Ribosomal precursor rna. Medical search. Frequent questions

The 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) is an approximately 120 nucleotide-long ribosomal RNA molecule with a mass of 40 kDa. (wikipedia.org)
The designation 5S refers to the molecule's sedimentation velocity in an ultracentrifuge, which is measured in Svedberg units (S). In prokaryotes, the 5S rRNA gene is typically located in the rRNA operons downstream of the small and the large subunit rRNA, and co-transcribed into a polycistronic precursor. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase III, whereas other eukaryotic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I. In Xenopus oocytes, it has been shown that fingers 4-7 of the nine-zinc finger transcription factor TFIIIA can bind to the central region of 5S RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Binding between 5S rRNA and TFIIIA serves to both repress further transcription of the 5S RNA gene and stabilize the 5S RNA transcript until it is required for ribosome assembly. (wikipedia.org)
Using a variety of molecular techniques, including immuno-electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, intermolecular chemical cross-linking, and X-ray crystallography, the location of the 5S rRNA within the large ribosomal subunit has been determined to great precision. (wikipedia.org)
In bacteria and archaea, the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) itself is composed of two RNA moieties, the 5S rRNA and another larger RNA known as 23S rRNA, along with numerous associated proteins. (wikipedia.org)
When exactly 5S rRNA is integrated into the ribosome remains controversial, but it is generally accepted that 5S rRNA is incorporated into the 90S particle, which is a precursor to 60S particle, as part of a small ribosome-independent RNP complex formed by 5S rRNA and ribosomal protein L5. (wikipedia.org)
Interaction of 5S rRNA with the La protein prevents the RNA from degradation by exonucleases in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
La protein interacts with these RNAs (including the 5S rRNA) through their 3' oligo-uridine tract, aiding stability and folding of the RNA. (wikipedia.org)
In eukaryotic cells, ribosomal protein L5 associates and stabilizes the 5S rRNA forming a pre-ribosomal ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) that is found in both cytosol and the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) are commonly known to be involved in the processing of precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). (hindawi.com)
We have shown that PCR tests for ribosomal RNA precursors (pre-rRNA) can overcome this problem. (washington.edu)
Linezolid resistance in S. epidermidis has been attributed to specific 23S rRNA mutations (G2576U, G2447U, U2504A, C2534U, and G2631U) ( 5 , 6 ), cfr gene ( 7 ), or mutations in ribosomal proteins L3, L4, and L22 ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
This process of translation of codons into amino acids requires two other types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA), that mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), that is the central component of the ribosome's protein-manufacturing machinery. (iiab.me)
Differential RNA-dependent ATPase activities of four rRNA processing yeast DEAD-box proteins. (colorado.edu)
Ribosome biogenesis occurs co-transcriptionally and entails rRNA folding, ribosomal protein binding, rRNA processing, and rRNA modification. (bvsalud.org)
Transcription involves a modified RNA polymerase, called the antitermination complex, which forms in response to cis-acting elements (boxB, boxA and boxC) in the nascent pre-rRNA. (bvsalud.org)
RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal DNA (rDNA) into the 47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor. (sophion.com)
In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
In eukaryotes, tRNA and rRNA precursors are also modified and trimmed, although not as extensively as pre-mRNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
In the eukaryotic cells the production of ribosomes takes place in the nucleolus, a specialized subnuclear compartment where the RNA Polymerase I (RNA Pol I) catalyses the ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
Ribosomal RNA is synthesised as precursor 47S pre-rRNA which is subjected to specific and highly regulated processing steps that allow to mature 18S, 5.6S and 28S RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor suppressors, oncogenes and alternatively deregulated upstream signalling pathways can directly influence the RNA polymerase I activity inducing hyper activation of rRNA transcription in cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Box C/D RNAs are associated with four snoRNP core proteins: NOP56, NOP58, fibrillarin, and 15.5 kDa [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Box C/D RNAs contain the following functional elements: boxes C and D, which are essential for snoRNA interaction with specific proteins, and a guide sequence that determines the nucleotide to be modified (Figure 1(a) ). (hindawi.com)
These hemoflagellates are distinguished by a kinetoplast nucleoid containing mitochondrial DNAs of two kinds: maxicircles encoding ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and proteins and minicircles bearing guide RNAs (gRNAs) for mRNA editing. (nih.gov)
In 8 LRSE isolates representing all PFGE types, genes encoding the L3, L4, and L22 ribosomal proteins that factor in ribosome assembly were sequenced to identify mutations conferring linezolid resistance ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
The nucleolus is composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins. (nanomedicine.com)
Nonetheless, MDM2 is in turn regulated by ribosomal proteins (RPs) that binds and suppress the MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity resulting in the stabilization and activation of p53 [9]. (nanoker-society.org)
These ribosomal proteins are found in stoichiometric amounts in the.Approximately 10 L of the extracted DNA was run on 1% gel electrophoresis and visualized under Gel Doc (Bio-rad, Hercules, CA, US). (nanoker-society.org)
Eukaryotic (i.e. nucleated) cells can produce ribosomes in enormous numbers, although each consists of about 80 proteins and 4 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). (uni-muenchen.de)
Their data reveals in detail how the ribosomal RNAs are progressively folded to provide the necessary binding sites for the cognate ribosomal proteins. (uni-muenchen.de)
During ribosomal RNA processing, ribosomal proteins are incorporated into the pre-ribosomal subunits to form the mature 40S and 60S subunits. (biomedcentral.com)

