Retroviruses gene products pol. Medical search. Frequent questions

Retroviruses are efficient tools for delivering heritable genes into the genome of dividing cells. (gentaur-italy.com)
The coding region is very similar to that of the retroviral genome, consisting of genes closely related to the gag and pol of retroviruses. (jove.com)
Since HIV possesses a complex genome expressing several accessory proteins in addition to the gag , pol and env products found in gammaretroviruses, [ 48 ] the packaging plasmids must contain additional transcription units and regulatory elements. (medscape.com)
Species demarcation criteria have historically included differences in antigenic properties, differences in natural host range, and differences in pathogenicity, although these criteria have largely given way to the use of genome sequence divergence and the presence/absence of accessory genes. (ictv.global)
The proviral DNA structure is composed of long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences located at each end of the integrated genome, surrounding gag, PR, pol and env coding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV possesses complex RNA genome and contains nine genes which can be classified into 3 functional groups. (hindawi.com)
some elements have been co-opted for host functions such as viral defense, and LTR retrotransposons have had major impacts on the evolution of gene regulatory networks and genome variation [ 10 - 13 ]. (pharmafocusamerica.com)
2 KoRV is currently undergoing endogenization into the koala genome, and as such is the only retrovirus currently known to be doing so. (nature.com)
In participating UK research institutions, investigators can publish open access in Genome Research, Genes & Development, RNA, and Learning & Memory without article publication charges and all staff can read the entire renowned Cold Spring Harbor journal collection. (cshlpress.com)

All retroviral genomes consist of at least 4 genes, gag, pro, pol and env. (nih.gov)
Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV)-based retroviral vector system is the most commonly used gene transfer vehicle. (gentaur-italy.com)
pCMV-Gag-Pol expresses the retroviral structure proteins under the control of the CMV immediate-early promoter. (gentaur-italy.com)
Functions and Origins of Retroviral Transforming Genes. (nih.gov)
Use the list below to select the right retroviral product for your research. (takarabio.com)
Choose from a wide variety of retroviral vectors , as well as retroviral packaging systems and cell lines , products for titrating and concentrating retrovirus, and retroviral transduction enhancers . (takarabio.com)
The Pantropic Retroviral Expression System includes our GP2-293 packaging cell line, the pVSV-G envelope plasmid, and two MMLV-based retroviral expression vectors that allow you to express your gene of interest from alternative promoters. (takarabio.com)
Just mix your MMLV- or MSCV-based retroviral supernatant with the retrovirus concentration reagent, incubate for a short period, and spin the mixture in a standard centrifuge. (takarabio.com)
In the sections that follow, I summarize our progress towards understanding the retroviral lifecycle (with emphasis upon viral entry, proviral integration, synthesis of reverse transcriptase by ribosomal frameshifting, and virus assembly) and some of the genes (especially src, Wnt-l/int-1, myc, and their relatives) implicated in retrovirus-induced neoplasia. (nih.gov)
Fig. 1) * Discovery of the phenomenon of ribosomal frameshifting in the -1 direction to account for the synthesis of most retroviral pol gene products (4). (nih.gov)
Retroviral Receptors Entry of retroviruses into cells depends upon host-encoded transmembrane proteins that serve as receptors for viral envelope glycoproteins. (nih.gov)
Thus, Cer1 GAG resembles retroviral GAG proteins in having both CA and NC domains, but lacks sequence or structural similarity with the N-terminal MA (matrix) domain of retroviruses [ 81 ]. (pharmafocusamerica.com)
Endogenous retrovirus-like sequences (ERVs) are fossils of ancient retroviral integrations into the mammalian germline. (biomedcentral.com)

