• In this study, the recycle of enzymes associated with the insoluble solid fraction after the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated for pretreated corn stover under a variety of recycling conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first step in one of the more promising conversion pathways includes a biochemical conversion of the lignocellulosic material whereby the structural sugars present in lignocellulosic biomass are depolymerized into their monomeric constituents via an enzymatic hydrolysis step, providing a fermentable sugar stream rich in glucose [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is therefore necessary to reduce the amount of enzyme required for the enzymatic hydrolysis step. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current enzyme loadings for cellulose hydrolysis remain high compared to enzymatic starch hydrolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conceptually, the assumption is that by recovering the active enzymes from the output of the enzymatic hydrolysis step, it is possible to decrease the amount of new enzyme which must be added to the hydrolysis, and therefore reduce the overall enzyme cost in the process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • abstract = 'Mechanical agitation during enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble plant biomass at high dry matter contents is indispensable for the initial liquefaction step in biorefining. (ku.dk)
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis of ligno-cellulosic biomass is a complicated process involving a multitude of physicochemical transformations. (confex.com)
  • This distruption of the cell-wall structure has a significant impact on enzymatic hydrolysis rate and overall conversion yield. (confex.com)
  • Accordingly, we propose a hindered-diffusion-reaction system for modeling the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass. (confex.com)
  • Cellulose hydrolysis to glucose could be performed by chemical, physical, or enzymatic processes. (hindawi.com)
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most used in the industry because of its high yields with fewer unwanted side products [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Direct methanol extraction, acid (HCl 0.1 N), alkaline (NaOH 1 N) and enzymatic (beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase) hydrolyses were compared. (erowid.org)
  • A kinetics study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of separate hydrolysis and fermentation was included as a design tool. (ncsu.edu)
  • Most of these hydrolysates are obtained by chemical hydrolysis and hydrothermal methods, but recently hydrolyzed hair keratin, feather keratin peptides, and feather meal peptides have been obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus spp in submerged fermentation. (nih.gov)
  • Keratin peptides were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of keratinases using Bacillus subtilis AMR. (nih.gov)
  • These results show that the enzymatic method to produce keratin peptides for hair care products is an attractive and eco- friendly method with a great potential in the cosmetic industry. (nih.gov)
  • Bioethanol production requires four major steps: biomass pretreatment, cellulose hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This work aims to evaluate second-generation bioethanol production from the soda-ethanol pulp of pine sawdust via two strategies: separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. (ncsu.edu)
  • High bioethanol yields were obtained for pulp 3 in the separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes (89.3% and 100% after 13 h and 72 h, respectively). (ncsu.edu)
  • The results on hydrolysis and butanol fermentation will be reported during the 25th Biotechnology Conference on Fuels and Chemicals. (usda.gov)
  • The biomass was pre-treated with chemical, physical, andVIenzymatic hydrolysis to increase the fermentation yield. (kth.se)
  • The proposed implementation of the fermentation process could result in a significant global warming potential reduction. (kth.se)
  • Recent microscopy results suggest that, in addition to solubilizing and removing chemical components from the cell wall, pretreatment can change the enzyme accessibility of biomass by mechanical disruption of cell wall structure. (confex.com)
  • Identification of cellulolytic microorganisms is of great interest to the hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. (hindawi.com)
  • Due to mass transfer limitations of the insoluble substrate, immobilization, the most commonly applied method of enzyme recycle, is not an option for cellulose hydrolysis, so other options for enzyme recycling must be developed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The resulting ferric hydroxide is very insoluble and largely confined to particulate phases. (europa.eu)
  • Conventional liquid oat base (LOB) production results in a fibre-rich insoluble by-product and loss of valuable macronutrients. (lu.se)
  • Asymmetric ester hydrolysis with pig liver esterase is the enantioselective conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid through the action of the enzyme pig liver esterase (EC 3.1.1.1). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the former case (desymmetrization), the chiral environment of the enzyme active site leads to selective hydrolysis of the ester that is closer to the catalytically active serine residue when the substrate is bound to the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both strategies rely on the fact that the transition states for hydrolysis of enantiotopic or enantiomorphic ester groups by the chiral enzyme are diastereomeric. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pig liver esterase (PLE) is a widely used enzyme for asymmetric ester hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • A key serine residue in the active site promotes hydrolysis, but the substrate must present an ester group to this residue after binding to the enzyme active site for hydrolysis to take place. (wikipedia.org)