All RNAs are produced by a phage-type RNA polymerase as 3' extended precursors, which undergo exonucleolytic trimming. (nih.gov)
87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
TATA-box binding protein is not required for RNA Polymerase II transcription in mouse embryonic stem cells. (elifesciences.org)
The RNA polymerase enzyme transcribes genes into primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA) leading to processed, mature mRNA. (iiab.me)
During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. (iiab.me)
One notable difference, however, is that eukaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA-processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription. (iiab.me)
Shortly after the start of transcription, the 5' end of the mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase. (iiab.me)
Specific sequences on DNA, called promoters , determine where the RNA polymerase binds and how frequently it initiates transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Tumor suppressors such as retinoblastoma (pRB) and p53 negatively regulate RNA polymerase I and interfere with the assembly of transcriptional machinery on the rDNA promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
In this context, during any sort of stress condition the alternative reading frame protein p14ARF subtracts MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, from the interaction with p53 in manner to free and stabilise p53 level in the nucleolus of the cell where it inhibits RNA polymerase I activity [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Ribosome synthesis involves transcription of ribosomal RNA genes, processing and assembly of ribosomal precursor molecules in the nucleolus and the nucleus, their transport to the cytoplasm and final maturation. (uni-regensburg.de)
Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
Variants in ribosomal protein (RP) genes drive Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a bone marrow failure syndrome that can also predispose individuals to cancer. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Baylis H.A. , Bibb M.J. Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes in Streptomjces coelicolor A3(2). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Some miRNAs are hosted in pri-miRNAs annotated as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and defined as MIRHGs (for miRNA Host Genes). (mdpi.com)
Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes necessary for the intramitochondrial synthesis of these 13 polypeptides. (medscape.com)
The proposed mechanism is based on the knowledge that transcription of mtDNA is polycistronic, which means that all genes encoded on the heavy and light strands are transcribed as 2 large precursor RNA strands. (medscape.com)

The combination of expert knowledge in the fields of transcriptional regulation, chromatin structure and remodeling, ribosomal subunit processing and assembly will allow us to gain further insights in this fascinating topic. (uni-regensburg.de)
LMU researchers have now structurally characterized late stages in the assembly of the human small ribosomal subunit, yielding detailed insights into their maturation principles. (uni-muenchen.de)
We have used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of intermediate forms of the small ribosomal subunit isolated from human cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
The succession of precursors reveals that maturation of the small ribosomal subunit proceeds in several defined steps. (uni-muenchen.de)
The mature small subunit can then bind to the large subunit, in association with a messenger RNA that provides the blueprint for protein synthesis. (uni-muenchen.de)
A dominant negative mutant of the E. coli RNA helicase DbpA blocks assembly of the 50S ribosomal subunit. (colorado.edu)
Here, we employed an orthogonal translation system to interrogate the functional roles of these RNA elements in 30S subunit biogenesis in Escherichia coli. (bvsalud.org)
The protein moiety of the 5S RNP has been identified as ribosomal protein L5, which is known to be released from ribosomes in a complex with 5S after various treatments of the 60S subunit. (nih.gov)