The gag gene encodes the major structural polyprotein Gag and is all that is necessary and sufficient for the assembly non-infectious and immature viral-like particles. (nih.gov)
the pol region encodes the reverse transcriptase and integrase proteins. (gentaur-italy.com)
Evidence That the Transforming Gene of Avian Sarcoma Virus Encodes a Protein Kinase Associated with a Phosphoprotein. (nih.gov)
the gag gene encodes structural proteins that can form a virus-like particle. (jove.com)
Gag gene encodes for 3 proteins: matrix (p17), capsid (p24), and nucleocapsid (p7) which are translated as polyproteins and later undergo a cleavage at specific site to give rise to three individual proteins. (hindawi.com)
Pol gene also encodes for a polyprotein which has similar fate like Gag-poly-protein as it is also cleaved by viral protease into three different proteins: reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase, whereas the Env gene encodes for a single glycoprotein (gp160) which later is cleaved into two proteins: surface glycoprotein gp120 and transmembrane protein gp41. (hindawi.com)
This gene encodes a 53 kD (kilodalton) nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in the control of cell proliferation. (journalmeddbu.com)

Products of the pol gene include reverse transcriptase , RNase H and integrase while env is responsible for the viral surface glycoprotein and transmembrane proteins that mediate cellular receptor binding and membrane fusion. (nih.gov)
In addition, complex retroviruses such as HIV-1 encode accessory proteins that enhance replication and infectivity. (nih.gov)
Mutations of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p6Gag domain result in reduced retention of Pol proteins during virus assembly. (nih.gov)
We now report that truncation of the C-terminal p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag, which is present in the Gag precursor but not in the Gag-Pol precursor, drastically reduced the amount of Pol proteins in the mutant virions. (nih.gov)
Mutations in the lentivirus conserved motif P(T/S)APP in p6 also drastically reduced the amount of Pol proteins in mutant virions. (nih.gov)
The steady-state levels of Gag-Pol precursors and cleaved Pol proteins in the transfected cells were not affected by mutations in p6. (nih.gov)
These results suggest that the p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag may play an important role in recruiting or retaining cleaved Pol proteins during virus assembly. (nih.gov)
and the group specific antigen (gag) gene coding for the structural proteins of the virus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Cloning of the chicken and quail genes encoding the putative receptor for RSV, subgroup A. Although the sequencing of genes encoding this long-sought receptor is not yet complete, it will undoubtedly offer a new perspective on viral-host interactions, the mechanism of early events in the virus life cycle, and the nature of the presumptively polymorphic avian proteins that recognize the several subgroups of RSV. (nih.gov)
However, due to cytotoxicity of the viral protease encoded by the pol gene of HIV, establishing a packaging cell line that stably expresses the viral proteins (as with the production of gammaretroviruses) is challenging. (medscape.com)
the Wnt-1 gene, discovered as a target for insertional activation by the mouse mammary tumor virus, belongs to a large family of genes encoding secretory proteins involved in important developmental events in many organisms. (nih.gov)
In attempts to identify cell-surface receptors for Wnt proteins, we have developed several bioassays for Wnt genes and learned to make cell-free Wnt protein in a complex with the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. (nih.gov)
The re- 262 markable specificity of virus-host interactions has been known for over twenty years from studies of the polymorphic envelope proteins of avian retroviruses, yet little biochemical information is available about the receptors or about the nature of their interactions with viral envelope glycoproteins. (nih.gov)
HIV-1 protease processes the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins into mature structural and functional proteins, including itself, and is therefore indispensable for viral maturation. (nih.gov)
Gammaretroviruses encode the standard three genes of retroviruses, gag , pol and env , but no accessory proteins such as those of lentiviruses, deltaretroviruses, epsilonretroviruses and betaretroviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on the level of sequence complementarity, miRNAs lead to the degradation of target mRNAs or the suppression of mRNA translation, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of proteins and achieving the regulation of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes. (lookformedical.com)

