Rhoa effector. Medical search. Frequent questions

We focus on six 'core' effectors that operate in almost all these species - members of the Pak, WASP/WAVE, formin, lipid-kinase, IQGAP and NADPH oxidase families. (biomedcentral.com)
I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. (biologists.com)
Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
Conversely, RhoA-kinase activity was required to shut down F-actin polymerization underlying protrusive activity. (biologists.com)
I suggest that in the context of semaphorin 3A signaling, RhoA-kinase serves as a switch to change the function of the F-actin cytoskeleton from promoting protrusive activity to generating contractile forces. (biologists.com)
Furthermore, we found that the Ca 2+ effector enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) is essential for the Ca 2+ -dependent regulation of Rho GTPases during the transduction of guidance signals. (jneurosci.org)
their downstream protein kinase effectors. (sciencepop.org)
For example RAC and CDC42 share two protein serine-threonine kinase effectors in common - PAK and MLK - and inhibitors for both these kinases have been developed. (sciencepop.org)
CDC42 also has distinct kinase effectors such as MRCK and the tyrosine kinase ACK and these kinases too might provide suitable drug targets in cancer. (sciencepop.org)
2005 This GTPase cycles between an inactive GDP-bound form and a dynamic GTP-bound form which RhoA flux appears very important to CR dynamics (Miller and Bement 2008 RhoA can promote profilin-mediated actin polymerization by activating family of formin-related protein and in parallel can control myosin activity through the phosphorylation from the myosin regulatory light string (MRLC) by Rho kinase (ROK). (healthweeks.com)
Another putative RhoA effector Citron kinase (CIT-K) in addition has been implicated in cytokinesis in both flies and human beings (Madaule et al. (healthweeks.com)
Colchicine interferes with several inflammatory pathways including adhesion and recruitment of neutrophils, superoxide production, inflammasome activation, the RhoA/Rho effector kinase (ROCK) pathway and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) -induced nuclear factor κΒ (NF-κΒ) pathway attenuating the inflammatory response. (current-pharmaceutical-design.com)
Herein, CT04 and Y27632 were used to inactivate RhoA and its downstream effector Rho-associated coiled coil-forming kinase (ROCK), while the RhoAQ63L lentiviral vector was utilized to overexpress the constitutively activated RhoA in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons or neuronal differentiated PC12 cells. (0hyeon.com)

RhoA, and the other Rho GTPases, are part of a larger family of related proteins known as the Ras superfamily, a family of proteins involved in the regulation and timing of cell division. (wikipedia.org)
The nature of the bound nucleotide and the ensuing conformational modification of the Switch domains dictates the ability of RhoA to bind or not with partner proteins (see below). (wikipedia.org)
Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
The fact that many Rho family effector proteins will specifically recognize the GTP bound form of the protein has been exploited experimentally to develop a powerful affinity purification assay that monitors RhoA protein activation. (cytoskeleton.com)
The paper describes the process by which CMG2 releases talin "picks up" a cytoskeleton regulator called RhoA, as well as its effector proteins. (epfl.ch)
2006 ). However the functional significance of this increased expression and whether actin cytoskeleton remodeling by proteins other than RhoA and ROCK are necessary for EMT are not known. (bioskinrevive.com)
Background The RHO family proteins RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA are small GTP-binding proteins that act as molecular switches shifting between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that define functions of RHO GTPases. (sciencepop.org)
p21 activated kinases (PAKs) the most extensively studied CDC42 and RAC effector proteins consist of two subgroups made up of three members each: group I (PAK1-3) and group II (PAK4-6). (sciencepop.org)
In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
Meanwhile, the microtubule-severing proteins spastin and p60-katanin were downregulated by the RhoA signaling pathway. (0hyeon.com)

ROCK1 is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA and is a regulator of the actomyosin cytoskeleton which promotes contractile force generation. (cloudfront.net)

