T. b. gambiense causes a slowly progressing African trypanosomiasis in western and central Africa and T. b. rhodesiense causes a more acute African trypanosomiasis in eastern and southern Africa. (cdc.gov)
This mechanism of transmission contrasts with that of the two subspecies of African trypanosomes that cause human disease, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , which are transmitted via the saliva of their vectors, and with the mechanism by which a nonpathogenic trypanosome found in the Americas, Trypanosoma rangeli , is transmitted to its mammalian hosts. (medscape.com)
For over 50 years it has been known that there are considerable differences in the severity and rate of progression of both Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense infection between individuals. (unboundmedicine.com)
Evidence will be presented for both asymptomatic forms of T. b. gambiense infection and low virulence forms of T. b. rhodesiense infection in humans. (unboundmedicine.com)
AU - Sternberg,Jeremy M, AU - Maclean,Lorna, Y1 - 2010/07/21/ PY - 2010/7/29/entrez PY - 2010/7/29/pubmed PY - 2011/2/15/medline SP - 2007 EP - 15 JF - Parasitology JO - Parasitology VL - 137 IS - 14 N2 - For over 50 years it has been known that there are considerable differences in the severity and rate of progression of both Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense infection between individuals. (unboundmedicine.com)
The West African Sleeping Sickness on the other hand is caused by a parasite called Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, with nearly 10,000 cases reported annually by the WHO. (borgenproject.org)
Staging for both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense (i.e., assessment of neurological infection) is performed by microscopic examination of CSF collected by lumbar puncture on a wet preparation looking for motile trypomastigotes and WBCs. (cdc.gov)
Suramin is also effective in treating the first stages of both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense but is recommended to be only used to treat the first stage of T. b. rhodesiense because of the risk of severe adverse reactions in patients co-infected with onchocerciasis, which can occur in T. b. gambiense -endemic areas. (cdc.gov)
Two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei cause disease: T. b. gambiense in West and Central Africa, and T. b. rhodesiense in East Africa. (who.int)
The animal reservoir is very important in T. b. rhodesiense and less so in T. b. gambiense, although it could explain the long-term endemicity in some foci despite control interventions. (who.int)
[1] The 2009 approval of nifurtimoxeflornithine combination therapy (NECT) for the treatment of T. b. gambiense served to limit merlarsoprol to the treatment of second-stage T. b. rhodesiense solely. (wikidoc.org)
Dynamique de développement de Trypanosoma brucei gambiense dans les tissus de l' hôte vertébré : aspects parasitologiques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques / Mulumba Madishala P. (who.int)
Parasite4
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , the vector transmitted parasite subspecies which causes the fatal disease Rhodesian HAT, is reliant on the availability of suitable habitat and environmental conditions for the tsetse vector ( Glossina spp. (biomedcentral.com)
The epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi is the multiplying stage of the parasite that grows in the gut of the insect vector and also in cell-free culture medium as shown here. (medscape.com)
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a tropical disease caused by two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei, the East African variant T. b. rhodesiense and the West African variant T. b. gambiense. (ac.ke)
Trypomastigotes6
We report the results of a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) investigation of the growth inhibition of the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypomastigotes by bisphosphonates. (lshtm.ac.uk)
Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in a mouse blood smear (Giemsa, x625). (medscape.com)
Trypanosoma brucei LS trypomastigotes can also survive anaerobically, but this decreases their ATP yields by half [2,3]. (peertechzpublications.com)
Studies concerning changes in the composition of the culture media after incubation with Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes revealed a highly disproportionate consumption of the amino acid threonine. (peertechzpublications.com)
Threonine, through the action of threonine dehydrogenase, appears to be the major source of acetyl CoA required for fatty acid chain elongation in Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream trypomastigotes. (peertechzpublications.com)
Cruzi5
The total extract (methanol) of the leaves of this plant and the isolated compounds were screened for in vitro for cytotoxicity and against parasitic protozoa, Plasmodium falciparum , Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani . (academicjournals.org)
