AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Rheumatic Heart DiseaseRheumatic FeverRheumatic DiseasesStreptococcus pyogenesPenicillin G BenzathinePharyngitisHeart Valve DiseasesNorthern TerritoryStreptococcal InfectionsChoreaHeart ValvesAntistreptolysinInternational Council of NursesHeart DiseasesMitral Valve StenosisMyocarditisEthnologyStreptococcal VaccinesFeverHeartAcute DiseaseGrenadaMitral ValveHeart AuscultationOceanic Ancestry GroupHeart Defects, CongenitalAntigens, BacterialCrowdingMitral Valve InsufficiencyStreptococcusEndocarditisRheumatic NoduleEchocardiographyBacterial Outer Membrane ProteinsMolecular MimicryEndocarditis, BacterialNew MexicoIndiaDeveloping CountriesSudanPrevalenceHeart Valve ProsthesisRisk FactorsHeart RateChronic DiseaseRecurrenceUgandaAtrial FibrillationPyodermaMyocardiumCoronary DiseaseSouth AfricaRetrospective StudiesFollow-Up StudiesQ FeverCarrier ProteinsScarlet FeverProspective StudiesHeart Valve Prosthesis ImplantationAortic Valve
AcuteCongestive heart fBurden of rheumatic heart d2018History of rheumatic feverSymptoms of rheumatic feverInflammatorySecondary prophylaxisValveInflammationMurmurEpidemiologyValvesIncidence of rheumaticInfectionInfectionsCarditisRashDevelop rheumaticPrevent rheumatic1997AntibioticsCongenital heart dJointsOccurs as a complicationPreventablePreventionPatientsOccurAorticValvular heart dComplicationsPrevalenceChronicCoronarySoreSusceptibilityDisproportionatelySevereInfectious diseasesSystemicEndocarditisGroup A StreptococcScarlet feverRecurrentIllnessClinicalStreptococcal
Acute63
Congestive heart f19
Burden of rheumatic heart d1
  • Region, the burden of rheumatic heart disease is especially concentrated in China and indigenous populations living in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific island States. (who.int)
20182
  • (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 20 March 2018). (who.int)
  • There were 4,993 people who had a diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease recorded on registers in Qld, WA, SA and the NT as at December 2018, of whom 87% (4,325) were Indigenous Australians. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
History of rheumatic fever2
  • Always tell your healthcare provider about any history of rheumatic fever. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Newly ill patients with a history of rheumatic fever, especially rheumatic heart disease who have supporting evidence of a recent GAS infection and who manifest either a single major or several minor criteria: Distinguishing recurrent carditis from preexisting significant RHD may be impossible. (medscape.com)
Symptoms of rheumatic fever2
Inflammatory5
  • The disease results from damage to heart valves caused by one or several episodes of rheumatic fever, an autoimmune inflammatory reaction to throat infection caused by group A streptococci (streptococcal pharyngitis). (who.int)
  • When ARF develops, exudative and proliferative inflammatory lesions can appear in connective tissues of the joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue, but they are especially detrimental in cardiac tissue, where structural changes can occur, resulting in rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with a streptococcus bacteria (such as in strep throat or scarlet fever). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Anti-inflammatory medications, such as aspirin or corticosteroids, reduce inflammation to help manage the disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Association study of inflammatory genes with rheumatic heart disease in North Indian population: A multi-analytical approach. (cdc.gov)
Secondary prophylaxis2
  • People with ARF are recommended to start regular antibiotic treatment ('secondary prophylaxis') to prevent further GAS infections and minimise the risk of disease progression. (vic.gov.au)
  • Subcutaneous infusion of high-dose benzathine penicillin G is safe, tolerable, and suitable for less-frequent dosing for rheumatic heart disease secondary prophylaxis: A phase 1 open-label population pharmacokinetic study. (otago.ac.nz)
Valve33
  • Heart surgery can be required to repair heart valve damage resulting from RHD. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Rheumatic fever was the most important motive of valve disorder. (revistaperito.com)
  • This valve damage can lead to a situation referred to as rheumatic heart disease. (revistaperito.com)
  • The cost of non-adherence is large-60-70% of those with RF who do not have monthly penicillin injections will go on to develop permanent heart valve damage/RHD requiring costly surgery and increased health burden [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Do you have a heart problem (specifically congenital heart murmurs, heart valve problems, congenital heart disease, or bacterial endocarditis)? (cdc.gov)
  • Between 2007-08 and 2009-10, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people had hospitalisation rates for ARF/RHD that were more than 6 times as high as for other Australians, but were less likely to have heart valve surgery if hospitalised. (aihw.gov.au)
  • GAS M proteins share epitopes (antigenic-determinant sites that are recognized by antibodies) with proteins found in synovium, heart muscle, and heart valve, suggesting that molecular mimicry by GAS antigens from rheumatogenic strains contributes to the arthritis, carditis, and valvular damage. (merckmanuals.com)
  • If you have heart valve disease, we are here to help. (muhealth.org)