Pol (DNA polymerase) refers to a gene in retroviruses, or the protein produced by that gene. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies to the polymerase (POL) gene products (p31, p51, and p66) are also commonly detected if these antigens are present on the Western blot strips. (cdc.gov)
and 3) the syn- thesis of polymerase gene products by ribosomal frameshifting. (nih.gov)
Briefly, RNA polymerase II transcribes miRNA genes, leading to the formation of long precursor transcripts named primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs), which have stem-loop structures consisting of hundreds of nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)

Retroviruses exist as exogenous infectious agents and as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) integrated into host chromosomes. (nih.gov)
FeLV exists in four immunologically closely-related subtypes: A, B, C, and T. As well as the so-called exogenous FeLV, two forms of endogenous (enFeLV) gamma retroviruses are also known in the domestic cat: the endogenous feline leukaemia virus and the RD114 virus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is an endogenous and exogenous retrovirus of koalas that may cause lymphoma. (biomedcentral.com)
ERVs are unique in that they arise from germline infections by exogenous retroviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

Nucleotide Sequences Related to the Transforming Gene of Avian Sarcoma Virus Are Present in DNA of Uninfected Vertebrates. (nih.gov)
As applied in the laboratory, the Cas9 system has two main components, the Cas9 endonuclease and a chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA) which contains both a short sequence homologous to the gene of interest and sequences necessary for Cas9 interaction 10 . (nature.com)
The packaging plasmid, such as pCMVΔR8.91 [49], contains the coding sequences for gag/pro, pol, rev and tat under the control of the CMV promoter. (medscape.com)
Of the 894 HIV-1 pol sequences acquired from study participants, we discovered that CRF07_BC (73.6%) and CRF01_AE (19.6%) were the two most prevalent HIV-1 genotypes in Chongqing among MSM, accounting for 93.2% of all infections. (biomedcentral.com)

1. Retrovirus replication. (nih.gov)
All of these examples describe modification of the alphavirus non-structural protein genes or of the 26S (subgenomic) promoter to regulate vector replication or transcription from the subgenomic promoter. (allindianpatents.com)
Examples include mutations in the non-structural protein genes that increase or decrease subgenomic RNA transcription or alter genomic RNA replication, resulting in modified NOI expression. (allindianpatents.com)

Many different human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are expressed in normal placental tissue at high levels, suggesting that HERVs are functionally important in reproduction. (nih.gov)

Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a recently discovered retrovirus that infects koalas [ 1 ], and it is a likely candidate for the causative agent of lymphomas and other hematologic diseases in these animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) infects the majority of Australia's koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) and has been linked to several life-threatening diseases such as lymphoma and leukemia, as well as Chlamydia and thus poses a threat to the continued survival of this species. (nature.com)

Such endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are grouped into three classes roughly corresponding to the seven genera of infectious retroviruses: class I (gamma-, epsilonretroviruses), class II (alpha-, beta-, delta-, lentiretroviruses) and class III (spumaretroviruses). (nih.gov)
Crocodilians are thought to be hosts to a diverse and divergent complement of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) but a comprehensive investigation is yet to be performed. (biomedcentral.com)
We have also identified two instances of gene capture by crocodilian ERVs, one of which, the capture of a host KIT-ligand mRNA has occurred without the loss of an ERV domain. (biomedcentral.com)
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are one group of vertebrate transposable elements that replicate through an RNA intermediate. (biomedcentral.com)
In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), transcriptional silencing of numerous class I and II endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), including IAP, ETn and MMERVK10C, is dependent upon the H3K9 methyltransferase (KMTase) SETDB1/ESET and its binding partner KAP1/TRIM28. (biomedcentral.com)