While the effects of RhoA activity are not all well known, it is primarily associated with cytoskeleton regulation, mostly actin stress fibers formation and actomyosin contractility. (wikipedia.org)
The C-terminal of RhoA is modified via prenylation, anchoring the GTPase into membranes, which is essential for its role in cell growth and cytoskeleton organization. (wikipedia.org)
In human microVSM, increasing intracellular cAMP by direct activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin (10 μM) or selectively activating Epac-Rap signaling by the cAMP analog 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (100 μM) activated RhoA, increased α 2C -AR expression, and reorganized the actin cytoskeleton, increasing F-actin. (johnshopkins.edu)
RhoA-GTPase (RhoA) is widely regarded as a key molecular switch to inhibit neurite outgrowth by rigidifying the actin cytoskeleton. (0hyeon.com)

ROCK1 is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of RhoA. (cloudfront.net)
GTPase-RhoA binding can increase the activity of ROCK1 by 1.5-2-fold. (cloudfront.net)
[14] Without RhoA binding, lipids such as arachidonic acid or sphingosine phosphorylcholine can increase ROCK1 activity 5- to 6-fold. (cloudfront.net)
[16] G-protein RhoE binds to the N-terminus of ROCK1 and inhibits its activity by preventing RhoA binding. (cloudfront.net)
When ROCK1 is activated by binding of GTPase RhoA it produces multiple signaling cascades. (cloudfront.net)
[17] ROCK1 activation by RhoA also promotes stabilization of F-actin , phosphorylation of regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) and an increase in contractility, which plays a crucial role in tumor cell migration and metastasis. (cloudfront.net)

Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the RHOA gene. (wikipedia.org)

The three best studied members of the RHO family - RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA - are essential for transformation by activated RAS (3 4 and in the case of RAC1 and RAC2 themselves can be oncogenic drivers in human malignancies (5 6 As with RAS the RHO GTPases have proven difficult to Olmesartan medoxomil target directly with small molecule inhibitors. (sciencepop.org)
RhoA activity is transiently inhibited at the initial phase of integrin engagement, when Cdc42- and/or Rac1-mediated membrane spreading and ruffling predominantly occur. (silverchair.com)
These phenotypes were similar to those induced by RhoA(G14V) in parental cells, and could be abolished by expression of RhoA(T19N), Rac1(G12V), or p190RhoGAP in the mutant-expressing cells. (silverchair.com)
That non-canonical signaling is enough in this respect, however, is prevented by the observation an oncogenic SMO mutant missing the cilia localization series (SMOM2-CLD) could restore RHOA and RAC1 activation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). (phytid.org)
2003 In the wing Frizzled/Dvl complexes activate downstream effectors from the PCP pathway including Rac1 RhoA Rock and roll and DAAM for the distal part from the cell eventually regulating formation from the actin-based wing locks (Eaton et al. (pkc-inhibitor.com)

In an effort to understand the fundamental signaling elements, or 'core machinery', required for the function of these GTPases, we describe here the conservation and functional similarities of Cdc42 and Rac effectors in five different species: plant, yeast, fruit fly, roundworm and human. (biomedcentral.com)
In this article, we focus on the signaling mechanisms of two of these three subgroups, Cdc42 and Rac, as they are often linked in their physiological functions and have several effectors in common. (biomedcentral.com)
Another common effector of CDC42 and RAC the mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that translate signals from cell surface receptors to MAPKs. (sciencepop.org)

Furthermore, p75 NTR regulates RhoA activity to mediate filopodial dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
Plexin-B1 has recently been shown to mediate activation of RhoA through a stable interaction with the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors PDZ-RhoGEF and LARG. (rupress.org)