  • At University of Missouri Health Care, we diagnose heart valve problems early, helping prevent further damage to your heart. (muhealth.org)
  • You may feel no symptoms of heart valve disease. (muhealth.org)
  • Not all heart murmurs are a sign of heart valve disease. (muhealth.org)
  • In some cases, you may have been born with a congenital heart valve defect. (muhealth.org)
  • You may be at risk for heart valve problems if you have any of these conditions. (muhealth.org)
  • If you are at risk and show symptoms, your physician may order diagnostic tests to check for heart valve problems. (muhealth.org)
  • If you have more advanced heart valve disease, you may need surgery to repair or replace your heart valves. (muhealth.org)
  • At MU Health Care, our doctors provide minimally invasive heart valve replacement. (muhealth.org)
  • They then use specialized tools to repair heart valves or, in the case of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) , replace the heart valve altogether. (muhealth.org)
  • Some patients with advanced or complex heart valve problems may need open heart surgery to replace valves. (muhealth.org)
  • Patients living in low- and lower-middle income countries [2] were less likely to have had effective surgical procedures carried out, such as heart valve replacement or repair, compared to patients in upper-middle income countries, despite the greater prevalence of patients with RHD and left ventricular dysfunction who required these procedures in the low-income countries. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A heart valve is a one-way valve that allows blood to flow in one direction through the chambers of the heart . (wikipedia.org)
  • A heart valve opens or closes according to differential blood pressure on each side. (wikipedia.org)
  • The four valves in the mammalian heart are two atrioventricular valves separating the upper atria from the lower ventricles - the mitral valve in the left heart, and the tricuspid valve in the right heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • The other two valves are at the entrance to the arteries leaving the heart these are the semilunar valves - the aortic valve at the aorta , and the pulmonary valve at the pulmonary artery . (wikipedia.org)
  • The heart also has a coronary sinus valve and an inferior vena cava valve , not discussed here. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3D - loop of a heart viewed from the apex, with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible. (wikipedia.org)
  • This valve controls the flow of blood from the heart to a large artery called the aorta. (epnet.com)
  • Ask your doctor if you need antibiotics to prevent infections of the heart valve. (epnet.com)
  • Mitral regurgitation (MR) is caused by the retrograde flow of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV), causing a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart with radiation to the left axilla. (nih.gov)
  • Some children develop heart valve problems. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Heart disease with changes in normal valve function, such as heart failure following a myocardial infarction. (ccm.mc)
  • It measures the narrowing or leakage of the valve by measuring the parameters that are essential for a therapeutic decision and specifies the impact on the function of the heart muscle. (ccm.mc)
  • Some patients will need more invasive treatment, such as surgery, which can either repair or replace the valve to improve signs and avoid the complications of valvular heart disease. (ccm.mc)
  • The MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with mitral valve rheumatic heart disease. (cdc.gov)
Inflammation9
  • If untreated, GAS pharyngitis ('strep throat') can lead to ARF, which is typically manifested by inflammation of the joints, heart, skin, and central nervous system. (vic.gov.au)
  • In the emergency department, treatment includes measures to relieve pain and inflammation, ameliorate heart failure, and control chorea (see Treatment and Medication ). (medscape.com)
  • People who had heart inflammation during rheumatic fever might need to continue antibiotics for 10 years or longer. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Aspirin or naproxen (Naprosyn, Naprelan, Anaprox DS) can help reduce inflammation, fever and pain. (mayoclinic.org)
  • RF results in swelling and inflammation of the heart, skin, brain and joints. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some people, the body's immune response to a group A streptococcal infection results in inflammation of the heart, joints, skin and brain (ARF). (sa.gov.au)
  • Inflammation of the heart that occurs with ARF can result in permanent damage to the heart, particularly the heart valves. (sa.gov.au)
  • Rheumatic fever causes inflammation or a swelling and irritation of tissue. (epnet.com)
  • Rheumatic fever causes inflammation of tissues and organs and can result in serious damage to the heart valves, joints, central nervous system and skin. (encyclopedia.com)
Murmur2
  • However, the leading symptom is a heart murmur, a strange whooshing sound your doctor can hear through a stethoscope. (muhealth.org)
  • In this case, only a heart murmur, audible with a stethoscope, can identify it, or screening performed by cardiac ultrasound. (ccm.mc)
Epidemiology3
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease epidemiology. (wits.ac.za)
