Retinoblastoma gene cyclin d1. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cyclin D1 is a regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. (wikipedia.org)
The tumor suppressor gene p16/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2A (CDKN2A) is located within the chromosomal region 9p21 and encodes a cell-cycle protein that is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-4 and -6. (iiarjournals.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. (ayassbioscience.com)
Malumbres, M. Cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
Cell-cycle-related proteins, such as cyclins or cyclin-dependent kinases, may have functions beyond that of cell cycle regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
These kinases are expressed throughout the cell cycle, but are only activated upon complex formation with their corresponding cyclins. (shu.edu)
Catalytic domain of Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 4 and 6-like Serine/Threonine Kinases. (umbc.edu)
Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6-like subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)

Cyclin D1-CDK4 also enables the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 complex by sequestering Cip/Kip family CDK inhibitory proteins p21 and p27, allowing entry into the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 expression and interaction with other cell cycle-associated proteins in mammary carcinoma. (ox.ac.uk)
structural genes encode proteins that are not involved in gene regulation. (cret-signal.com)
Note that by convention gene names are italicized and the proteins they make are not. (cancerquest.org)
A subset (1C5%) of ASD situations provides gene mutations in regulatory proteins upstream from the signaling complexes termed the mammalian focus on of rapamycin (mTOR) (4, 40). (tecnoetica.org)
In addition, numerous important cellular proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma-2 homologous antagonist/killer, Myc proto-oncogene protein, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, DNA replication licensing factor MCM-7, retinoblastoma 1 and Annexin A1, are degenerated through the UBE3A-mediated ubiquitin proteasome pathway ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The variety of keratin genes differentially expressed suggests that these proteins may however have additional functions. (exposed-skin-care.net)
This domain occurred 402 times on human genes ( 935 proteins). (umbc.edu)
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate the transcription of genes, or the production of mRNA from DNA. (biolegend.com)
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the rel gene (GENES, REL). (bvsalud.org)

As a result of this differential cell cycle-regulatory gene expression by HDAC inhibition, the retinoblastoma protein retains a transcriptional repression of its downstream target genes required for S phase entry. (cret-signal.com)
Subsequently, phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family members leads to the release of E2F-containing repressor complexes from E2F-regulated promoters and upregulates the expression of E2F downstream target genes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes, whose activity is required for progress from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
The expression of further E2F target genes, as cyclin A, facilitates progression through S phase. (shu.edu)

Cyclins function as regulators of CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinase). (wikipedia.org)
The genes encoding cdks involved in G1-S progression are often amplified in B-cell malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
The p16 protein (p16) is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that decelerates the cell cycle by inactivating the CDKs that phosphorylate retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. (yemialadeworld.com)
CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. (umbc.edu)

CDK4 and CDK6 partner with D-type cyclins to regulate the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. (umbc.edu)
CDK4 and CDK6 are both expressed ubiquitously, associate with all three D cyclins (D1, D2 and D3), and phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein. (umbc.edu)

cyclin D1 mRNA expression and cyclin D1 promoter activity. (cret-signal.com)
HIV-1-infected podocytes showed markedly elevated cyclin D 1 mRNA and cyclin D 1 protein, the latter of which did not down-regulate during cell-cell contact or differentiation, suggesting post-transcriptional stabilization of cyclin D 1 protein levels by HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
Indeed, HIV-1 virus deleted of nef failed to induce cyclin D 1 mRNA to the level of other single gene mutant viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), was further down-regulated under exposure to lovastatin in condition of BRCA1 overexpression, but the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI), was further up-regulated, both in vitro and in vivo detected with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. (nih.gov)
MicroRNA (miRNA) molecules, a series of single-stranded non-coding RNA chains measuring 20-25 nucleotides in length, regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level by complementary pairing with target gene mRNA ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Consistent with an increased level of cyclin D1, the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the levels of Rb-E2F-regulated genes cyclin A, cyclin E, MCM3, and PCNA are also elevated. (elsevierpure.com)
In mouse hepatocytes, p38γ induces proliferation after partial hepatectomy by promoting the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein at known CDK target residues. (nature.com)
The cyclinD/CDK4/6 complexes induce the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and the release of E2F, which trigger G1 cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)