The viral protease is encoded by the pro gene and is responsible for facilitating the maturation of viral particles. (nih.gov)
The viral enzymes protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase of HIV-1 are initially synthesized as Gag-Pol fusion polyproteins. (nih.gov)
The incorporation of unprocessed Gag-Pol precursors into p6 mutant virions was detected when the viral protease was mutated, suggesting that the interactions among mutant Gag molecules and Gag-Pol precursors were not significantly affected. (nih.gov)
The progeny viruses expressed from the activated viral gene expression are assembled on and budded through the host cell membrane after being processed by the viral encoded enzyme protease [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This gene is part of an HERV provirus on human chromosome 19 that has inactivating mutations in the gag and pol genes. (nih.gov)
Retroviruses expressing a fluorescent protein, Cas9 and a small guide RNA are used to mimic nonsense PTEN mutations from autism patients in developing mouse neurons. (nature.com)
targeted mutations of some of these genes (hck and fgr) have been made in the mouse germ line to determine their physiological roles in hematopoiesis. (nih.gov)
1 ] More than 100 different genes and mutations of their gene series have been identified to be associated with cancer. (journalmeddbu.com)
As they lose activity due to mutations, increased risk of development of osteosarcomas and many other tumors usually manifest as osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas due to abnormalities in the p53 and MDM2 genes. (journalmeddbu.com)

Simply bind your viral supernatant to the beads and pull retrovirus (or lentivirus) to your cells with a magnet. (takarabio.com)
RetroNectin colocalizes retrovirus (or lentivirus) particles with your target cell. (takarabio.com)
For example, within the primate lentivirus clade, HIV-1 is distinguished from human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2) primarily on the basis of sequence divergence that exceeds 50% and the presence of the vpx gene in HIV-2. (ictv.global)
HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. (medscape.com)

However, unlike retroviruses, LTR retrotransposons do not encode the "env" gene, and hence, cannot form a viral envelope. (jove.com)
Retroviruses and closely related LTR retrotransposons export full-length, unspliced genomic RNA (gRNA) for packaging into virions and to serve as the mRNA encoding GAG and POL polyproteins. (pharmafocusamerica.com)

The virions also contain reverse transcriptase and integrase encoded by the pol gene. (biomedcentral.com)

Alternatively, we offer the PT67 cell line that stably expresses gag, pol, and env (10A1-derived) essential packaging genes. (takarabio.com)

The life cycle of a retrovirus starts with the specific binding of particles to a host cell membrane, via cellular receptor and viral surface protein interactions (Figure 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)

It has been shown that the incorporation of Gag-Pol polyproteins during virus assembly requires the Gag domains that are shared by the Gag and Gag-Pol precursors. (nih.gov)
Glyco-gags in MuLVs are translated from unspliced viral RNA from an upstream CUG initiation codon in the same reading frame as the AUG codon used for initiation of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. (biomedcentral.com)

This envelope glycoprotein gene appears to have been selectively preserved. (nih.gov)

For other viruses there may be additional non-structural genes (e.g. vpx in human immunodeficiency virus 2, HIV-2). (ictv.global)
Among these genes, Gag, Pol, and Env are structural genes, Tat and Rev are regulatory genes, whereas the rest of the genes (Vpu, Vpr, Vif, and Nef) fall into the accessory category of genes [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Since natural products have an enormous structural diversity and provide a large reservoir for new therapeutic/preventive regimens, exploring them for the targets against HIV-1 infection is a promising option [ 3 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This finding casts a new light on the assembly process and provides new opportunities for targeting retrovirus vectors to host cells and for understanding the determinants of virus entry. (nih.gov)

Introduce and express target genes in pluripotent cell lines including murine or human hematopoietic, embryonic stem (ES), and embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. (takarabio.com)
Moreover, reports have indicated that miRNA can also bind to the 5′-UTR of target genes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

