Filter...

AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science

Select a category...

DeoxyribonucleotidesRibonucleotidesRibonucleotide ReductasesRibonucleoside Diphosphate ReductaseDeoxyribonucleosidesDeoxycytidine MonophosphateThymidine MonophosphateHydroxyureaThymine NucleotidesDeoxyadenine NucleotidesCytosine NucleotidesNucleotidesDeoxyguanine NucleotidesPyrimidine NucleotidesDNA ReplicationDeoxyuracil NucleotidesCytidine DiphosphateDNAKineticsEscherichia coliDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseRNASubstrate SpecificityTemplates, GeneticRibonuclease HOligonucleotidesThioredoxinsBase SequenceMutationMolecular Sequence DataCytidine TriphosphatePurine NucleotidesOligodeoxyribonucleotidesAdenosine TriphosphateUridine MonophosphateGuanosine MonophosphateFree RadicalsBiogenesisRibonucleasesStructure-Activity RelationshipCytidine MonophosphateElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyGuanosineAmino Acid SequenceDNA PrimersOligoribonucleotidesEscherichia coli ProteinsBacterial ProteinsPhosphoribosyl PyrophosphateDNA Polymerase IIRibonucleosidesDNA DamageUracil NucleotidesExonucleasesGuanine NucleotidesRiboseIMP DehydrogenaseDeoxyribonucleasesUridinePurinesHypoxanthinesCytidineDeoxyadenosinesAmidophosphoribosyltransferaseNucleotidasesNucleic Acid DenaturationAdenosine MonophosphateDNA PrimaseNucleic Acid ConformationDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesDNA Polymerase IRNA NucleotidyltransferasesBase Pair MismatchRNA, BacterialDNA LigasesNucleic Acid HeteroduplexesUridine TriphosphateDNA Polymerase IIICatalysisCarbon IsotopesDNA, ViralDNA RepairManganeseGuanosine TriphosphateModels, MolecularChromatography, Thin LayerDNA, CircularHydrolysisCell-Free SystemChemistryChemical PhenomenaTritiumBinding Sites

BiosynthesisReductasesFormation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotidesNucleotidesSubunitPrecursorsEnzymesEscherichiaEnzyme ribonucleotideNucleotideReplicationReductionNovoRNRsRRM1AdenosineGenesMammalianProteinDATPTyrosylOxygenAccumulationSugarRepairActivitySingle

Biosynthesis1

• Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. (proteopedia.org)

Reductases3

• Ribonucleotide reductases are divided into three classes. (wikipedia.org)
• Ribonucleotide reductases are essential enzymes which synthesize deoxyribonucleotides used in the replication of DNA. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
• Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are radical enzymes that convert ribonucleotides (the building blocks of RNA) to deoxyribonucleotides (the building blocks of DNA). (nih.gov)

Formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides2

• Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), also known as ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (rNDP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
• The enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase, catalyses the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides, a reaction essential for DNA synthesis in all living cells. (nih.gov)

Nucleotides4

• We can divide the nucleotides into 'Deoxyribonucleotides' (if sugar is deoxyribose) and 'Ribonucleotides' (when sugar is ribose). (readbiology.com)
• There are two types of nucleotides: Deoxyribonucleotides and Ribonucleotides. (readbiology.com)
• Instead, these chemical pathways can yield at least 3 different versions of nucleotides [Fig 2]: ribonucleotides (the version found in RNA), deoxyribonucleotides (the version found in DNA), and arabinonucleotides. (chembites.org)
• These data suggest that addition of a ribonucleotide to a growing RNA chain is much faster than addition of the other two versions of nucleotides. (chembites.org)

Subunit5

• We recently reported that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) slows DNA replication and induces replication stress by downregulating the regulatory subunit RRM2 of ribonucleotide reductase, perturbing deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) supply. (nature.com)
• RNR contains two subunits: ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RRM1) and M2 (RRM2) [ 16 ]. (nature.com)
• An active ribonucleotide reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana cloning, expression and characterization of the large subunit. (hal.science)
• This gene encodes the small subunit of a p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase. (nih.gov)
• The diiron(II) cluster in the R2 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activates oxygen to generate a μ-oxodiiron(III) cluster and the stable tyrosyl radical that is critical for the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. (psu.edu)

Precursors4

• By reducing NDPs to 2'-dNDPs, the enzyme catalyses the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), which are precursors to DNA synthesis and essential for cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
• Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a key enzyme that mediates the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, the DNA precursors, for DNA synthesis in every living cell. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
• In all living organisms, deoxyribonucleotides, the DNA precursors, are produced by reduction of the corresponding ribonucleotides catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase. (hal.science)
• Cytarabine: This drug inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which is involved in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, the precursors to DNA. (microbiologynote.com)