1999 ) provided evidence that p75 NTR can regulate axon extension by signaling through the RhoA pathway, such that the unbound state of p75 NTR activates RhoA, whereas neurotrophin binding to p75 NTR terminates this mode of RhoA activation. (jneurosci.org)
PCNs induced PAR-1/PAR-3 heterodimerization through EPCR occupation and PAR-1 activation, which resulted in Gα13-RhoA-mediated-Tie2 activation and stabilized vascular tight junctions via the Akt-FoxO3a signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, in NIH 3T3 cells the slow-acting canonical HH pathway would depend on Gi and PI3K activity also, even more in the PI3K effector AKT [7 particularly,11], recommending that non-canonical signaling could possibly be an early part of the pathway resulting in GLI activation. (phytid.org)
Despite the failure of endogenous SMO to support activation of the canonical HH pathway in purchase FTY720 MEFs, both SHH and PUR activated RHOA in the absence of cilia (Fig 1D and 1G). (phytid.org)
Open up in another home window Fig 1 RHOA PEBP2A2 activation is certainly a cilium-independent response to Hh pathway agonists.A. Representative Traditional western blot of endogenous KIF3A appearance entirely cell lysates from isogenic MEFs, check). (phytid.org)
The current data illustrate that the RhoA signaling pathway negatively modulates neurite outgrowth and elevates the expression of Glu-tubulin (a marker for a stabilized microtubule). (0hyeon.com)
Taken together, this study demonstrates that the RhoA pathway-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth is not only related to the modulation of microfilament dynamics but is also attributable to the regulation of the expression of spastin and p60-katanin and thus influences microtubule dynamics. (0hyeon.com)

The implication of the small GTPase RhoA in TSH-mediated proliferation of FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells has been previously demonstrated. (unina.it)
Compelling evidence Promethazine HCl shows that the tiny GTPase RhoA settings CR set up and dynamics during cytokinesis (Piekny et al. (healthweeks.com)

It acts upon several effectors. (wikipedia.org)

In lots of organisms the tiny guanosine triphosphatase RhoA controls assembly and contraction from the actomyosin ring during cytokinesis by activating different effectors. (healthweeks.com)

RhoA directly stimulates actin polymerization through activation of diaphanous-related formins, thereby structurally changing the actin monomers to filaments. (wikipedia.org)
The Type IV Secretion System Effector Protein CirA Stimulates the GTPase Activity of RhoA and Is Required for Virulence in a Mouse Model of Coxiella burnetii Infection. (jefferson.edu)
We discovered that S1P stimulates RHOA and reduces cAMP in both WT and mice also. (phytid.org)

When a substrate such as GTP-bound RhoA binds to the Rho-binding region of the coiled-coil domain, the interactions between the N-terminus and the C-terminus are disrupted, thus activating the protein. (cloudfront.net)

Among these effectors are several protein kinases that either are or might be amenable to small molecule inhibition. (sciencepop.org)

Constitutively active RhoA blocks neurotrophin-induced increases in filopodial length, whereas inhibition of RhoA enhances filopodial lengths, similar to neurotrophin treatment. (jneurosci.org)
Our data demonstrate that neurotrophin-induced increases in filopodial length, mediated through p75 NTR , are mimicked by inhibition of RhoA and are blocked by constitutively active RhoA. (jneurosci.org)
Constitutively active RhoA (FRTL-5-RhoA QL cells) exhibited a fibroblast-like phenotype with organized actin fibers, whereas cells expressing the RhoA negative dominant phenotype (FRTL-5-RhoA N19 cells) present a rounded morphology and lose normal cytoskeletal architecture. (unina.it)
In addition, expression of the constitutively active form of RhoA results in TSH-independent proliferation and anchorage-independent growth and induces tumors when inoculated in nude mice. (unina.it)

Activation levels of RhoA and associated GEFs are measured using RhoA and GEF pull down assays that uses Rhotekin and mutant RhoA G17A beads respectively RhoA is primarily involved in these activities: actin organization, myosin contractility, cell cycle maintenance, cellular morphological polarization, cellular development and transcriptional control. (wikipedia.org)
To further analyze RhoA function in thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation patterns, we combined transient and stable transfection assays to express different mutant RhoA forms in FRTL-5 cells. (unina.it)

