S) proteins . (ncl.ac.uk)
The tasks of mitochondrial particular ribosomal proteins aren't realized but these protein are thought to get evolved to modify the coordination of mitochondrial translation with extra-mitochondrial pathways in eukaryotic cells. (academicediting.org)
Numerous fundamental cellular processes, including virtually every aspect of gene expression and regulation, depend on the cooperation of RNAs and proteins. (fu-berlin.de)
Specific RNAs and proteins associate to build up some of the most complex macromolecular machineries of living cells, such as ribosomes and spliceosomes, which mediate particular steps of gene expression. (fu-berlin.de)
RNAs and proteins can also engage in more transient interactions, for example during co-transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerases or during post-transcriptional regulation of (pre-)mRNA life cycles. (fu-berlin.de)
We investigate the molecular mechanisms, by which RNAs and proteins cooperate to bring about the biological functions of selected RNPs involved in transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. (fu-berlin.de)
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS . (lookformedical.com)
Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
Some dinoflagellates are called as mesokaryotes as they have a nuclear membrane but DNA is not associated with histone proteins. (pw.live)

To expand understanding of the role of snoRNAs in control of gene expression, in this study we tested the ability of artificial box C/D RNAs to affect the maturation of target pre-mRNA. (hindawi.com)
The artificial box C/D RNA directed to the branch point adenosine of the second intron, as well as the analogue directed to the last nucleotide of the second exon of the HSPA8 pre-mRNA caused the most prominent influence on the level of HSPA8 mRNAs. (hindawi.com)
Inasmuch as artificial box C/D RNAs decreased viability of transfected human cells, we propose that natural snoRNAs as well as their artificial analogues can influence the maturation of complementary pre-mRNA and can be effective regulators of vital cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
Uppercase letters in the target pre-mRNA sequences correspond to exons, and small letters indicate the intron sequences. (hindawi.com)
Using such an approach, it was shown that introducing sequences complementary to a selected pre-mRNA into box C/D RNA structures allowed knockdown of the target mRNA [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNAs for several phytochrome-regulated genes were examined in Pisum seedlings in order to investigate possible light effects on mRNA partitioning between the nucleus and cytoplasm. (ncsu.edu)
mRNA steady state levels of the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II, ferredoxin I, the small and large subunits of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and pEA214 and pEA207, two other light-responsive genes, were determined during chlorophyll photooxidation. (ncsu.edu)
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, especially mRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
This releases the upstream portion of the transcript, which will serve as the initial RNA prior to further processing (the pre-mRNA in the case of protein-encoding genes). (stemcelldaily.com)
Introns are categorized into five distinct classes - nuclear mRNA, nuclear tRNA, archaeal, group one, and group two introns. (jove.com)
RNA and mRNA are two molecules, which act as mediators of biological processes such as protein expression and cell signaling. (pediaa.com)
Transfer RNA plays a major role in protein synthesis to translate the genetic code in mRNA into a particular amino acid sequence. (pediaa.com)
Ribosomal RNA is involved in producing ribosomes, which facilitates the translation of mRNA into a particular amino acid sequence. (pediaa.com)
The mRNA molecule binds to the mRNA binding site of the small subunit of the ribosome. (pediaa.com)
The binding of an mRNA molecule into the small subunit induces the binding of the large subunit of the ribosome with the small subunit. (pediaa.com)
The messenger RNA is referred to as mRNA. (pediaa.com)
In eukaryotes, the transcribed RNA molecule is called as pre-mRNA . (pediaa.com)
Eukaryotic genes are composed of exons , which are readily transcribed into the pre-mRNA molecule. (pediaa.com)

Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases (I, II and III), each responsible for transcribing different types of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not terminate transcription at a specific site but rather transcription can stop at varying distances downstream of the gene. (stemcelldaily.com)
Transcription in eukaryotes is carried out by three main RNA polymerases: Pol I, II, and III. (mdpi.com)
Our findings revise theories of labour division between the major RNA polymerases, and identify nucleolar Pol II as a major factor in protein synthesis and nuclear organization, with potential implications for health and disease. (nature.com)
Traditionally, the nucleolar Pol I and nucleoplasmic Pol III are viewed as the sole mammalian RNA polymerases that directly mediate housekeeping ribosome biogenesis. (nature.com)
Bacteria transcribe their genomes with the help of multi-subunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs), which comprise two large β and β' subunits that form the active site, two regulatory α subunits and an ω subunit that supports RNAP assembly. (fu-berlin.de)

Synthesis of AR1 RNA was dependent on T-DNA transfer and TGMV DNA replication, demonstrating that it is a plant transcription product. (ncsu.edu)
The ratio between AR1 RNA and the major leftward RNA was constant and was used to normalize AR1 transcription for viral DNA copy number. (ncsu.edu)
A set of 53 cloned pea chloroplast DNA fragments representing approximately 90% of the chloroplast genome was used to probe Northern blots of total pea RNA, resulting in a nearly complete chloroplast transcription map. (ncsu.edu)
This study indicates that chloroplast genes are often grouped into multigene transcriptional units which can be cotranscribed, and that light-stimulated plastid development involves changes in the relative abundance of the overlapping RNAs of different length that result from transcription of these genes or gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
We use this information to build a synthetic transcription factor whose function can be tuned between repression and activation independent of recruitment to target genes by using a small-molecule drug. (bvsalud.org)
Transcription of the DNA template, to generate an RNA message, is the first step in gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
A wide range of sequencing methods has been developed to assess nascent RNA transcription and resolve the single-nucleotide position of RNA polymerase genome-wide. (bvsalud.org)
Transcription in eukaryotes is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. (stemcelldaily.com)
Other transcription factors and RNA polymerase then assemble on the promoter to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC). (stemcelldaily.com)
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)
Most promoters for RNA polymerase II also have a conserved sequence called the TATA box, which is recognized by a subunit of the transcription factor TFIID. (stemcelldaily.com)
The four types of nitrogenous bases found in RNA are adenine (A), guanine (G) , cytosine (C), and uracil (U) . The process of RNA synthesis is known as transcription . (pediaa.com)
The transcription of DNA into RNA is governed by the enzyme, RNA polymerase. (pediaa.com)
RNA polymerase III promoters differ significantly from RNA polymerase II promoters in that they are located downstream from the transcription start site and within the transcribed segment of the DNA. (printerresource.com)
The α 2 ββ'ω core enzyme cooperates with transcription factors and responds to signals on DNA templates and nascent RNAs to achieve full functionality in vivo . (fu-berlin.de)
RNA synthesis is terminated intrinsically, when the elongation complex transcribes a stable RNA hairpin followed by a uridine-rich stretch, or with the aid of transcription termination factor ρ. (fu-berlin.de)
In these processes, transcript-borne regulatory RNAs alone or in conjunction with protein factors assemble on the surface of RNAP and accompany the enzyme during further transcription by an RNA looping mechanism, rendering the elongation complex resistant to pause and/or termination signals downstream of the original modification site. (fu-berlin.de)
Huang YH, Said N, Loll B, Wahl MC (2019) Structural basis for the function of SuhB as a transcription factor in ribosomal RNA synthesis. (fu-berlin.de)
region on a DNA molecule involved in RNA polymerase binding to initiate transcription. (insdc.org)
However, it has been proven that more than 62% of genomic DNA serves as a template for transcription, which indicates that there are abundant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human transcriptome [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
SncRNAs are less than 200 nt in length, consisting of microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs or esiRNAs) and transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
RNA polymerase (RNA Pol or RNAP) is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a template of DNA, a process known as transcription. (sciencefacts.net)
RNAPs not only transcribe DNA but are also responsible for proofreading the newly synthesized RNA strand and taking part in the recognition of the transcription start and termination sites. (sciencefacts.net)
The RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for transcription, the process by which a template DNA strand is used to form RNA. (sciencefacts.net)

