family Caliciviridae , genus Lagovirus ) has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome ≈7.4 kb in length. (cdc.gov)
The disease is caused by strains of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a lagovirus in the family Caliciviridae. (wikipedia.org)
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly pathogenic virus (genus Lagovirus , family Caliciviridae ) that causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in wild and domestic European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) . (biomedcentral.com)
Strains7
Pathogenic RHDV strains exist in 2 main genotypes, GI.1 and GI.2 (RHDV2). (cdc.gov)
During 2015-2018, RHDV2 strains similar to those circulating in France, Portugal, Spain, and Finland were isolated in field rabbits in Tunisia ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
The three strains of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus of medical significance are RHDV, RHDVa and RHDV2. (wikipedia.org)
The early stages of RHDV infection have been described in a few studies of rabbits experimentally infected with earlier strains, but no information was given on the minimum infective dose. (biomedcentral.com)
Phylogenetic and phylogeographic network analyses indicated great genetic diversity of DHAV identified in China, where the DHAV-1 cluster and DHAV-3 cluster were linked by virus strain HDHV1-BJ (GenBank ID: FJ157172.1) and Du_CH_LSD_090612 (GenBank ID: JF828995.1) via a long mutational branch and intermediate strains. (bvsalud.org)
However, co-evolution of the virus and the rabbits has led to weakened virus strains and virus-resistant rabbits. (laboklin.com)
Lagovirus2
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus Lagovirus europaeus /GI.1d variant (GI.1d/RHDV) was identified in 1990 in France, and until the emergence of the new genotype GI.2, it was the main variant circulating in the country. (biomedcentral.com)
The Lagovirus genus also comprises the pathogenic European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV), first detected in Sweden in 1980 [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Oryctolagus2
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an acute, fatal, highly contagious viral hepatitis in European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
RHDV (also referred to as RHDV, RHDV1, or as classical RHD) only affects adult European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). (wikipedia.org)
Causative agent2
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 phylogenetically related to isolates from 2015-2017 outbreaks in the Netherlands was confirmed as the causative agent. (cdc.gov)
Myxoma virus is the causative agent of myxomatosis in rabbits. (laboklin.com)
RHDV212
RHDV2 GI.2, a variant first reported in France in 2010 ( 3 ), differs antigenically from RHDV GI.1 and is therefore considered a distinct serotype. (cdc.gov)
RHDV2, which has replaced RHDV GI.1 in many countries in Europe, infects rabbits of all ages and crosses the species barrier to affect non-European rabbit species ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
On June 3, 2020, Senegal reported its first RHDV2 outbreak, which killed many farmed Flemish giant, checkered giant, and Fauve de Bourgogne rabbits ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
A September 2019 RHDV2 outbreak sickened 11,350 rabbits and killed ≈6,000 in commercial rabbit farms in Dansoman, Korle-Bu, Mamprobi, and Banana Inn in the Ablekuma Central District, Greater Accra Region, Ghana. (cdc.gov)
We sent 35 rRT-PCR-positive liver, lung, and spleen samples from different regions of Ghana ( Appendix Figure 1) to the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where rRT-PCR testing confirmed RHDV2 ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
The new virus, named rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (abbreviated as RHDV2 or RHDVb), also caused RHD, but exhibited distinctive genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic features. (wikipedia.org)
Importantly, RHDV2 killed rabbits previously vaccinated with RHDV vaccines, and affected young European rabbits, as well as hares (Lepus spp. (wikipedia.org)
The new variant RHDV2 affects European rabbits, as well, but also causes fatal RHD in various Lepus species, including Sardinian Cape hares (L. capensis mediterraneus), Italian hares (L. corsicanus), and mountain hares (L. timidus). (wikipedia.org)
The more recently emerged RHDV2 causes death and disease in rabbits as young as 15 days old. (wikipedia.org)
Initially less virulent, the pathogenicity of RHDV2 has been increasing and is now similar to that found with RHDV and RHDVa. (wikipedia.org)
Deaths from RHDV2 have been confirmed in rabbits previously vaccinated against RHDVa. (wikipedia.org)
RHDV2 causes a disease similar to that due to RHDV, except that the course of the disease and case fatality rates are more variable, and that kittens under 4 weeks old and various hare species can also be infected [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Positive-sense RNA1
It is a nonenveloped virus with a diameter around 35-40 nm, icosahedral symmetry, and a linear positive-sense RNA genome of 6.4-8.5 kb. (wikipedia.org)
Disseminated intravascul2
RHDV causes a generalized infection in rabbits that is characterized by liver necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and rapid death. (wikipedia.org)
These viruses replicate in the liver and by mechanisms not fully elucidated, trigger the mass death of hepatocytes which can in turn lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatic encephalopathy, and nephrosis. (wikipedia.org)
Genome2
RHDV has a polyadenylated positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of about 7.5 kb, comprising two open reading frames (ORFs) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we identified 32 recombination events across virus genome with the recombination hotspot at the 5' end and upstream of the capsid coding region. (bvsalud.org)
Mortality5
In September 2019, high mortality in commercial rabbits was reported in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. (cdc.gov)
RHD caused by RHDV and RHDVa demonstrates high morbidity (up to 100%) and mortality (40-100%) in adult European rabbits. (wikipedia.org)