Key amino acids that are involved in the stabilization and regulation of GTP hydrolysis are conserved in RhoA as Gly14, Thr19, Phe30 and Gln63. (wikipedia.org)
Because Cdc42/Rac positively regulate axon extension and stabilization, whereas RhoA increases the tendency of growth cone retraction, it is likely that an activity gradient of Cdc42/Rac across the growth cone triggered by extracellular guidance cues results in preferential axon extension toward the side of higher Cdc42/Rac activity, whereas higher RhoA activity results in preferential retraction of filopodia and repulsive growth cone turning. (jneurosci.org)

Supplementary MaterialsS1 Fig: Major cilia are dispensable for RHOA activation by Sphingosine-1-Phosphate receptors. (phytid.org)

RhoA is prevalent in regulating cell shape, polarity and locomotion via actin polymerization, actomyosin contractility, cell adhesion, and microtubule dynamics. (wikipedia.org)

However, during neurite outgrowth, whether and how microtubule dynamics are regulated by RhoA remains to be elucidated. (0hyeon.com)

Signal transduction pathways regulated via RhoA link plasma membrane receptors to focal adhesion formation and the subsequent activation of relevant actin stress fibers. (wikipedia.org)
We found that mutation of Tyr31/118 caused enhanced activation of RhoA and premature formation of stress fibers with substantial loss of efficient membrane spreading and ruffling in adhesion and migration of NMuMG cells. (silverchair.com)

[13] According to this new data ROCK does not need to be activated by RhoA or phosphorylation because it is always active, and whether ROCK will phosphorylate its substrates (e.g. myosin regulatory light chain ) depends only on their subcellular localization. (cloudfront.net)
We suggest that Sti/CIT-K maintains right RhoA localization in the cleavage site which is essential for appropriate RhoA activity and contractile band dynamics. (healthweeks.com)
2001 Furthermore we present that Sti depletion perturbs RhoA localization and causes extreme deposition of phosphorylated MRLC on the cleavage site in past due cytokinesis. (healthweeks.com)
Our results suggest that Sti maintains appropriate RhoA localization on the cleavage site which is Promethazine HCl normally in turn very important to proper CR company by the end of cytokinesis. (healthweeks.com)
A and B) Kymographs of time-lapse imaging of hemizygous mutant Promethazine HCl (B) dividing larval human brain neuroblast displaying the development of cytokinesis … Sti localization towards the CF needs Rho1 and CR set up Previous research indicated that Sti/CIT-K localization towards the CF needs Pebble in flies and RhoA activity in individual cells (Eda et al. (healthweeks.com)

When spastin and p60-katanin were knocked down, the effects of RhoA inhibition on neurite outgrowth were significantly reversed. (0hyeon.com)

These structural arrangements provide interaction sites that can interact with effectors and guanine factors in order to stabilize and signal the hydrolysis of GTP. (wikipedia.org)

The structural basis of Rho effector recognition revealed by the crystal structure of human RhoA complexed with the effector domain of PKN/PRK1. (expasy.org)
those in PRK1 bind RhoA and RhoB. (embl-heidelberg.de)
RHO-A has a distinct set of effector kinases including the ROCK CITRON Olmesartan medoxomil and PRK1 all of which regulate cellular processes that contribute to tumorigenesis invasion and metastasis (12). (sciencepop.org)

BDNF treatment of retinal neurons results in reduced RhoA activity. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, p75 mutant neurons display reduced levels of activated RhoA compared with wild-type counterparts, consistent with the enhanced filopodial lengths observed on mutant growth cones. (jneurosci.org)
Chemoattractive turning of the growth cone triggered by a gradient of ryanodine was blocked by overexpression of mutant forms of Cdc42 but not of RhoA in Xenopus spinal cord neurons. (jneurosci.org)
A dominant-negative form of ErbB-2 blocks Sema4D-induced RhoA activation as well as axonal growth cone collapse in primary hippocampal neurons. (rupress.org)

RhoA specifically is regarded as a prominent regulatory factor in other functions such as the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, transcription, cell cycle progression and cell transformation. (wikipedia.org)
Upon activation GTP-bound RHO-GTPases interact with a wide spectrum of effectors to regulate various cellular pathways including cytoskeletal dynamics motility cytokinesis cell growth apoptosis and transcriptional activity. (sciencepop.org)