DNA Related to the Transforming Gene(s) of Avian Sarcoma Viruses Is Present in Normal Avian DNA. (nih.gov)
Characteristics of Cellular RNA Related to the Transforming Gene of Avian Sarcoma Viruses. (nih.gov)
In a somewhat analogous way there was also a general feeling that viruses did not cause human cancers, and that retroviruses, in particular, did not exist in human beings. (science-connections.com)
This is a major difference between retroviruses and other viruses, which we tend to think are transmitted while a person is sick or in the early phase of incubation, which can be a few days, a few weeks, or at the most a few months. (science-connections.com)
Having reproduced the known Pten KO phenotype using the CRISPR-Cas9 system we design viruses to target a gene that has recently been associated with autism, KATNAL2. (nature.com)
IRES elements have been found in numerous transcripts from viruses that infect vertebrate, invertebrate, or plant cells, as well as in transcripts from vertebrate and invertebrate genes. (allindianpatents.com)
This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. (lookformedical.com)

The pro and pol genes are expressed as a result of a ribosomal frameshift. (ictv.global)

Recombinant envelope protein-based vaccines are designed to induce antibody production against epitopes on the envelope of the retroviruses, and have been shown to induce not only binding antibodies but also neutralizing antibodies, in different viral infection models. (nature.com)

The transmembrane subunit of the viral envelope protein was traditionally thought to contain all the domains required for membrane fusion during entry of retroviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

The prototypical HERV-W provirus consists of an internal sequence with the gag , pol and env genes flanked by identical 5' and 3' long terminal repeats (LTRs). (biomedcentral.com)

This study could not determine whether the antibodies were a response to infection or merely to heat-inactivated BLV consumed in food products. (cdc.gov)

Our attempts to understand how retroviruses multiply within infected cells and how retroviruses cause cancers have led to work on a variety of topics, including cell surface receptors, DNA recombination, translational control, inter- and intracellular signaling, hematopoiesis, embryonic development, and mammary carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
4 , 5 ] In human cancers, the p53 gene was identified as one of the genes to most commonly undergo mutation. (journalmeddbu.com)

However, unlike other oncogenic retroviruses, deltaretroviruses have an additional region, tax (trans-activating region of the X gene), which has regulatory functions and is oncogenic to host cells. (cdc.gov)

Obtain the tightest possible control of gene expression, using Tet-On 3G or Tet-Express systems. (takarabio.com)
The late phase begins with the regulated expression of the integrated proviral genes and ends up with virus budding and maturation. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, the expression of proviral elements appeared to be independent from that of their corresponding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
miRNAs, which exhibit tissue- and temporal- specific expression, are important negative regulatory RNAs that decrease the levels of other functional genes. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a group of small non-coding RNAs 18~25 nucleotides (nt) in length that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression via binding to the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of target gene mRNA [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Translational Control of Gene Expression, pp. 33-88, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY 2000). (allindianpatents.com)
Direct communication of newly published transcript mapping or gene expression data is also welcome. (expasy.org)
Intriguingly, as recently shown for KAP1, RYBP, LSD1 and G9a-deficient mESCs, many genes normally expressed in the 2C embryo are also induced in HP1 KO mESCs, revealing that aberrant expression of a subset of 2C-specific genes is a common feature in each of these KO lines. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, induction of MERVL expression in KAP1, HP1α and HP1β KO ESCs may occur predominantly as a consequence of indirect effects, in association with activation of a subset of 2C-specific genes. (biomedcentral.com)

This contrasts with the situation for endogenous retroviruses in many other species, including humans, where most individual proviruses are shared by all members of the species. (biomedcentral.com)
Promoters are considered distinct if they originate from different gene loci or different species. (expasy.org)

Gene features such as functional regions or sites identified using the Conserved Domain Database (CDD) are also represented by black bars with identifiers to left (e.g. (nih.gov)
According to one experimental study, a mouse with Li-Farumeni carrying two non-functional p53 gene alleles had the risk of sudden tumor development. (journalmeddbu.com)

20% of total gene transcripts), promoters giving rise to an unstable RNA product, and mutant promoter. (expasy.org)

These genes regulate cell growth and differentiation and prevent tumor-specific uncontrolled proliferation. (journalmeddbu.com)