  • This has been investigated by looking for methods to improve hydrolysis yields while lowering enzyme doses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the rates of hydrolysis and reactivation of AChE following carbamylation or phosphorylation of the active site will be drastically slower than for the hydrolysis of the acetylated enzyme (Ecobichon, 2001). (cdc.gov)
  • whereas, the carbamylated enzyme t1/2 for hydrolysis is substantially slower (more or less 15-30 min). (cdc.gov)
  • Inherited deficiency of this enzyme results in argininemia, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hyperammonemia. (nih.gov)
  • Although it was originally used for the desymmetrizing hydrolysis of glutarate esters, PLE also hydrolyzes malonates, cyclic diesters, monoesters, and other substrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nowadays, researchers have used potassium hydroxide catalyzed hydrolysis of esters is sometimes known as saponification because of its relationship with soap making. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The characterization and optimization of cellulase activities are carried out on a yeast isolate that belongs to the genus Trichosporon , which was the most powerful with regard to the hydrolysis halo of CMC diameter, in a qualitative test. (hindawi.com)
  • RESULTS: The results showed that CSP significantly improved liver lipid accumulation, serum lipid and transaminase levels and liver surface microcirculation disturbance in HFD-induced NAFLD rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • 1) The active site of PLE facilitates both substrate binding and hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, active site models of PLE have been advanced with the goal of predicting from the structure of the substrate which of two enantiotopic ester groups will be hydrolyzed (or whether hydrolysis is likely to occur at all). (wikipedia.org)
  • This sequence also occurs in chymotrypsin at residues 205, 206, and 207, with residue 208 being Thr, so it is reasonable to assume that the substrate is the product of hydrolysis of the Trp-Thr peptide bond in a chymotrypsin by the chymotrypsin in 8GCH. (openmopac.net)
  • Metabolism results in variety of tetrachloroethylene-contaminated sites. (cdc.gov)
  • These conditions may result in failure of osteoid calcification (rickets) in children because of a disruption in the pathway of either vitamin D or phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Oncogenic mutations result in functional activation of Ras family proteins by impairing GTP hydrolysis. (rcsb.org)
  • Asymmetric ester hydrolysis involves the selective reaction of one of a pair of either enantiotopic (within the same molecule and related by a symmetry plane of the molecule) or enantiomorphic (in enantiomeric molecules and related as mirror images) ester groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under REACH (ECHA 2008, Chapter R.7B - Endpoint Specific Guidance), the term 'Hydrolysis' refers to the "Decomposition or degradation of a chemical by reaction with water", and this is a function of pH (i.e. abiotic degradation) for the respective metal kations present in the submission item. (europa.eu)
  • Although some chemicals produce considerable heat as the result of an exothermic reaction when they come into contact with water, their ability to produce direct chemical changes on the skin accounts for most significant injury. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrolysis reaction of J. curcas seed oil . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Title : Two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography separation and tandem mass spectrometry detection of atrazine and its metabolic and hydrolysis products in urine☆ Personal Author(s) : Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna;Panuwet, Parinya;Jayatilaka, Nayana K.;Pirkle, James L.;Calafat, Antonia M. (cdc.gov)
  • The results of pathway and functional enrichment analysis showed that, CSP might play an anti-NAFLD role via regulating DE miRNAs related to fatty acid metabolic process. (bvsalud.org)
  • We show that EGF induces a rapid loss of PIP 2 through PLC activity, resulting in a release and activation of a membrane-bound pool of cofilin. (rupress.org)
  • This method ( 10 ) mea- chemical-induced skin sensitization is the ability of a chemical, sured the depletion of the peptides after treatment with excess either as such or after ex/in cutaneo activation, to covalently electrophile for 24 h and adopted the percent depletion (dp) as react with a carrier protein or peptide ( 6 ), resulting in an the reactivity index of a given chemical. (cdc.gov)
  • This bulletin describes the results and implications of these animal studies, describes the known health effects of TDI and TDA in humans, and suggests guidelines for minimizing occupational exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Ready degradability: Test results 5.6 % degradation in 28 days (guideline FDA TAD 3.11). (janusinfo.se)
  • The hydrolysis mechanism is found to proceed via intermolecular hydrogen transfer within van der Waals complexes involving UF 6 , UF 5 OH, and UOF 4 , in agreement with previous studies, followed by the formation of a previously unappreciated dihydroxide intermediate, UF 4 (OH) 2 . (sandia.gov)
  • However, if rapid racemization is occurring alongside hydrolysis (an example of dynamic kinetic resolution), a maximum yield of 100% is possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1817, it was pointed out that the alkalinization that attends putrefaction of urine unavoidably results in crystallization of dissolved urinary phosphate [2]. (who.int)