Transcription is when RNA is made from DNA. (iiab.me)
A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m 7 G cap) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has been added to the "front" or 5' end of a eukaryotic messenger RNA shortly after the start of transcription. (iiab.me)
Boros I. , Csordés-Tôth E. , Kiss A. , Tôrôk I. , Udvardy K. , Venetianer P. Identification of two new promoters probably involved in the transcription of a ribosomal RNA gene of Escherichia coli. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The topics will include transcription, RNA processing and metabolism, non-coding RNAs, RNA in therapy and medicine. (gov.pl)
A gene is a segment of DNA that functions as a unit to generate an RNA product or, through the processes of transcription and translation, a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
However, it has been proven that more than 62% of genomic DNA serves as a template for transcription, which indicates that there are abundant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human transcriptome [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
SncRNAs are less than 200 nt in length, consisting of microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs or esiRNAs) and transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)

To expand understanding of the role of snoRNAs in control of gene expression, in this study we tested the ability of artificial box C/D RNAs to affect the maturation of target pre-mRNA. (hindawi.com)
Inasmuch as artificial box C/D RNAs decreased viability of transfected human cells, we propose that natural snoRNAs as well as their artificial analogues can influence the maturation of complementary pre-mRNA and can be effective regulators of vital cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
1141 The granular component consists of ~15-nm particles that are ribosomal subunits in the process of maturation. (nanomedicine.com)
The rRNAs are transcribed as larger precursors, which serve as a scaffold during the assembly process and are cleaved and trimmed during ribosome maturation. (uni-muenchen.de)
Ribosomal RNA evolution by fragmentation of the 23S progenitor: maturation pathway parallels evolutionary emergence. (microbiologyresearch.org)

We conclude that RNA metabolism in the toad bladder is extraordinarily slow, that a major acceleration of de novo synthesis in response to physiologic doses of aldosterone was not demonstrable, and that some reports to the contrary may have been influenced by artifacts from bacterial RNA metabolism. (jci.org)
Since these and other forms of RNA are synthesized in the nucleus, it is likely that the loss occurred here, possibly at nucleolar sites which are thought to participate in ribosomnal synthesis. (aspetjournals.org)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adapter molecule that links a specific codon in mRNA with its corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis. (nature.com)
RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The transcribed region of a gene contains the template for synthesis of an RNA, which begins at the start point. (basicmedicalkey.com)
phenomena of rna synthesis from dna template) and. (leedonss.com)
Other papers discuss messenger rna and its translation, dna-dependent cell-free protein synthesis, as well as the genetics of the translational apparatus. (leedonss.com)

The artificial box C/D RNA directed to the branch point adenosine of the second intron, as well as the analogue directed to the last nucleotide of the second exon of the HSPA8 pre-mRNA caused the most prominent influence on the level of HSPA8 mRNAs. (hindawi.com)
Using such an approach, it was shown that introducing sequences complementary to a selected pre-mRNA into box C/D RNA structures allowed knockdown of the target mRNA [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cech, T. R. The generality of self-splicing RNA: Relationship to nuclear mRNA splicing. (nature.com)
Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression. (iiab.me)
The extensive processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA that leads to the mature mRNA is the RNA splicing, a mechanism by which introns or outrons (non-coding regions) are removed and exons (coding regions) are joined together. (iiab.me)
In eukaryotic organisms most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' end, but recent studies have shown that short stretches of uridine (oligouridylation) are also common. (iiab.me)
The precursors of mRNA (called pre-mRNA ) have a guanosine "cap" added at the 5′-end and a poly(A) "tail" at the 3′-end. (basicmedicalkey.com)