Enzymes5

• The Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase, which is the prototype of all known eukaryotic and virus-coded enzymes, consists of two nonidentical subunits, proteins B1 and B2. (nih.gov)
• Every organism uses ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzymes to make the nucleotide building blocks needed for DNA replication and repair," says lead author Amie Boal, an assistant professor of chemistry and of biochemistry and molecular biology at Penn State. (futurity.org)
• DNA transcriptase -- Any of the group of enzymes that catalyze the template-directed step-by-step addition of ribonucleotides to the end of a growing RNA chain, using a single-stranded DNA template. (nih.gov)
• The enzymes not only need to choose the nucleotide with the correctly paired base (G, A, T or C), but also the right sugar (deoxyribonucleotide, not ribonucleotide). (nih.gov)
• It lacked however fundamental functions, including transcription, processes for extracellular communication, and enzymes for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Escherichia2

• The invariant active site residue Glu441 in protein R1 of ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli has been engineered to alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. (proteopedia.org)
• A new mechanism-based radical intermediate in a mutant R1 protein affecting the catalytically essential Glu441 in Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase. (proteopedia.org)

Enzyme ribonucleotide1

• The enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the de novo synthesis of dNDPs. (wikipedia.org)

Nucleotide3

• As anticipated, RDV exhibits similar behavior with other nucleotide analogs to disrupt the metabolism of natural endogenous ribonucleotides (RNs) and deoxyribonucleotides (dRNs). (preprints.org)
• What is the probability that a ga … mete, selected at random, would carry the short allele (t) in a cross of heterozygous tall … Ribonucleotides or ribotides are the ribose containing nucleotide, while deoxyribonucleotides or deoxyribotides are the … Nucleotide Definition. (msurma.pl)
• If the early Earth provided a mixture of these different nucleotide versions, why is modern RNA composed exclusively of ribonucleotides? (chembites.org)

Replication3

• However, the variation of pyrimidine ribonucleotides was relative slight or even contrary, resulting in obvious imbalance between purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides, which implied the obstacle of RDV to pyrimidine synthesis and could further block the transcription and replication of viral RNA. (preprints.org)
• This enzyme converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks for DNA replication, and repair. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
• Another form of hybrid are single or multiple ribonucleotides incorporated into DNA during replication [Reference 4]. (nih.gov)

Reduction3

• This reduction produces deoxyribonucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
• R1 contains the binding sites for both substrates and allosteric effectors and carries out the actual reduction of the ribonucleotide. (proteopedia.org)
• In this talk, the conformational gymnastics involved in ribonucleotide reduction will be considered. (nih.gov)

Novo1

• In synchronized mammalian cells, however, the cell cycle variation of ribonucleotide reductase, studied by EPR, was shown to be due to de novo protein synthesis. (nih.gov)

RNRs1

• RNRs perform complex chemistry to convert ribonucleotides-the building blocks of RNA, which are present in the cell-into deoxyribonucleotides-the building blocks of DNA. (futurity.org)

RRM11

• Forms an active ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex with RRM1 which is expressed both in resting and proliferating cells in response to DNA damage. (nih.gov)

Adenosine1

• 60 known mutations) results in accumulation of adenosine , which is converted to its ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide (dATP) forms by cellular kinases. (msdmanuals.com)

Genes1

• His current research interests focus on the identification of new antimicrobial therapies and unravel the molecular mechanism underlying the transcripcional regulation of bacterial ribonucleotide reductase genes. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Mammalian2

• The EPR signal of the radical can be studied directly in frozen packed cells of E. coli or mammalian origin, if the cells are made to overproduce ribonucleotide reductase. (nih.gov)
• c) activity is stimulated by thioredoxin and ATP and is inhibited by dATP, showing that as in the mammalian enzyme, the plant ribonucleotide reductase seems to be allosterically regulated by positive (ATP) and negative (dATP) effectors. (hal.science)

Protein1

• In E. coli the activity of ribonucleotide reductase may be regulated by enzymatic activities that interconvert a nonradical containing form and the fully active protein B2. (nih.gov)

DATP1

• The dATP increase results in inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and underproduction of other deoxyribonucleotides. (msdmanuals.com)

Tyrosyl1

• The tyrosyl free radical in ribonucleotide reductase. (nih.gov)

Oxygen2

• Oxygen diffusion through the biofilm generates metabolic and genetic diversity in P. aeruginosa growth, such as in ribonucleotide reductase activity. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
• Oxygen availability determines the activity of the three-ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) classes. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Accumulation1

• The earlier accumulation of the upper band (extended RNA) for the ribonucleotides indicates that these reactions are happening faster. (chembites.org)

Sugar1

• Figure 2: a) The ribonuleotides, arabinonulceotides, and deoxyribonucleotides all differ at the 2' position of the sugar. (chembites.org)

Repair2

• RNase H2-initiated ribonucleotide excision repair (RER) efficiently removes single rNMPs in genomic DNA. (nih.gov)
• Supplies deoxyribonucleotides for DNA repair in cells arrested at G1 or G2. (nih.gov)

Activity1

• Todd likewise suggests that Pauling might be better served to examine the deoxyribonucleotides, owing to a general lack of activity with these substances. (oregonstate.edu)

Single1

• RNase H2 can recognize and cleave both RNA/DNA hybrids and a single ribonucleotide [Reference 4] or the transition from the ribonucleotide in the case of RNA-primed DNA synthesis (e.g., rrrr rD DDD in DNA-italics indicate transition from ribonucleotide to deoxyribonucleotide). (nih.gov)