More information on the biology of retroviruses is available in the online Retroviruses textbook . (nih.gov)
The International Retroviruses 2000 conference assembled reports describing new discoveries on fundamental steps of retrovirus biology. (biomedcentral.com)

The very long latency period of retroviruses means that it may be several years or several decades from the time of infection before the first manifestation of disease will be noted. (science-connections.com)
To characterize WHO-defined transmitted HIV drug resistance mutation (TDRM) data from recently HIV-infected African volunteers, we sequenced HIV (pol) and evaluated for TDRM the earliest available specimens from ARV-naive volunteers diagnosed within 1 year of their estimated date of infection at eight research centers in sub-Saharan Africa. (ox.ac.uk)

We have focused our report on the areas which seemed to show the most recent developments: the fusion process, entry, assembly-budding-maturation, and also new breakthroughs looking at endogenous retroviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

This work has placed the Wnr-1 proto- oncogene and other members of the Wnt family among genes that affect differentiation and cell growth by cell-cell signalling and has focused attention upon the War receptor(s). (nih.gov)

Heterogeneity of Genetic Loci in Chickens: Analysis of Endogenous Viral and Nonviral Genes by Cleavage of DNA with Restriction Endonucleases. (nih.gov)
This property makes retroviruses ideal to study genetic mechanisms of neurogenesis and neuronal development because the precise age of labeled neurons is known - allowing for targeted study of specific developmental stages. (nature.com)
However, both genes display a high genetic polymorphism. (123dok.net)

The development of sensitive and specific tests for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) progressed rapidly after this retrovirus was identified as the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (cdc.gov)
Another idea currently under evaluation is the use of a gene therapy-type strategy described as antibody gene transfer, in which an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is employed to deliver a gene encoding a bNAb (or bNAbs) into muscle tissue. (i-base.info)

we have recently cloned avian genes encoding receptors for a subgroup of Rous sar- coma virus (RSV) and shown that the receptors resemble the receptor for low-density lipoproteins (LDL). (nih.gov)

tax causes malignant transformation not through integration and insertional mutagenesis, as many retroviruses do, but by inhibition of DNA repair (base excision pathway) and trans-activating disruption of cellular growth control mechanisms ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Such interactions have been studied in the past as tools to insert genes in the cells to study their regulation or to study cellular and molecular basis of transformation in vitro. (science-connections.com)

The need to understand these and other aspects of retroviruses has become more urgent with the dis- covery that AIDS is caused by a retrovirus, the hu- man immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (nih.gov)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus that belongs to the Lentiviridae family, is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (hindawi.com)
Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (academicinfluence.com)

We have also learned that human retroviruses do exist and in multiple types. (science-connections.com)
In fact, this is true for all human retroviruses. (science-connections.com)
There are four human retroviruses well characterized by now [1-3]. (science-connections.com)
One of the crucial steps in the assembly of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses is the incorporation and retention of all the key viral enzymes in released virions. (nih.gov)
One member of the W family of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) appears to have been functionally adopted by the human host. (biomedcentral.com)

Discovery that the mouse int-1 (now Wnt-1) gene is expressed in a highly restricted manner (only in the embryonic nervous system and during spermatogenesis), implying roles in mammalian development (9,10). (nih.gov)
These findings, in concert with Nusse's discovery that Wnt-1 is the mouse homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene, wingless, inspired the gene targeting experiments of others, which demonstrated that Wnt-1 is essential for formation of the cerebellum and midbrain. (nih.gov)

vif , vpr , vpu , tat , rev and nef ) whose products are involved in regulation of synthesis and processing of virus RNA and combating host restriction factors. (ictv.global)

The mRNA and the protein products then assemble to form a virus-like particle. (jove.com)
The miRISC complex containing a mature miRNA strand can bind to the 3′-UTR of target gene mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Usually, miRISC recognizes mRNA through complementary base pairing of the miRNA with the target gene mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)

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