Results chromosomal abnormalities. Medical search. Frequent questions

Diseases may also occur because of chromosomal translocation in which portions of two chromosomes are exchanged. (medicinenet.com)
It also possesses a reciprocal chromosomal translocation of Chromosomes 9 and 22 which created a Philadelphia chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Two recent epidemiologic studies reported that the association between pesticide exposures and risk of NHL was largely limited to NHL cases with the chromosomal translocation t(14;18). (cdc.gov)
This case of acute monoblastic leukemia presents a combination of rare chromosomal abnormalities including the unbalanced translocation der(19)t(17;19)(q23;p13.3), hitherto un-reported in AML. (biomedcentral.com)
Discrimination of the four different MLL translocation partner genes was not possible by agarose gel analysis due to a molecular heterogeneity of the 11q23 breakpoints resulting in PCR products of variable size. (understandinginterventions.org)
For this reason, automatic fluorescence-based DNA-fragment analysis was used to exactly define the MLL translocation partner genes if a positive result had been obtained by agarose gel analysis. (understandinginterventions.org)
Following my second lost pregnancy, a blood test discovered I have a balanced translocation , a chromosomal condition that results in a higher rate of miscarriage. (scarymommy.com)
Translocation- A chromosomal fragment gets moved to the other. (onphospitals.com)

Prenatal genetic screening (serum screening with or without nuchal translucency [NT] ultrasound or cell-free DNA screening) and diagnostic testing (chorionic villus sampling [CVS] or amniocentesis) options should be discussed and offered to all pregnant women regardless of maternal age or risk of chromosomal abnormality. (guidelinecentral.com)
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis are prenatal diagnostic procedures that are performed to detect fetal abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
The outcomes observed were rate of chromosomal abnormalities, additional anomalies detected at prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), additional anomalies detected at postnatal imaging and concordance between prenatal and postnatal diagnoses. (nih.gov)
The rate of chromosomal anomalies in fetuses with isolated BPC was 5.2% (95% CI, 0.9-12.7%) and there was no associated CNS anomaly detected at prenatal MRI or only after birth. (nih.gov)
It is the recommended first-tier test for patients undergoing prenatal diagnosis for the indication of a fetal structural abnormality detected by ultrasound (unless the structural abnormality is strongly suggestive of a specific aneuploidy, in which case, karyotype with or without fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] may be offered before genomic microarray). (arupconsult.com)
ClariTest ® Core is a non-invasive prenatal screen (NIPS) that identifies the risk for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. (bioreference.com)
Nowadays, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends prenatal genetic screenings for "all pregnant patients regardless of maternal age or risk of chromosomal abnormality. (findlaw.com)
This test, the Panorama prenatal test, is more accurate than ultrasound scanning and is big news because it also helps detect chromosomal abnormalities significantly earlier than in the past. (gulfshorelife.com)
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a blood test taken from the mother that uses cutting-edge DNA technology to evaluate with remarkable accuracy whether a pregnancy has a high chance of certain chromosomal conditions - including Trisomy 21 - Down's Syndrome, Trisomy 18 - Edward's Syndrome and Trisomy 13 - Patau's Syndrome. (enherts-tr.nhs.uk)
Environmental variables, such as prenatal drugs, may also have a role in chromosomal irregularities. (onphospitals.com)
Couples who are thinking of having a baby should speak with their health care practitioner about the risks of genetic abnormalities (prenatal genetic counseling). (msdmanuals.com)
Preimplantation Genetic Testing Prenatal diagnostic testing involves testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic. (msdmanuals.com)

Individuals exposed to pesticides have also been found to have an increased prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities including the t(14;18)(q32;q21), one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in NHL. (cdc.gov)

This test is done to find out if the baby has a chromosomal abnormality, like Down syndrome . (epnet.com)
Antenatal screening for Down Syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities: increasingly complex issues. (nih.gov)
Often, however, the combination of clinical features is not diagnostic of a particular syndrome but may nevertheless still suggest that a chromosomal imbalance is the likely underlying cause of the abnormality. (bmj.com)
It helps to determine whether the fetus is at risk for a chromosomal abnormality (such as Down syndrome) or birth defects (such as heart problems). (kidshealth.org)
This test checks cells from the placenta to see if they have a chromosomal abnormality (such as Down syndrome). (kidshealth.org)
Because she was 43, the risk of Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities should have been about 1 in 50. (washingtonian.com)
Over the last decade, this kind of genetic test has become the go-to method for screening pregnancies for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome, and it's reduced the number of invasive amniocentesis procedures dramatically. (npr.org)
Of all the chromosomal abnormalities that result in spontaneous abortion or miscarriage, Turner's syndrome is the most common, accounting for about 20 percent of all miscarriages. (encyclopedia.com)
Other intersex individuals may have genetically inherited chromosomal abnormalities such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which may result in masculinization of the genitals in people born with XX chromosomes, or androgen insensitivity syndrome, when the body doesn't respond to testosterone and a person has XY chromosomes and feminized genitalia. (mentalfloss.com)
The New York Times reported that for DiGeorge syndrome, a positive result has an 81% chance of being wrong. (findlaw.com)
Collectively, the screening panel detected 273 pathogenic single-nucleotide or small insertion/deletion variants, 35 copy number variations, and 1 chromosomal abnormality (Klinefelter syndrome). (clinicforspecialchildren.org)