The 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they join to form the mature and translation-competent 80S ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
A ribosome is composed of two subunits, the small subunit and the large subunit. (pediaa.com)
Mature rRNAs are packaged into 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits for export to the cytoplasm. (nature.com)
Mutation of the maize FLOURY3 ( FL3 ) gene, encoding one of 17 subunits forming the RNAPIII complex that regulates gene expression involved in storage protein synthesis, results in small and floury endosperm (Li et al. (plantae.org)
The core enzyme (ββ′α 2 ω) consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. (sciencefacts.net)
ω is the smallest of all subunits that helps assemble and provide stability to the core enzyme. (sciencefacts.net)

While RNA makes up most of the composition of bacterial and cytosolic eukaryotic ribosomes, mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes present a more elaborate protein shell, which aids coping with the oxidative microenvironment. (nature.com)
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Y10b labels large and small subunit of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. (uiowa.edu)

Group one and two introns are large ribozymes that are several hundred nucleotides long and are found in fungal and plant mitochondria, chloroplasts, bacteriophages, and eukaryotic viruses. (jove.com)
Small ribozymes are usually 50 to 150 nucleotides long and are self-cleaving nucleotide sequence motifs. (jove.com)
Small ribozymes are 30 to 150 nucleotides long. (jove.com)
It is a single stranded nucleic acid, composed of RNA nucleotides . (pediaa.com)
RNA nucleotides consist of a ribose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. (pediaa.com)
The numerous modified nucleotides in eukaryotic ribosomal RNA. (printerresource.com)
Once RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter (where RNA polymerase begins transcribing a gene), it moves along the DNA template in the 5 to 3' direction, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. (sciencefacts.net)

We leveraged the template-switching properties of thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT) and developed Butt-seq (bulk analysis of nascent transcript termini sequencing), which can produce libraries from purified nascent RNA in 6 h and from as few as 10,000 cells-an improvement of at least 10-fold over existing techniques. (bvsalud.org)
Also, it contains some elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
It contains the other part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis and the rest of the elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
Expression of the Escherichia coli tryptophanase operon depends on ribosome stalling during translation of the upstream TnaC leader peptide, a process for which interactions between the TnaC nascent chain and the ribosomal exit tunnel are critical. (cipsm.de)

Similar to other systems, the mitochondrial ribosome is composed of a small (mtSSU) and a large (mtLSU) subunit, with their core rRNAs, 12S and 16S mitochondrial (mt-) rRNAs, respectively, surrounded by MRPs (30 for the mtSSU and 52 for the mtLSU). (nature.com)
This process includes the activity of an RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII, also known as Pol III) subunit that uncouples endosperm cell proliferation and storage reserve accumulation. (plantae.org)
The authors mapped the smk7 mutation to a gene encoding the second-largest subunit of RNAPIII, NRPC2 (Nuclear RNA Polymerase C2) using map-based sequencing and confirmed that the mutation leads to a defective NRPC2 protein in smk7 . (plantae.org)
Kinetic pathway of 40S ribosomal subunit recruitment to hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site. (uiowa.edu)

The bacterial genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were transiently expressed in leaf discs from the AR1 promoter in TGMV A. The levels of AR1 and GUS RNAs were similar in leaf discs after adjusting for viral DNA copy number, while CAT RNA was less abundant. (ncsu.edu)
The geminivirus transient expression system allows rapid analysis of RNAs transcribed from foreign genes and can serve as a preliminary screen in the construction of transgenic plants. (ncsu.edu)
Chromatin structure and expression of plant ribosomal RNA genes. (ncsu.edu)
DNase I sensitivity of ribosomal RNA Genes in chromatin and nucleolar dominance in wheat. (ncsu.edu)
Ribosomal RNA genes at different nucleolar organizer (NOR) loci in hexaploid wheat are expressed at different levels. (ncsu.edu)
Transcripts from each of five light-regulated genes exhibited different responses to a variety of light treatments, but for each transcript we observed a characteristic linear relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic levels over a wide range of total transcript abundance. (ncsu.edu)
Our findings suggest that the 22q11.2-deletion syndrome transcriptional phenotype found in mature neurons may in part be due to the broad dysregulation of a class of genes associated with disease susceptibility that are important for dysfunctional RNA processing and synaptic function. (bvsalud.org)
Some miRNAs are hosted in pri-miRNAs annotated as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and defined as MIRHGs (for miRNA Host Genes). (mdpi.com)
With the induction of nuclear genes that straight impinge for the maintenance of mtDNA these relationships organize the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes18. (academicediting.org)
Here we show, however, that RNA polymerase II (Pol II) inside human nucleoli operates near genes encoding rRNAs to drive their expression. (nature.com)
The sigma (σ) factor of the RNA polymerase is encoded by nuclear genes. (sciencefacts.net)