Although infective dose estimation should be interpreted with caution, the minimum infective dose that infected an inoculated rabbit was lower or equal to 10 4 gRNA copies, whereas between 10 4 and 10 7 gRNA copies were required to also induce mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
Determining the minimum dose of viral particles required to cause mortality in rabbits is an important input for in vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to the high mortality rate caused by the disease, the virus was introduced into rabbit populations in Europe, Chile and Australia around 1950 for population control. (laboklin.com)
Viral3
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD), is a highly infectious and lethal form of viral hepatitis that affects European rabbits. (wikipedia.org)
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) is one of key pathogens for duck viral hepatitis, especially in Asian duck industry. (bvsalud.org)
Analysis performed at the Nongo, Conakry Laboratory of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers revealed that 10 cases of suspected YF were IgM positive for YF. (ceezad.org)
Pathogenic1
In the course of its evolution RHDV split into six distinct genotypes, all of which are highly pathogenic. (wikipedia.org)
Contagious2
Both viruses causing RHD are extremely contagious. (wikipedia.org)
It causes severe economic losses in the rabbit meat and fur industries and can have a substantial negative ecological impact on wild rabbit populations and their predators. (cdc.gov)
Predators and scavengers can also spread the virus by shedding it in their feces. (wikipedia.org)
Acute2
Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a critical disease, characterized by a high fatality rate in several countries. (bvsalud.org)
After an incubation time of 4 to 10 days, an infection with myxoma virus causes an acute systemic disease with severe conjunctivitis and hypodermal oedema (especially in the facial and the anogenital region). (laboklin.com)
Populations1
RHD outbreaks tend to be seasonal in wild rabbit populations, where most adults have survived infection and are immune. (wikipedia.org)
Infection4
We performed in vivo assays in rabbits to study virus replication kinetics in several tissues at the early stage of infection, and to estimate the minimum infective dose. (biomedcentral.com)
We showed that the liver of one of the two rabbits inoculated via the oral route was infected at 16 h post-infection and all tissues at 39 h post-infection. (biomedcentral.com)
These results provide a better understanding of GI.1d/RHDV infection in rabbits. (biomedcentral.com)
Infected rabbits over 8 weeks of age succumb within 12 to 36 h post infection (hpi), with case fatality rates between 70 and 90% [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Species3
In February 2016, several RHD outbreaks detected by using real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) in Korhogo in northern Côte d'Ivoire, were resolved but the virus and rabbit species were not well characterized ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Classic RHDVa only affects European rabbits, a species native to Europe and from which the domestic rabbit is descended. (wikipedia.org)
The virus is very host-specific: The European rabbit and domestic rabbit breeds descending from it are most susceptible, but American rabbit species and European hare species can be infected as well. (laboklin.com)
Syndrome virus1
Rabbit lagoviruses also include related caliciviruses such as European brown hare syndrome virus. (wikipedia.org)
Strain2
We report the genomic and phenotypic characterisation of a GI.1d/RHDV strain collected in 2000 in France (GI.1d/00-21). (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the severity of clinical symptoms strongly depends on the virulence of the present virus strain and the susceptibility of the host. (laboklin.com)
Outbreak1
Nigeria's first reported outbreak started in September 2020 at rabbit farms in Kwara and Oya, southwestern states bordering Benin ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Replication1
After a primary virus replication in the mucous membranes of the head, the regional lymph nodes become infected. (laboklin.com)
Fleas2
Flies, fleas, and mosquitoes can carry the virus between rabbits. (wikipedia.org)
The virus is mainly transmitted through insects (gnats, fleas - mechanical transmission), thus, the disease primarily occurs between the end of July and October. (laboklin.com)
Family1
It is a large, enveloped DNA virus and belongs to the genus Leporipoxvirus (family: Poxviridae). (laboklin.com)
Meat2
The virus can persist in infected meat for months, and for prolonged periods in decomposing carcasses. (wikipedia.org)
Importation of rabbit meat may be a major contributor in the spread of the virus to new geographic regions. (wikipedia.org)
Wild1
Moreover, groups of hunters have mobilized in Yelabuga District to catch wild animals to prevent the disease from spreading. (ceezad.org)
Symptoms1
She called upon the people to remain vigilant and seek medical attention in case of diarrhea, which was one of the main symptoms of the disease. (ceezad.org)
Distinct1
Nonpathogenic rabbit caliciviruses related to, but distinct from RHDV, had been circulating, apparently harmlessly, in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand prior to the emergence of RHDV. (wikipedia.org)
Strongly1
All these features strongly suggest that the virus was not derived from RHDVa, but from some other unknown source. (wikipedia.org)
Native1
The virus has not yet been detected in native rabbits in Ghana. (cdc.gov)
Europe1
This virus was first reported in China in 1984, from which it spread to much of Asia, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere. (wikipedia.org)
Weeks1
Young rabbits 6-8 weeks old are less likely to be infected, and kits younger than 4 weeks old do not become ill. (wikipedia.org)
Cases1
The district was in the news earlier due to Nipah virus cases. (ceezad.org)
Spread1
The disease quickly spread to other areas of Ghana, including the Ashanti Central Eastern, Bono, and Ahafo regions. (cdc.gov)