Among the compounds a-amyrin had the best anti-plasmodial activity (IC 50 = 0.96 mg/ml), normelicopicine and skimmianine had the best anti-trypanosomal activity against T . b . rhodesiense (IC 50 = 5.24 mg/ml) and T. cruzi (IC 50 = 14.50 mg/ml), respectively. (academicjournals.org)
25,000 nM) and is selective over other parasites, such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium falciparum (T. cruzi EC50 8120 nM, P. falciparum EC50 3624 nM). (irbm.com)
Genetic control of resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi in inbred mice / by Ruth Anna Wrightsman. (who.int)
It is caused by 2 subspecies of the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei , which are transmitted to human hosts by bites of infected tsetse flies. (medscape.com)
Sleeping sickness1
MacLean, LM, Odiit, M & Sternberg, JM 2006, ' Intrathecal cytokine responses in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients ', Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 270-275. (elsevierpure.com)
Vitro2
Abstract: In the course of our ongoing screening of plants of the family Asteraceae for antiprotozoal activity, a CH2Cl2-extract from the flowering aerial parts of Achillea ptarmica L. (sneezewort yarrow) was found to be active in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC50 = 0.67 µg/mL) and Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 6.6 μg/mL). (google.com)
The cytotoxic effects of African game animal sera to T.B. rhodesiense stabilates in vitro and a preliminary attempt to identify the trypanocidal factor(s / by Ayub Fakir Mulla. (who.int)
Trypanosoma brucei group trypanosomes are transmitted by the bite of a Tsetse fly, and this disease is annually responsible for approximately 50,000 deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, although during pandemics the total deaths can be very much greater [1]. (peertechzpublications.com)
Growth inhibition1
In addition, we report the LD(50) values of bisphosphonates in a mammalian cell general toxicity screen and present a comparison between the therapeutic indices and the IC(50) values in the T. b. rhodesiense growth inhibition assay. (lshtm.ac.uk)
Blood smear2
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in a Giemsa-stained blood smear. (cdc.gov)
This photomicrograph of a blood smear, taken from a blood sample that had been extracted from a 57-year-old missionary, revealed the presence of numerous Trypanosoma brucei subsp. (cdc.gov)
Glossina1
The effect of age, sex and starvation of Glossina morsitans morsitans on the transmission of Trypanosoma congolense and T. congolense/T.B. brucei mixed infections / by Mwangelwa Inambao Mwangelwa. (who.int)
Africa1
The WHO is working to supply technical aid to national programs in Africa and are having volunteers deliver anti-Trypanosoma medicines for free. (borgenproject.org)
East African1
Most of these infections are caused by T. b. rhodesiense and they are acquired in East African game parks. (bushdrums.com)
Epidemiology1
These feeding patterns, along with the ability of key host species to maintain and transmit T.b.rhodesiense, drive the epidemiology of r-HAT in wilderness areas. (lstmed.ac.uk)
Regulation1
in biology (1986) at Brunel University, followed by a Ph.D. in genetics (1990) at the University of Glasgow, working with David Barry on metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) regulation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibitor1
Bromoacetyl carnitine is a covalent irreversible inhibitor of carnitine acetyltransferase in mammals and Trypanosoma brucei [6]. (peertechzpublications.com)
Infection2
In T. b. rhodesiense infection, the identification of suspected cases relies on the clinical presentation and a history of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Serologic testing is not used for the diagnosis of T. b. rhodesiense infection. (cdc.gov)
Disease1
Melasarprol is used in the treatment of the second stage of the disease, and is the only treatment available for late-stage T. b. rhodesiense treatment. (wikidoc.org)
Human1
In this paper, a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense that incorporates three species-namely, human, animal and vector-is formulated and analyzed. (ac.tz)
Transmission1
Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi steel by Stomoxys calcitrans linnaeus / by Florence Awino Ogonji. (who.int)
Specific land cover types and activities have been correlated with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense distributions, indicating the importance of landscape for epidemiological risk. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients1
Intrathecal cytokine levels and blood -cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier function were studied in 91 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-infected patients. (elsevierpure.com)
Active1
The active metabolite of Mel B is Mel Ox, which is taken up by the TbAT1 adenosine transporter in T. brucei brucei . (wikidoc.org)
Agents1
or =200:1) as well as low IC(50) values, suggesting their further investigation as antiparasitic agents against T. b. rhodesiense. (lshtm.ac.uk)