  • Rheumatic Fever epidemiology. (wits.ac.za)
  • Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in elderly people : report of a WHO study group. (who.int)
Valves24
Incidence of rheumatic1
  • The economic cost to countries with a persistently high incidence of rheumatic heart disease is significant. (who.int)
Infection13
  • Although the mechanism by which streptococcal organisms cause disease is not entirely clear, overwhelming epidemiologic evidence suggests that ARF is caused by streptococcal infection, and recurrences can be prevented with prophylaxis. (medscape.com)
  • ARF is primarily (but not exclusively) a disease of childhood that occurs as a complication following an infection with the Group A Streptococcus bacterium (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes ). (vic.gov.au)
  • Rheumatic fever is not an infection itself, as an alternative the end result of an untreated strep infection. (revistaperito.com)
  • Although it is not completely clear what causes different people to develop different diseases as a result of infection with the same pathogenic bacteria, it is suspected that host phenotypic and epigenetic factors are the source of such variation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scarlet fever is also a non-invasive infection caused by GAS, although much less common. (wikipedia.org)
  • GAS is an important cause of puerperal fever worldwide, causing serious infection and, if not promptly diagnosed and treated, death in newly delivered mothers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is characterized by the priming of the immune system by a group A streptococcal infection leading to host autoimmunity. (acponline.org)
  • Rheumatic fever (RF) is an illness that occurs as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated strep throat infection. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Though the exact cause of rheumatic fever is unknown, the disease usually follows the contraction of a throat infection caused by a member of the Group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria (called strep throat). (encyclopedia.com)
  • However, when a throat infection occurs without symptoms, or when a patient neglects to take the prescribed medication for the full 10-day course of treatment, there is up to an estimated 3% chance that he or she will develop rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Two different theories exist as to how a bacterial throat infection can result in rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Supporting evidence to confirm streptococcal infection includes increased antistreptolysin-O or other streptococcal antibodies, throat culture positive for group A streptococcus, or recent scarlet fever. (cdc.gov)
  • The absence of supporting evidence of preceding streptococcal infection should make the diagnosis doubtful, except in Sydenham chorea or low-grade carditis when rheumatic fever is first discovered after a long latent period from the antecedent infection. (cdc.gov)
Infections2
Carditis3
  • In fact, autoantibodies reactive against the heart have been found in patients with rheumatic carditis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] . The new criteria also include a role for echocardiography in addition to a clinical assessment of the heart for a diagnosis of carditis. (medscape.com)
  • Indolent carditis: Patients presenting late to medical attention months after the onset of rheumatic fever may have insufficient support to fulfill the criteria. (medscape.com)
Rash2
  • A rash called erythema marginatum develops (especially in those patients who will develop heart problems from their illness), which takes the form of pink splotches that may eventually spread into each other. (encyclopedia.com)
  • This type of rash is a sign of scarlet fever, an illness that can happen a few days after you've been infected with strep A. Like strep throat, scarlet fever is easily treated with antibiotics. (medlineplus.gov)
Develop rheumatic2
Prevent rheumatic2
19971
  • About 9,700 cases of invasive diseases linked to strep A were reported in the United States in 1997. (encyclopedia.com)
Antibiotics5
  • specifically an every 28-day injection of antibiotics (i.e., benzathine penicillin G or 'bicillin') for a minimum of 10 years or until age 21 (whichever is longer) for those with no/mild rheumatic heart disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibiotics will also need to be taken for several years after rheumatic fever. (epnet.com)
  • Policymakers can help control these diseases by improving living conditions, reducing overcrowding, and increasing access to health care and antibiotics. (abtassociates.com)
  • Available at: http://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/a/premedication-or-antibiotics. (epnet.com)
  • And your child will likely need to take antibiotics to keep rheumatic fever from coming back. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Congenital heart d1
Joints7
  • This mimicry triggers B- and T-cell immune responses directed against the heart, joints, central nervous system (CNS), skin, and subcutaneous tissues where those proteins are found. (medscape.com)
  • Every now and then, those antibodies assault the tissues of joints or the coronary heart Disease. (revistaperito.com)
  • The disease can affect the joints, heart, skin and brain. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • RF affects the heart, joints and central nervous system. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A 41-year-old male initially presented to an outside hospital with painful joints, fevers, and chills for three weeks. (acponline.org)