Full holoenzyme activity of the cyclin D1-Cdk4 complex is induced by mitogen recruitment of CAK. (shu.edu)

The cyclin D1-CDK4 complex promotes passage through the G1 phase by inhibiting the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). (wikipedia.org)

Cyclin D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The CCND1 gene encodes the cyclin D1 protein. (wikipedia.org)
The human CCND1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (band 11q13). (wikipedia.org)
Amplification of the CCND1 gene is present in: non-small cell lung cancers (30-46%) head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (30-50%) pancreatic carcinomas (25%) bladder cancer (15%) pituitary adenomas (49-54%) breast carcinoma (13%) Cyclin D1 overexpression is strongly correlated to ER+ breast cancer and deregulation of cyclin D1 is associated with hormone therapy resistance in breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin D1 is also known as BCL1, B Cell Lymphoma #1, CCND1. (enquirebio.com)

Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors have the potential to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
HDAC inhibition resulted in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip). (cret-signal.com)
The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors was profoundly affected with early activation and then repression of p21 cip1/waf1 and persistent activation of both p27 kip1 and p57 kip2 , whereas genes involved in cell survival and proliferation were suppressed. (aacrjournals.org)
The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)
While deregulation of the cyclin D1-CDK4/6-retinoblastoma pathway is common in hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer, Rb is usually intact in HR+ breast cancer, and targeted CDK 4/6 inhibitors that act upstream of Rb, are routinely being utilized in clinical practice. (jax.org)
They are also regulated by the INK4 family of inhibitors which associate with either the CDK alone or the CDK/cyclin complex. (umbc.edu)

In particular, the p16/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene located on chromosomal region 9p21 frequently is altered in several types of cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
The selective suppression of HIV-1 transcription by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, abrogated cyclin D 1 expression, underlying the requirement for HIV-1 encoded products to induce cyclin D 1 . (biomedcentral.com)
The overexpression of miRNA‑375 significantly increased caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activities, induced B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)/Bcl‑2‑associated X protein, tumor protein 53 and cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor 1 protein expression and suppressed cyclin D1 and survivin protein expression in HPV‑18(+) cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
p27 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclin E-CDK2, which phosphorylates pRb, thereby ushering the cell from G1 into S phase through the Restriction point (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
P15 INK4 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclind-CDK4,6, inhibiting it from hypophosphorylating Rb, thereby, rendering the cell cycle unresponsive to external proliferation signals. (shu.edu)

This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. (wikipedia.org)
In the p16/cyclin D1/cdk4/pRb cell cycle regulatory cascade, the correlation between pRb and p16 is obvious in various cancers. (yemialadeworld.com)
The expression of genes through miRNA is regulated by endogenous regulatory pathways, resulting in high stability and biocompatibility ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
It is a key regulatory gene of eye and brain development. (biolegend.com)

Cyclin D1, a member of the G1 cyclins, plays an important role in the G1 phase progression of the cell cycle in proliferating cells via activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, or CDK6. (biomedcentral.com)

Cyclin D1 overexpression can also down-regulate Fas expression, leading to increased chemotherapeutic resistance and protection from apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)

Using ex vivo thymocytes and primary embryonic fibroblasts from Epm2a -/- mice, we show here a general function of laforin in the cell cycle regulation and repression of cyclin D1 expression. (elsevierpure.com)
Desogestrel binds intracellular progesterone receptors in progesterone responsive tissue and the resultant complex interacts with DNA and results in either gene transcription or gene repression. (medindex.am)
The phosphorylation of pRB, and relief of transcriptional repression by pRB induces genes involved in the induction of S-phase entry. (shu.edu)
Once the transcription factor binds to an enhancer region, this can cause stimulation or repression of gene transcription. (biolegend.com)