They are microRNA ( miRNA ), small interfering RNA ( siRNA ), small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ), and small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ). (pediaa.com)
The miRNA is involved in inhibiting gene expression through RNA interference. (pediaa.com)

Many cellular processes, including ribosome biogenesis, are regulated through post-transcriptional RNA modifications. (nature.com)
The only known exception to this is the 23S ribosomal RNA in the bacterial ribosome which catalyzes peptide bond formation. (jove.com)
Furthermore to protein parts the mitochondrial genome encodes 22 transfer RNAs and 2 mitochondrial ribosome-coding RNAs which are crucial aspects of its translational equipment. (academicediting.org)
Mitochondrial ribosome set up within the mitochondrial matrix can be a relatively complicated and highly controlled process that involves mitochondrial ribosome-coding RNA digesting and maturation as well as the set up of mitochondrial ribosomal protein into little and huge subunits12. (academicediting.org)
However just a small fraction of mitochondrial ribosome protein possess identifiable homologues in bacterias13. (academicediting.org)
We reveal a nucleolar Pol-II-dependent mechanism that drives ribosome biogenesis, identify disease-associated disruption of nucleoli by noncoding RNAs, and establish locus-targeted R-loop modulation. (nature.com)
We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)

rRNAs and snRNAs are the main natural targets of 2′-O-methylation that is mediated by box C/D RNAs. (hindawi.com)
As other RNA classes, mt-rRNAs contain modified ribonucleotides which are post-transcriptionally introduced by a set of enzymes. (nature.com)
The smk7 kernels showed compromised biogenesis of small noncoding RNAs such as tRNAs and 5S rRNAs, confirming that NRPC2 is a part of the RNAPIII machinery. (plantae.org)

The discovery of a tiny mitochondrion in microsporidia (Figures 1 and 2) was an important piece of evidence that led to current ideas that the mitochondrial endosymbiosis occurred at the origin of eukaryotes. (ncl.ac.uk)
Eukaryotes have many different nuclear RNAPs, and each recognizes a different promoter sequence, synthesizing some form of the RNA or the other. (sciencefacts.net)

Bioinformatics analysis revealed that some of these orphan RNAs were complementary to pre-mRNAs or mature mRNAs [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Different mRNAs are characterized by different nuclear-cytoplasmic `partitioning coefficients', indicating that post-transcriptional events play a significant role in regulating the accumulation of these mRNAs during light induction. (ncsu.edu)
Many eukaryotic precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) bear coding regions (exons) interspersed with non-coding intervening sequences (introns). (fu-berlin.de)
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) produces precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA and microRNAs. (sciencefacts.net)

The snoRNA-dependent modifications are catalyzed by small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles (snoRNPs). (hindawi.com)

The RNA polymerase transcribes one strand, the antisense (-) strand, of the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
In bacteria, a single RNA polymerase transcribes all types of RNAs. (sciencefacts.net)

It results in a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)
Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA template and releases the RNA transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)
The transcript is cleaved at an internal site before RNA polymerase II finishes transcribing. (stemcelldaily.com)
A. Ribosomal RNA analysis StructRNAfinder - predicts and annotates RNA families in transcript or genome sequences. (printerresource.com)

a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter. (insdc.org)