These subsequently cleave into separate RNA strands, including transfer RNA strands. (medscape.com)

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)

The 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they join to form the mature and translation-competent 80S ribosome. (wikipedia.org)

Following treatment with actinomycin, newly synthesized RNA (i.e., labeled 40 min or less before the drug was given) was lost labeled RNA failed to appear in the cytoplasm. (aspetjournals.org)
The results suggest that time transfer of labeled RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was blocked because of destruction of precursors of ribosomal RNA. (aspetjournals.org)
The other four are successively formed following export of the first precursor to the cytoplasm. (uni-muenchen.de)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory non-coding RNAs, resulting from the cleavage of long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) in the nucleus by the Microprocessor complex generating precursors (pre-miRNAs) that are then exported to the cytoplasm and processed into mature miRNAs. (mdpi.com)

Rediscovery of the nucleolinus, a dynamic RNA-rich organelle associated with the nucleolus, spindle, and centrosomes. (mbl.edu)

rRNAs and snRNAs are the main natural targets of 2′-O-methylation that is mediated by box C/D RNAs. (hindawi.com)
The leukaemic lymphocytes show a build-up and apparent delay in processing of ribosomal RNA precursor, when compared to normals, but studies of methylation reveal that the production of mature ribosomal RNA occurs at a normal rate. (karger.com)

In Escherichia coli, a proportion of the PNPase is recruited into a multi-enzyme assembly, known as the RNA degradosome, through an interaction with the scaffolding domain of the endoribonuclease RNase E. Here, we report crystal structures of E. coli PNPase complexed with the recognition site from RNase E and with manganese in the presence or in the absence of modified RNA. (port.ac.uk)
Brosius J. , Dull D.J. , Sleeter D.D. , Noller H.F. Gene organization and primary structure of a ribosomal RNA operon from Escherichia coli. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Polyadenylation is the covalent linkage of a polyadenylyl moiety to a messenger RNA molecule. (iiab.me)
Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is a processive exoribonuclease that contributes to messenger RNA turnover and quality control of ribosomal RNA precursors in many bacterial species. (port.ac.uk)

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. (bvsalud.org)
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells during post-transcriptional processes. (ijbs.com)

There was no apparent loss of older RNA (i.e., labeled 3 hr before drug) or massive destruction of unlabeled ribosomes amid polysomes. (aspetjournals.org)

If care were not taken to inhibit metabolism of native bacteria colonizing the bladder, bacterial RNA of high specific activity predominated. (jci.org)
Earlier evidence for obligatory alterations in RNA metabolism during the latent period is not strong. (jci.org)

Among these are energy-consuming enzymes such as GTPases, protein kinases, ATP-dependent RNA helicases, and AAA-type (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) ATPases, which suggests that the energy derived from nucleotide hydrolysis confers directionality to ribosome assembly. (silverchair.com)

Cech, T. R., Zaug, A. J. & Grabowski, P. J. In vitro splicing of the ribosomal-RNA precursor of Tetrahymena -involvement of a guanosine nucleotide in the excision of the intervening sequence. (nature.com)
RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
We are pleased to share with you that our latest review article 'Type I Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Regulating Toxin Expression via Shine-Dalgarno Sequence Sequestration and Small RNA Binding' is now available on the ASMscience website! (darfeuillelab.fr)
The identification of the ribosomal RNA cistron by sequence complementarity. (wikidata.org)
and assignment of the genera Cardiobacterium, Dichelobacter, and Suttonella to Cardio-bacteriaceae fam nov in the gamma division of Proteobacteria based on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence comparisons. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The DNA strand that directs the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA by complementary base pairing is the template strand. (basicmedicalkey.com)

The excision of intervening sequences from Salmonella 23S ribosomal RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Coding and spacer sequences in the 5-8S-2S region of Sciara coprophila ribosomal DNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Berg K.L. , Squires C. , Squires C.L. Ribosomal RNA operon anti-termination Function of leader and spacer region box B-box A sequences and their conservation in diverse microorganisms. (microbiologyresearch.org)
NCBI Targeted Loci: RefSeq Ribosomal RNA Sequences for Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis (webinar) NCBI, Aug 3, 2016. (cdc.gov)