The assay uses the Rho binding domain (RBD) of the Rho effector protein, Rhotekin. (cytoskeleton.com)
The fact that the RBD region of Rhotekin has a high affinity for GTP-RhoA and that Rhotekin binding results in a significantly reduced intrinsic and catalytic rate of GTP hydrolysis make it an ideal tool for affinity purification of GTP-RhoA from cell lysates. (cytoskeleton.com)

The RBD motif has been shown to bind specifically to the GTP-bound form of RhoA. (cytoskeleton.com)
We have found that the C-terminal systeine residues of smg p21B, rhoA p21, and smg p25A are geranylgeranylated, and that these prenylation are essential for each small G protein to bind to membranes. (nii.ac.jp)

These observations suggest that neurotrophins regulate filopodial dynamics by depressing the activation of RhoA that occurs through p75 NTR signaling. (jneurosci.org)
Growth cone behaviors were not investigated in previous studies, and it is unknown whether neurotrophin-p75 NTR interactions regulate RhoA activity in growth cones. (jneurosci.org)

Most importantly, RhoA contains two switch regions, Switch I and Switch II, whose conformational states are modified following the activation or inactivation of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
The assay therefore provides a simple means of quantitating RhoA activation in cells. (cytoskeleton.com)
The RhoA activation assay was tested by loading the RhoA protein in cell lysates with either GTPγS or GDP. (cytoskeleton.com)
Results from BK036-S RhoA activation assay. (cytoskeleton.com)
Our data indicate that ErbB-2 is an important component of the plexin-B receptor system and that ErbB-2-mediated phosphorylation of plexin-B1 is critically involved in Sema4D-induced RhoA activation, which underlies cellular phenomena downstream of plexin-B1, including axonal growth cone collapse. (rupress.org)
This effect is mediated, at least in part, by a decrease in TTF-1 activity, since transient or stable expression of RhoA QL results in a reduction in the activity of the wild-type Tg promoter as well as an artificial promoter the activation of which depends exclusively on TTF-1. (unina.it)
This activation leads to effector protein interactions, activation, and biological responses in the vasculature, including vasorelaxation. (johnshopkins.edu)
Our outcomes indicate that major cilia aren't necessary for RHOA activation by SMO or for reduced amount of purchase FTY720 cAMP amounts, a rsulting consequence Gi activation. (phytid.org)
We discovered that while PI3K is essential for RHOA activation also, activation of AKT over basal tonic amounts isn't. (phytid.org)
Moreover, the magnitude of RHOA activation at 1 min was larger in MEFs than in WT MEFs. (phytid.org)

2004 Dean and Spudich 2006 Right here we describe that Sti localizes towards the CF via association of the expected coiled-coil (CC) area with actin and myosin and will not need direct physical connections with RhoA as previously recommended for CIT-K (Eda et al. (healthweeks.com)

and have poor effector function, express multiple inhibitory receptors, possess low proliferative capacity, and cannot persist without antigen. (gsea-msigdb.org)

RhoA is sequestered by dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) which remove the protein from the membrane while preventing its further interaction with other downstream effectors. (wikipedia.org)
While efforts continue to develop direct small GTPase inhibitors a PLCG2 promising and more conventional Olmesartan medoxomil therapeutic approach has been to block the activities of RHO GTPase effectors. (sciencepop.org)

Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we show that direct elevation of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ by extracellular application of a low concentration of ryanodine, which activated Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores, upregulated Cdc42/Rac, but downregulated RhoA, in cultured cerebellar granule cells and human embryonic kidney 293T cells. (jneurosci.org)
Cytoplasmic sequestration of the RhoA effector mDiaphanous1 by Prohibitin2 promotes muscle differentiation. (instem.res.in)