The results illustrate a complex set of interactions regulating expression of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. (ncsu.edu)
While the RNA components of the mitoribosome are mitochondrially-encoded, all MRPs and assembly factors are encoded in the nuclear genome, thus requiring coordination between two genomes for the assembly of these macromolecular complexes. (nature.com)

La protein is found in the nucleus in all eukaryotic organisms and associates with several types of RNAs transcribed by RNA pol III. (wikipedia.org)

RNA synthesis occurs in the 5' → 3' direction with the RNA polymerase catalyzing a nucleophilic attack by the 3-OH of the growing RNA chain on the alpha-phosphorus atom on an incoming ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. (stemcelldaily.com)
The growing RNA chain is extended one nucleotide at a time in the 5'→3' direction using nucleoside triphosphates ( ATP , CTP, UTP, and GTP). (sciencefacts.net)

RNA carries genetic information written in DNA, mainly for protein synthesis. (pediaa.com)
The involvement of RNA in such fundamental processes as protein synthesis and RNA processing has led to the idea that ribozymes were more common in early life. (printerresource.com)

Some RNA molecules are capable of folding into a three-dimensional structure known as hairpin loops via complementary base pairing. (pediaa.com)

The nucleotide sequence of a gene is transcribed into a messenger RNA molecule by the enzyme, RNA polymerase. (pediaa.com)

Cytosine methylation in ribosomal DNA and nucleolus organiser expression in wheat. (ncsu.edu)

a) Schematics of a guide box C/D snoRNA structure and the interaction between a snoRNA and target RNAs. (hindawi.com)
The snRNA and snoRNA are involved in modifying other RNAs. (pediaa.com)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory non-coding RNAs, resulting from the cleavage of long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) in the nucleus by the Microprocessor complex generating precursors (pre-miRNAs) that are then exported to the cytoplasm and processed into mature miRNAs. (mdpi.com)
If smORFs present within lncRNAs can encode functional small peptides, they can also constitute cis -regulatory elements involved in lncRNA decay. (mdpi.com)
Some small regulatory RNA molecules can also be found in the cell. (pediaa.com)
Pausing and termination can be further modulated by elongation factors, such as N-utilization substances A and G. Some regulatory factors or RNAs can stably insulate RNAP from the destabilizing effects of terminators over long distances (processive anti-termination). (fu-berlin.de)
Associated regulatory elements may include differentially methylated regions and non-coding RNAs. (insdc.org)
Notably, circRNAs display cell-type, tissue-type and developmental-stage specific expression patterns in eukaryotic transcriptome, which reveals their significant regulatory functions in gene expression. (ijbs.com)

For many regions of the genome, we have detected multiple overlapping transcripts including both small, gene-sized RNAs and large transcripts covering entire gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
RNP-based processive anti-termination underlies the switching from immediate-early to delayed-early gene expression in other lambdoid phages as well as ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli . (fu-berlin.de)
A viral nuclear noncoding RNA binds re-localized poly(A) binding protein and is required for late KSHV gene expression. (uiowa.edu)

6. I want to study ribosomal RNA expression and potential processing sites in bacteria. (printerresource.com)
A., 1992, The use of 16S ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probes to study competition between ruminai fibrolytic bacteria. (printerresource.com)

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. (jove.com)

Ribozymes are special types of RNA that can act as enzymes. (jove.com)
The substrates for most naturally occurring ribozymes are RNA phosphodiester bonds. (jove.com)
The replication process in these viruses produce long RNA carrying multiple units of the viral genome where each unit carries a small ribozymes like hammerhead. (jove.com)
Ribozymes can be categorized into two groups depending upon their size - large and small. (jove.com)

Rediscovery of the nucleolinus, a dynamic RNA-rich organelle associated with the nucleolus, spindle, and centrosomes. (mbl.edu)

In its absence, mtLSU particles (visualized by cryo-EM at the resolution of 2.6 Å) present disordered RNA domains, partial occupancy of bL36m and bound MALSU1:L0R8F8:mtACP anti-association module, allowing five mtLSU biogenesis intermediates with different intersubunit interface configurations to be placed along the assembly pathway. (nature.com)