  • Photoliberation (photodegradation of organically bound iron (III) complexes typical to boreal forests and tundra soil) of organically bound iron under the influence of 300 nm light resulting in kationic forms with a half-life of less than 12 h was shown in laboratory experiments (Kopácek et al 2005). (europa.eu)
  • Clinical results and laboratory examination findings vary with each disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Under-standing how the structure of dairy matrices affects protein hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. (123dok.net)
  • Here we report an open-loop recycling method for these materials that involves (i) decrosslinking via hydrolysis, (ii) an optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) functionalizing via Fischer esterification. (nature.com)
  • The results for cytotoxicity showed no statistically significant differences among the particle proportions. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results suggest that the addition up to 80% wt of bismuth subsalicylate appears to be a promising filler particle to root canal sealer development. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results indicated that most of the mutations strongly affected TRAP-induced responses without significantly altering thrombin-induced responses or TRAP binding. (nih.gov)
  • X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets are the result of mutations in PHEX (a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) and dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), respectively. (medscape.com)
  • While the mode of induction of tumours has not been fully elucidated, based on the genotoxicity of 2-nitrotoluene, the tumours observed in the experimental animals are considered to have resulted from direct interaction with genetic material. (gc.ca)
  • Then the results were processed by the BioEdit software and the nucleotide sequence was analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (hindawi.com)
  • According to the nine-state evaluation, about one third of all incidents in which injuries resulted from unintended chemical releases were associated with the following five industries: truck transportation, educational services, chemical manufacturing, utilities, and food manufacturing. (medscape.com)
  • Level A protection should be used until monitoring results confirm the contaminant and the concentration of the contaminant. (cdc.gov)
  • The proton on His57 migrates to the nitrogen atom of the peptide bond being hydrolyzed, resulting the the formation of a Zwitterion. (openmopac.net)
  • The proposed re-test period is justified based on the stability results when the API is stored in the original packaging. (who.int)
  • The export option will allow you to export the current search results of the entered query to a file. (arizona.edu)
  • To select a subset of the search results, click "Selective Export" button and make a selection of the items you want to export. (arizona.edu)
  • Based on available empirical data and modelling results, 2-nitrotoluene is expected to be persistent in air, water, soil and sediments but is not expected to bioaccumulate. (gc.ca)
  • Here we put forward a simple model based on mechanical principles capable of capturing the result of the interaction between mechanical forces and cell wall weakening via hydrolysis of glucosidic bonds. (ku.dk)
  • As a result of this alarming problem, the CPSC currently proposes banning the sale of this product to consumers. (medscape.com)
  • The combination of decreased mill gap space from 1 to 0.05 mm and addition of GH10 xylanase, resulted in a homogenous LOB product and solubilization of all available AX. (lu.se)
  • Recent studies of chronic effects in animals indicate that cancer is associated with exposure to commercial-grade TDI (an 80:20 mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-TDI) and 2,4-TDA, a hydrolysis product of TDI. (cdc.gov)
  • Results show that flourishing scores remain lower for Hubei than non-Hubei residents almost two years following the early 2020 COVID-19 outbreak. (bvsalud.org)
  • Literature results concerning effects of extrusion on dry pet foods, however, are scarce. (researchgate.net)
  • As a result, developing advanced (second- and third-generation) liquid biofuels have been identified as better alternatives and are considered to be of great importance in the future. (kth.se)
  • Finally, a genetic absence of the receptor for calcitriol results in deficient calcification. (medscape.com)
  • The resulting materials exhibit low-to-medium storage and loss moduli, and as such, are applicable as general-purpose adhesives. (nature.com)
  • The use of acamprosate (sales data Sweden 2018) has been considered to result in insignificant environmental risk. (janusinfo.se)
  • A Better Way to Find RNA Virus Needles in the Proverbial Database Haystacks Researchers combed through more than 5,000 data sets of RNA sequences generated from diverse environmental samples around the world, resulting in a five-fold increase of RNA virus diversity. (doe.gov)
  • These scattered results clearly indicated that new exercises are needed to ensure quality in hair testing. (erowid.org)
  • These studies have used to hydrolysis of FAs depends on the types of catalysts, types of vegetable oils and also depends on the different variables such as temperature and time to achieve 100% hydrolysis of vegetable oils. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even small changes, such as proton migration from Step 2 to Step 3 result in a a large increase in energy, typically several tens of Kcal/mol, and only after the system relaxes completely are the Δ H f given here obtained. (openmopac.net)
  • The present review discusses the results of studies investigating the impact of extrusion cooking on the nutritional quality of dry pet foods. (researchgate.net)
  • Hydrolysis of oils and fats is the applied term to the operation in which ethanolic KOH reacts with oil to form glycerol and fatty acids (FAs). (biomedcentral.com)