  • Rheumatic fever is a disease that can harm the heart, joints, skin, and brain. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • These include rheumatic fever, a disease that can damage the heart and joints, and glomerulonephritis, a type of kidney disease . (medlineplus.gov)
Occurs as a complication1
  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) occurs as a complication of ARF. (sa.gov.au)
Preventable3
  • Rheumatic heart disease is a preventable yet serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries and in marginalized communities in high-income countries, including indigenous populations. (who.int)
  • However, the people continue to suffer from high levels of preventable morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, poor maternal and child health, and a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), injuries, blindness and mental illness. (who.int)
  • NCDs, namely cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, are largely preventable by addressing the four common modifiable risk factors - tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. (who.int)
Prevention10
  • In one example from Brazil, rheumatic fever cost the affected family annually about US$ 97/patient and cost society annually US$ 320/patient, whereas a secondary prevention programme cost US$ 23/patient annually. (who.int)
  • The prevention, control and elimination or eradication of rheumatic heart disease is increasingly being recognized as an important developmental issue by Member States. (who.int)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Research shows link between these diseases and socioeconomic disadvantages and lack of cost-effective approaches to prevention. (usask.ca)
  • Julie is the lead researcher of SCIP RHD, a Trans-Tasman collaboration trialling subcutaneous infusions of benzathine penicillin for prevention of rheumatic heart disease. (otago.ac.nz)
  • The national strategic plan for surveillance and prevention of non-communicable diseases has been developed for the first time in Bangladesh on the basis of consensus of a group of broad-based stakeholders through a series of exercises. (who.int)
  • ATSDR received considerable assistance in this work from the Cardiovascular Diseases Branch of the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (cdc.gov)
  • Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. (medscape.com)
Patients12
  • The risk of developing rheumatic heart disease is up to two times higher for females than males, and females accounted for two thirds of patients with rheumatic heart disease admitted to selected hospitals in 12 countries in the African Region, India and Yemen. (who.int)
  • Patients with RHD have chronic valvular heart disease. (vic.gov.au)
  • Later, patients may have a range of symptoms, culminating in heart failure. (vic.gov.au)
  • Patients with previous rheumatic fever are at a high risk of recurrence. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who have had rheumatic fever have about a 50% likelihood of having a recurrence if they have another episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis that is untreated. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Patients with RHD also suffer from complications related to atrial fibrillation (irregular heart beat). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Antibiotic prophylaxis for heart patients. (epnet.com)
  • The Division of Pediatric Rheumatology at the Children's Hospital of Michigan at the Detroit Medical Center sees patients up to 18 years of age with autoimmune or potential autoimmune diseases. (childrensdmc.org)
  • Combined clinics with Nephrology are offered for patients with renal involvement of their disease. (childrensdmc.org)
  • A number of skin changes are common in rheumatic fever patients. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The Monaco Cardiothoracic Centre treats patients suffering from valvular heart disease and offers them all current medical, interventional cardiology and surgical treatment options after discussion and decision by the medico-surgical staff depending on what is best suited to each patient at a given time. (ccm.mc)
  • The HLA Class II Associations with Rheumatic Heart Disease in South Indian Patients: A Preliminary Study. (cdc.gov)
Occur5
  • Although ARF and RHD are rare in the general Australian population, they are a common cause of heart disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and also occur among some migrant populations (particularly from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Pacific Islands). (sa.gov.au)
  • Severe GAS disease may also occur in healthy persons with no known risk factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chorea: It may occur late and be the only manifestation of rheumatic fever, thus it may be impossible to document previous group A streptococci pharyngitis. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic fever may occur in people of any age, but is most common in children between the ages of five and 15. (encyclopedia.com)
  • It can occur after a child has had strep throat or scarlet fever that has not been treated. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Aortic1