Our results suggest that BRCA1 overexpression sensitizes cancer cells to lovastatin via regulation of cyclin D1-CDK4-p21WAF1/CIP1 pathway, which will provide an innovative experimental framework to study control of breast cancer cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
All of them are present in the hippocampus, where they participate in the regulation of synaptic functionality and gene transcription [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the nucleus, R-SMAD-SMAD4 complexes cooperate with transcriptional coregulators that further define target gene recognition and transcriptional regulation. (shu.edu)
The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)

Ibrance (palbociclib) is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6. (shu.edu)

Defects of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb)/cyclin-D1/p16 pathway have been shown to play a critical role in the development of human malignancies. (iiarjournals.org)

Lundberg, A. S. & Weinberg, R. A. Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein requires sequential modification by at least two distinct cyclin-cdk complexes. (nature.com)
Activated complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they cooperate with DNA-binding cofactors to regulate target gene transcription. (shu.edu)

CVT-313 treatment reduced cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) on T821, but did not affect cyclin D-cdk4/6-mediated Rb phosphorylation on S807/811. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
In detail, CCNE (cyclin E, including CCNE1 and CCNE2) binds to CDK2, and subsequently phosphorylates Rb to promote G1-S progression. (biomedcentral.com)
It also blocks Cyclin A-CDK2 from further phosphorylating pRb to maintain S phase. (shu.edu)
The cyclin D1-Cdk4 complex phosphorylates the pRB protein leading to sequential phosphorylation by cyclin E-Cdk2 and release of free E2F. (shu.edu)
Activation of the CDK2-cyclin E complex results in hyperphosphorylation of Rb and fully releases E2F. (shu.edu)

Independent of CDK, cyclin D1 binds to nuclear receptors (including estrogen receptor α, thyroid hormone receptor, PPARγ and AR ) to regulate cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin D1 also binds to histone acetylases and histone deacetylases to regulate cell proliferation and cell differentiation genes in the early to mid-G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanisms underlying this reduction of SMC proliferation by HDAC inhibition involve a growth arrest in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle that is due to BVD-523 cost an inhibition of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. (cret-signal.com)
HIV-1 expression induces cyclin D 1 and phospho-pRb (Ser780) expression in infected podocytes, suggesting that HIV-1 activates cyclin D1-dependent cell-cycle mechanisms to promote proliferation of infected renal epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
In comparison to the two general alternative mechanisms utilized by known transforming viruses to promote cell-cycle progression, namely, by activating or bypassing endogenous D-type cyclins (herein, referred to as "cyclin D"), it has not been established whether HIV-1 gene products trigger either cyclin D-dependent or cyclin D-independent proliferation in non-lymphoid tissues [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. (cancerindex.org)
Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 are downstream of signaling pathways which lead to cellular proliferation. (shu.edu)

Cyclin D1 or PRAD-1 or bcl-1 is one of the key cell cycle regulators, and functions in association with cdk4 and/or cdk6 by phosphorylating the Rb protein. (enquirebio.com)

HER2/neu (also called ERB B2 ) is the gene that encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2. (cancerquest.org)

Finally, we provide evidence that these observations are applicable in vivo by demonstrating that HDAC inhibition decreased neointima formation and expression of cyclin D1 in a murine model of vascular injury. (cret-signal.com)

Cyclin D1 [SP4] Antibody (cGMP). (enquirebio.com)
Western Blot: cleaved Retinoblastoma 1 Antibody (172C1094) [NB100-56598] - Analysis in HL60 cells were treated with camptothecin for 24 hours. (novusbio.com)
Immunohistochemistry: cleaved Retinoblastoma 1 Antibody (172C1094) [NB100-56598] - Analysis in sections of primary human breast tumors. (novusbio.com)

Tumor suppressors such as retinoblastoma (pRB) and p53 negatively regulate RNA polymerase I and interfere with the assembly of transcriptional machinery on the rDNA promoter. (biomedcentral.com)

Cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibits pRb through phosphorylation, allowing E2F transcription factors to transcribe genes required for entry into the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Concurrent deletion of cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in hepatocytes inhibits DNA replication and liver regeneration in mice. (nature.com)

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. (cancerindex.org)

Mutations, amplification and overexpression of this gene, which alters cell cycle progression, are observed frequently in a variety of tumors and may contribute to tumorigenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin D1 overexpression has been shown to correlate with early cancer onset and tumor progression and it can lead to oncogenesis by increasing anchorage-independent growth and angiogenesis via VEGF production. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin D1 overexpression is correlated with shorter cancer patient survival and increased metastasis. (wikipedia.org)
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) overexpression sensitizes mammary cancer cells to statins. (nih.gov)
Mutations, amplification and overexpression of this gene, which alters cell cycle progression, are observed frequently in a variety of human cancers. (ayassbioscience.com)

The aim of the present study was to determine the significance of this tumor suppressor gene for ovarian tumorigenesis, investigating both numerical aberrations of chromosome 9 and p16 gene alterations in 28 cases of ovarian tumors, by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. (iiarjournals.org)
In a genome-wide screen for putative tumor suppressor genes, the EBF3 locus on the human chromosome 10q26.3 was found to be deleted or methylated in 73% of the examined cases of brain tumors. (aacrjournals.org)

As a result, it negatively regulates cyclin-D-dependent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) gene product, thus blocking cell-cycle progression from G 1 -to S-phase ( 2 - 4 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Conclusions: RASSF2 is a novel tumor suppressor gene that regulates Ras signaling and plays a pivotal role in the early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. (yemialadeworld.com)
RUNX1 belongs to the runt domain family of transcription factors and regulates target gene expression through forming a heterodimeric DNA-binding complex with CBFB. (biolegend.com)
RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)

Targeted molecular therapy, like therapy with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and other therapies, has limited or nonexistent side effects on normal cells of the body, unlike present modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. (medscape.com)

This protein has been shown to interact with tumor suppressor protein Rb and the expression of this gene is regulated positively by Rb. (wikipedia.org)
The retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) is a tumor suppressor protein and acts as cell cycle regulator. (novusbio.com)
gene name abbreviated Rb, RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. (yemialadeworld.com)

Cyclin D1 was originally cloned as a breakpoint rearrangement in parathyroid adenoma and was shown to be required for progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle to induce cell migration, angiogenesis and to induce the Warburg effect. (wikipedia.org)

Increasing cyclin D1 levels during the G1 phase is induced by mitogenic growth factors primarily through Ras-mediated pathways, and hormones. (wikipedia.org)
These Ras-mediated pathways lead to the increase in transcription of cyclin D1, and inhibit its proteolysis and export from the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
These observations raise the possibility that HIV-1 gene products may interact with mitogenic pathways in infected renal epithelium to cause aberrant cell-cycle engagement. (biomedcentral.com)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)

Here, we ask whether the expression of HIV-1 genes in infected podocytes induces cyclin D 1 and phospho-pRb (Ser780) expression, hallmarks of cyclin D1-mediated G 1 → S phase progression. (biomedcentral.com)

Responsible for transition to S phase by phosphorylating the retinoblastoma gene product, which releases transcription factors to initiate DNA replication. (enquirebio.com)
Asynchronous DNA Replication of Biallelically Expressed Genes in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes as a Prognostic Sign of Cancer. (cdc.gov)

Cyclin D1-CDK4 also associates with several transcription factors and transcriptional co-regulators. (wikipedia.org)

A few gene therapy trials now target head and neck cancer, which comprises only 4% of all cancers but has a dismal prognosis in advanced stages. (medscape.com)
Association of cyclin D1, p16 and retinoblastoma protein expressions with prognosis and metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma. (cdc.gov)