Additionally, we found that neurotrophin binding to p75 NTR reduces RhoA activity. (jneurosci.org)
However, it is unclear how the activity of plexin-B1 and its downstream effectors is regulated by its ligand Sema4D. (rupress.org)
Taken together, these results show for the first time that active RhoA is able to transform FRTL-5 cells and that this effect is coupled to a loss of thyroid differentiation due to impaired TTF-1 activity. (unina.it)
We found that Tyr31/118-phosphorylated paxillin competes with p190RhoGAP for binding to p120RasGAP, and provides evidence that p190RhoGAP freed from p120RasGAP efficiently suppresses RhoA activity during cell adhesion. (silverchair.com)
We conclude that Tyr31/118-phosphorylated paxillin serves as a template for the localized suppression of RhoA activity and is necessary for efficient membrane spreading and ruffling in adhesion and migration of NMuMG cells. (silverchair.com)

As a consequence, RhoA is somehow involved in many cellular processes which emerged throughout evolution. (wikipedia.org)

Our observations uncover that IpgB2 induces conformational changes on RhoA mimicking DbI- but not DOCK family GEFs. (helmholtz-hzi.de)

A novel Talin-to-RhoA switch mechanism upon ligand binding of the collagen VI receptor CMG2. (epfl.ch)

Two factors concur to determine specific Rho GTPase function: tissue specificity of GTPase effectors and distinct intracellular localizations of closely related Rho GTPases, due to different lipid modifications [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

MEFs transduced with AdV-Kif3a or AdV-control at MOIs of 10 demonstrated no constant difference in the capability of PUR to stimulate RHOA (Fig 2C and 2D), recommending that the current presence of principal cilia will not diminish non-canonical HH signaling. (phytid.org)

in fact, the dominant negative RhoA N19 abolished the down-regulatory effect of Ras V12 over the Tg promoter. (unina.it)

Both of these switches have characteristic folding, correspond to specific regions on the RhoA coil and are uniformly stabilized via hydrogen bonds. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, RhoA is believed to act primarily at the rear (uropod) of migrating cells to promote detachment, similar to the attachment and detachment process found in the focal adhesion mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
Structure of Shigella IpgB2 in complex with human RhoA: implications for the mechanism of bacterial guanine nucleotide exchange factor mimicry. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
We unambiguously identify IpgB2 as a bacterial RhoA-GEF and dissect the molecular mechanism of GDP release, an essential prerequisite for GTP binding. (helmholtz-hzi.de)

Interestingly, FRTL-5-RhoA QL cells express less Tg and TTF-1 than wild-type FRTL-5 (FRTL-5-vector) or FRTL-5-RhoA N19, suggesting a loss at the differentiation stage. (unina.it)

As expected, the GTPγS-loaded RhoA is very efficiently precipitated while very little GDP-loaded RhoA is precipitated (Fig. 2). (cytoskeleton.com)

Genes down-regulated in CD8 T cells: na ve versus effectors at day 8 after acute infection with LCMV-Armstrong. (gsea-msigdb.org)
During acute viral infections, na ve CD8+ T cells differentiate into effector CD8+ T cells and, after viral control, into memory CD8+ T cells. (gsea-msigdb.org)
2006 ) adjustments in RhoA manifestation have not been identified during EMT of cultured cells. (bioskinrevive.com)

Among other members, we will focus our attention on the Rac and Rho subfamilies, as they are the main effectors of cell motility. (biomedcentral.com)

Kinase13

Proteins11

Downstream effector1

Cytoskeleton4

ROCK16

Transforming protein RhoA1

RAC15

Cdc42 and Rac3

Mediate2

Pathway7

GTPase RhoA2

Several effectors1

Different effectors1

Stimulates3

Binds1

Protein kinases1

Constitutively4

Assays2

Stabilization2

Dispensable1

Actin polymerization1

Microtubule dynamics1

Stress fibers2

Localization5

Inhibition1

Guanine factors1

PRK13

Neurons4

Cytoskeletal2

Rhotekin2

Bind2

Regulate2

Activation10

Myosin1

Receptors1

Inhibitors2

Motif1

Cytoplasmic2

Activity5

Cellular1

GEFs1

Ligand1

Intracellular1

Stimulate1

Dominant-negative1

Coil1

Mechanism3

Differentiation1

Efficiently1

Cells3

Cell1