  • Use chest radiography to look for left atrial, pulmonary artery, right ventricle, and/or right atrium enlargement (eg, straightening of left heart border, loss of aortic window). (medscape.com)
Valvular heart d3
  • Valvular heart disease can be managed in many ways. (ccm.mc)
  • Doctors will decide with the medico-surgical staff what treatment is best for a given person at a given time depending on their age, general health and the valvular heart disease in question. (ccm.mc)
  • In some cases, non-surgical percutaneous treatment of valvular heart disease is possible. (ccm.mc)
Complications2
Prevalence2
Chronic4
  • Chronic Pulmonary Heart Diseases (incl. (sharecare.com)
  • Heart failure is a chronic condition that gets worse with time. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Conventionally NCDs used to refer to major chronic diseases inclusive of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. (who.int)
  • CVDs), cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. (who.int)
Coronary9
  • heart disease covers a huge variety of fitness illnesses concerning especially to the coronary heart. (revistaperito.com)
  • exercise is extremely essential which will avoid coronary heart ailment. (revistaperito.com)
  • exercise allows to hold the coronary heart at its top overall performance and is most beneficial fitness is less difficult to maintain. (revistaperito.com)
  • by way of the usage of a mixture of workout and a balanced food plan, the hazard of coronary heart disorder is substantially decreased. (revistaperito.com)
  • Coronary heart Disease and strokes are other extra not unusual cardiovascular illnesses. (revistaperito.com)
  • Which, in time, can cause congestive coronary heart failure. (revistaperito.com)
  • Coronary artery disease and/or heart attack . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • During this examination, coronary angiography is used to search for any associated coronary heart disease. (ccm.mc)
  • Subject has an indication for coronary angiography or left heart catheterization or cardiac resynchronization therapy. (who.int)
Sore2
  • The association between sore throat and rheumatic fever was not made until 1880. (medscape.com)
  • Contact the doctor if you or your child has a sore throat and a fever that lasts more than 24 hours. (epnet.com)
Susceptibility2
  • A meta-analysis of 13 studies suggested that carriage of the HLA-DRB1*07 allele increases susceptibility to ARF/rheumatic heart disease, while carriage of the HLA-DRB1*15 allele protects against it. (medscape.com)
  • Meta-analyses of candidate gene studies suggest that the TGF-β1 [rs1800469] and IL-1β [rs2853550] single-nucleotide polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to rheumatic heart disease. (medscape.com)
Disproportionately1
  • Rheumatic heart disease disproportionately affects girls and women. (who.int)
Severe2
  • These may vary from very mild conditions to severe, life-threatening diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of heart failure can range from mild to severe and may come and go. (clevelandclinic.org)
Infectious diseases7
  • Both ARF and RHD are medical conditions caused by GAS but are not themselves infectious diseases. (vic.gov.au)
  • This law exists to monitor and control the occurrence of infectious diseases and other specific conditions to protect the community from further illness. (vic.gov.au)
  • Further details about the notification process and the downloadable notification form can be found at the Notifiable infectious diseases, conditions and micro-organisms page . (vic.gov.au)
  • Infectious diseases in children remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. (jaypeebrothers.com)
  • Considering the ever-changing trends of infectious diseases, atypical. (jaypeebrothers.com)
  • She has a wide range of public health research interests, with a particular focus on infectious diseases, indoor air quality, housing and health. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (medscape.com)
Systemic1
  • No association of PTPN22 R620W gene polymorphism with rheumatic heart disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. (cdc.gov)
Endocarditis1
  • Available at: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefects/TheImpactofCongenitalHeartDefects/Infective-Endocarditis_UCM_307108_Article.jsp#.WblNnbKGNQI. (epnet.com)
Group A Streptococc3
  • Group A Streptococcus ( Streptococcus pyogenes ) is thought to cause the myriad of clinical diseases in which the host's immunologic response to bacterial antigens cross-react with various target organs in the body, resulting in molecular mimicry. (medscape.com)
  • Research more strongly supports the theory that the disease is caused by an interaction between antibodies produced to fight the group A streptococcus bacteria and the heart tissue. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Due to a resemblance between Group A streptococcus bacteria's antigens and antigens present on the body's own cells, the antibodies mistakenly attack the body itself, specifically heart muscle. (encyclopedia.com)
Scarlet fever1
Recurrent1
Illness1
Clinical1
Streptococcal2
  • The diseases that may be caused as a result of this include streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), necrotizing fasciitis (NF), pneumonia, and bacteremia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Julie also leads the "Isolate study" which aims to establish if group A streptococcal isolates detected prior to rheumatic fever differ from those collected on hospital admission. (otago.ac.nz)