ALL cancers have lots of additional changes, the so-called 'passenger' mutations, that may contribute to the cancer, but are not the main genes. (cancerquest.org)
Recently, it has become apparent that not only genetic mutations but also epigenetic alterations lead to the activation of oncogenes and the loss of function of tumor suppressor genes. (oncotarget.com)
For example, in the hereditary cancer syndromes familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, mutations have been discovered in the APC gene and DNA mismatch repair genes. (medscape.com)

During early G1 phase, mitogenic signals trigger activation of the CDK4/6-cyclin D complex, which partially deactivates Rb by phosphorylation. (shu.edu)

p21 and other tumor suppressor genes' inactivation are therefore most likely involved in the first steps of the cancer model, with later stages possibly involving protooncogene activation and inflammation. (medscape.com)

The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
Modern approaches to treating cancer take advantage of critical biochemical differences between cancer cells and normal cells - from radiation therapy to chemotherapy to experimental gene therapy. (janechin.net)
Materials and Methods: To investigate both the presence of numerical abnormalities of chromosome 9 and p16 gene alterations in ovarian cancer, we studied 28 cases by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique using a DNA p16 probe and an a-satellite probe specific for chromosome 9. (iiarjournals.org)
Conclusion: Numerical aberrations of chromosome 9 and p16 gene deletion are common findings in ovarian cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
There are few studies focusing on the molecular analysis of p16 gene in ovarian cancer ( 13 - 16 ). (iiarjournals.org)
A diagram showing the major cancer genes for some cancers. (cancerquest.org)
The larger the gene name, the more frequently that gene is defective in that cancer type. (cancerquest.org)
Of the 30,000 or so genes that are currently thought to exist in the human genome , there is a small subset that seems to be particularly important in the prevention, development, and progression of cancer. (cancerquest.org)
These genes have been found to be either malfunctioning or non-functioning in many different kinds of cancer. (cancerquest.org)
New sequencing technologies have shown that a large number of aberrantly expressed lncRNAs are associated with multiple cancer types and indicated they have emerged as an important class of pervasive genes during the development and progression of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
[ 1 ] Identifying candidate precursors or enabling genes may pave the way for cancer screening, as with the ret proto-oncogene and medullary thyroid carcinoma . (medscape.com)
The retinoblastoma gene, Rb, was originally identified as the tumor suppressor gene mutated in a rare childhood cancer called retinoblastoma (reviewed in [1]. (yemialadeworld.com)
Treatment of breast cancer cell lines with the combination of palbociclib and antiestrogens leads to decreased retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation resulting in reduced E2F expression and signaling and increased growth arrest compared to treatment with each drug alone. (shu.edu)

The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)

Cyclin D1 is degraded by the proteasome upon phosphorylation of threonine 286 and subsequent ubiquitylation via the CRL4-AMBRA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. (wikipedia.org)
The prevailing model during cell cycle progression is that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity increases during G1-S transition, which involves the formation of a cyclin-CDK complex. (biomedcentral.com)
The cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that is controlled by the conserved cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin protein complex 1 . (nature.com)

This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)
This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
Is Ras a tumor suppressor gene? (yemialadeworld.com)
METHODS: We searched for drinks that reactivate the functions of tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma gene (RB) products and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms2

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes31

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Kinases9

Proteins10

Target genes5

CDKs4

CDK4 and CDK62

MRNA5

Phosphorylation of retinoblastoma3

Activity of the cyclin1

Phase by inhibiting the ret1

CCND15

Inhibitors7

Dependent kinase inhibitor5

Regulatory4

Activation of cyclin1

Apoptosis1

Repression4

Regulation4

Inhibitor1

Pathway1

Complexes2

Cdk25

Proliferation8

CDK61

Epidermal growth f1

Inhibition1

Antibody3

Regulate1

Inhibits2

Encodes1

Overexpression5

Tumors2

Regulates4

Monoclonal1

Tumor suppressor protein3

Induce1

Pathways4

Induces1

Replication2

Transcription factors1

Prognosis2

Mutations3

Mitogenic1

Inactivation1

Cancer13

Cell cycle arrest1

Complex3

Suppressor4