These regularly spaced hammerhead enzymes undergo self-cleavage resulting in breakage of the long RNA into individual genome segments. (jove.com)

RNA synthesis occurs inside the nucleus. (pediaa.com)

Chloroplast in eukaryotic cells contains an RNAP similar to bacterial RNAP. (sciencefacts.net)

to work on the early evolution of eukaryotic cells. (ncl.ac.uk)
Mitochondria are one of the major ancient endomembrane systems in eukaryotic cells. (academicediting.org)
What remains in human cells is a small approximately 16 kilobase circular genome which is present in cells in a vast excess of copies relative to nuclear chromosomes. (academicediting.org)
Moreover, RNA-protein complexes (RNPs) provide glimpses at the molecular ancestry of modern cells, which most likely evolved from an RNA-dominated world. (fu-berlin.de)
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells during post-transcriptional processes. (ijbs.com)

The origin from the mitochondrial proteome can be an assortment of 'older' bacterial and 'fresh' eukaryotic-derived proteins2. (academicediting.org)
Structurally, it is similar to bacterial RNAP and eukaryotic RNAP II. (sciencefacts.net)

RNA polymerase IV (RNAP IV) produces siRNA in plants. (sciencefacts.net)
RNA polymerase V (RNAP V) has RNAs involved in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation in plants. (sciencefacts.net)

Expression of this genome entails several, highly regulated processes, with newly synthesised transcripts being cleaved, chemically modified, polyadenylated and further matured in neighbouring structures known as mitochondrial RNA granules (MRGs). (nature.com)

Erko had worked with Carl Woese in pioneering the use of ribosomal RNA sequences to investigate evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes. (ncl.ac.uk)

Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)

All classes of RNA are subject to processing by base modification and cleavage. (printerresource.com)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel member of the lncRNA kingdom, are generated by non-sequential backsplicing of exons, introns or a combination of both [ 7 - 9 ]. (ijbs.com)

however, Ribonuclease P can cleave other RNA molecules. (jove.com)

DNA region that is required for the binding of chromatin to the nuclear matrix. (insdc.org)

For example, elongating RNAP frequently enters an elemental paused state, and pausing can be stabilized by an RNA hairpin invading the RNA exit tunnel or by RNAP backtracking. (fu-berlin.de)

Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Partitioning of Phytochrome-Regulated Transcripts in Pisum sativum. (ncsu.edu)

Unlike linear RNAs, circRNAs form covalent-closed continuous loops without 5' to 3' polarities and poly (A) tails. (ijbs.com)

However, several lnc pri-miRNAs contain translatable small open reading frames (smORFs). (mdpi.com)

b) Base-pairing interactions between an artificial box C/D RNA and target RNAs. (hindawi.com)

However, in many cases, the RNA needs further processing before it is functional. (printerresource.com)

These can be found in many RNA plant viruses, as well as the hepatitis delta virus, a human pathogen. (jove.com)

Anatomy19

Organisms22

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes82

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care1

RRNA26

Proteins15

MRNA19

Polymerases6

Transcription24

Subunits6

Ribosomes3

Nucleotides7

Nascent4

Subunit4

Genes11

MiRNA2

Ribosome7

RRNAs3

Eukaryotes2

MRNAs4

Nucleolar1

Polymerase transcribes2

Transcript4

Promoters1

Genomes2

Found in the nucleus1

Growing RNA chain2

Protein synthesis2

Complementary1

Messenger RNA1

Methylation1

SnoRNA2

Regulatory6

Gene3

Bacteria2

Enzyme1

Ribozymes4

Nucleolus1

Biogenesis1

Enzymes1

Nucleus1

Chloroplast1

Cells5

Bacterial2

SiRNA2

Structures1

Prokaryotes1

Escherichia1

Cleavage1

Exons1

Molecules1

Chromatin1

RNAP1

Cytoplasmic1

Unlike1

MiRNAs1

Interactions1

Functional1

Hepatitis delta1