La protein is found in the nucleus in all eukaryotic organisms and associates with several types of RNAs transcribed by RNA pol III. (wikipedia.org)

The primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce the mature RNAs. (basicmedicalkey.com)

As a consequence, the last few years have seen an increase in the development of a number of bioinformatics tools to detect differentially reactive nucleotides (DRNs) in RNA structure probing datasets. (biomedcentral.com)

We present diffBUM-HMM, a noise-aware model that enables accurate detection of RNA flexibility and conformational changes from high-throughput RNA structure-probing data. (biomedcentral.com)

RNA 24 , 1277-1284 (2018). (nature.com)

The activity of this enzyme is under the control of two main factors, UBF and SL1 both components of the complex that stabilizes RNA Pol I on rDNA promoter [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Bioinformatics analysis revealed that some of these orphan RNAs were complementary to pre-mRNAs or mature mRNAs [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Advancing RNA structural probing techniques with next-generation sequencing has generated demands for complementary computational tools to robustly extract RNA structural information amidst sampling noise and variability. (biomedcentral.com)

Precise identification of cleavage sites involved in the unusual processing of Trypanosoma ribosomal RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In vivo and in vitro with either uridine-5-3H or with methionine-(methyl)-3H as precursors, processing of RNA was extremely slow. (jci.org)
Understanding the structure of RNA is key to unravel its in vivo function, and it is also highly relevant to biomedicine, drug discovery, and synthetic biology [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The ability to accurately detect nucleotide regions that differentially react with RNA structure probing reagents under diverse conditions, or due to the effect of mutations, is of great importance to researchers. (biomedcentral.com)
In the autosomal dominant form, mutations in the RNA component of telomerase ( TERC ) or telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) are responsible for disease phenotype. (medscape.com)

We discuss the implications of these structural observations for the catalytic mechanism of PNPase, its processive mode of action, and its assembly into the RNA degradosome. (port.ac.uk)

Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)

thereafter, labeled RNA was extracted from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of liver and sedimented in sucrose gradients. (aspetjournals.org)

Dyskenin is composed of 514 amino acids and has a role in ribosomal RNA processing and telomere maintenance. (medscape.com)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel member of the lncRNA kingdom, are generated by non-sequential backsplicing of exons, introns or a combination of both [ 7 - 9 ]. (ijbs.com)

In fact, we were able to characterize not just one precursor but to visualize the structures of five states of assembly. (uni-muenchen.de)

Processing of RNA in the toad bladder was analyzed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis to determine whether aldosterone causes any changes in the 1 hr before it potentiates transport of sodium ion. (jci.org)
Historically, RNA editing has attracted major research effort, and recently essential pre- and postediting processing events have been discovered. (nih.gov)

Darnell, J. E. Implications of RNA-RNA splicing in evolution of eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
Wang M, Yu F, Wu W, Zhang Y, Chang W, Ponnusamy M, Wang K, Li P. Circular RNAs: A novel type of non-coding RNA and their potential implications in antiviral immunity. (ijbs.com)

A highly multiplexed and sensitive RNA-seq protocol for simultaneous analysis of host and pathogen transcriptomes. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy5

Organisms5

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes20

Information Science4

RRNA23

Proteins10

Polymerase11

Genes9

Subunit8

Transcription7

Maturation5

Synthesis7

MRNA11

Transfer RNA1

Molecules1

Subunits1

Cytoplasm4

Nucleolus1

Methylation2

Escherichia2

Messenger RNA2

Post-Transcriptional2

Ribosomes1

Metabolism2

Ribosome assembly1

Sequence6

Sequences4

Nucleus1

Transcripts1

Nucleotides1

Conformational changes1

20181

RDNA1

Complementary2

Cleavage1

Vivo2

Mutations2

Catalytic1

Endogenous1

Nuclear1

Amino acids1

Introns1

Assembly1

Processing2

Implications2

Pathogen1