Patients with a negative screening test result should be made aware that this substantially decreases their risk of the targeted aneuploidy but does not ensure that the fetus is unaffected. (guidelinecentral.com)
The counselor should also discuss both the mother's and father's risk(s) for transmitting genetic abnormalities to the fetus. (cdc.gov)
This results in lack of fetus, placenta and amniotic membranes. (pregnancy-info.net)
These issues include chromosomal abnormalities and fetus development problems. (healthline.com)
It's done to see whether the fetus is at risk for a chromosomal disorder, and can be done from 10 weeks on. (kidshealth.org)
Genetic problems resulting in an abnormality of the developing fetus can be a major cause of miscarriage. (resolve.org)
Either partner or even both may be genetically predisposed to passing on a abnormality to the fetus. (resolve.org)
These are a type of screening that use DNA from the fetus in a sample of a mother's blood to determine the baby's gender and if the baby is at risk for chromosomal abnormalities. (findlaw.com)
Chromosomal Disorder pregnancy is a situation where the developing fetus has some chromosomal disorder. (onphospitals.com)

Early embryos that are nonviable (because they show chromosomal abnormalities) and miscarried very early in pregnancy are more likely to be male, while the embryos that miscarry later in the first-trimester are more likely to be female, for reasons that remain unclear. (ox.ac.uk)

Infections such as German measles ( rubella ), herpes simplex, ureaplasma , cytomegalovirus and chlamydia can affect fetal development and in some cases, result in miscarriage. (resolve.org)
The environmental toxins you may be exposed to in the air around you can also result in fetal damage or miscarriage, especially if you experience regular exposure after 20 weeks of pregnancy. (resolve.org)
Studies also indicate that the use of marijuana, tobacco, caffeine and alcohol all can affect fetal development and result in miscarriage. (resolve.org)
Before the age of 40, the risk of miscarriage is about 15 per cent, and it can rise to about 40 per cent in women over the age of 40, mostly because of genetic abnormalities. (healthy.net)
Chromosomal abnormalities are the most common reason for a miscarriage and are usually the result of a one off genetic abnormality in the baby that is unlikely to recur. (healthy.net)
Not all abnormalities always end in a miscarriage. (healthy.net)
Risk factors include older age in the woman, a family history of genetic abnormalities, a previous baby with a birth defect or miscarriage, and a chromosomal abnormality in one of the prospective parents. (msdmanuals.com)

Abnormal karyotype - approximately 95% of cases result from chromosomal non-disjunction of chromosome 21 (47,XX,+21 or 47,XY,+21) at conception. (cdc.gov)
Others can arise from the presence of an abnormal gene in any autosome: if the gene is dominant, it results always in what is called a dominant condition, whereas if it is recessive many of these diseases appear only when the gene is inherited from both parents (and are thus called recessive conditions). (who.int)
3 SD below the mean), approximately half had at least one neurologic abnormality, and among 27 who had neuroimaging studies, all were abnormal. (cdc.gov)
If the results are abnormal, another test must confirm or rule out the diagnosis. (kidshealth.org)
An abnormal result does not necessarily mean that your baby has a condition - but more testing might be needed. (kidshealth.org)
Many abnormal phenotypes are associated with chromosomal imbalances. (arupconsult.com)
Furthermore, the results of methylation‑specific PCR revealed that the abnormal methylation status of the MEG3 promoter region was present in eight of the 39 bone marrow samples collected. (spandidos-publications.com)

However, patients should be informed that this approach may delay definitive diagnosis and will fail to identify some fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities. (guidelinecentral.com)
How is fetal reduction used when one of the fetuses has a chromosomal abnormality? (creatingafamily.org)

The genetic abnormality can range from minuscule to major -- from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosomal abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. (medicinenet.com)
Because chromosomes are the carriers of the genetic material, abnormalities in chromosome number or structure can result in disease. (medicinenet.com)
As the rate of mitosis increases, defects in the nuclear spindles form, which results in atypical chromosomes, such as those found in HAP1 cells. (wikipedia.org)
More than half of all first trimester miscarriages are the result of problems with the fetus's chromosomes . (healthline.com)
Genetic defects sometimes result in changes in the chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
By comparing their results with data previously published by other research groups, UNIGE researchers noticed that this specific chromosomes organization correlates with DNA position in the cell nucleus. (unige.ch)
The most common chromosomal abnormality diagnosed is a situation where there are three chromosomes in the pair instead of two. (healthy.net)
Cytogenomic SNP microarray testing is used to identify genomic imbalances (deletions and duplications) and may be used to further characterize abnormalities identified by chromosome analysis, including unbalanced translocations, recombinant chromosomes, markers, and ring chromosomes. (arupconsult.com)
A chromosomal abnormality occurs when mitosis and meiosis produce a different proportion of chromosomes as anticipated. (onphospitals.com)

Even if patients have a negative screening test result, they may choose diagnostic testing later in pregnancy, particularly if additional findings become evident such as fetal anomalies identified on ultrasound examination. (guidelinecentral.com)
A molar pregnancy occurs when chromosomal abnormalities prevent the pregnancy from developing properly. (pregnancy-info.net)
However, although my last IVF cycle did not result in a pregnancy, it had been a very productive one and did result in two healthy blastocysts (five-day old embryos) that had been frozen for us to use at a later time. (easternharmonyclinic.com)
Yet for her pregnancy it was 1 in 90 because the egg that resulted in Anne's pregnancy was chronologically only 40 years old, having been frozen in 2010 after an acrimonious divorce left her wondering if she'd ever be able to have biological kids. (washingtonian.com)
One study reports that 50-60% of all miscarriages in the first three months of pregnancy are due to chromosomal abnormalities. (resolve.org)
Another cause of the structural problems is DES exposure, resulting in a T-shaped uterus also contributes to pregnancy loss. (resolve.org)
The idea is that the detection of an abnormality as early as 10 weeks into a pregnancy can help parents decide whether to terminate the pregnancy or start preparing to raise a child with a certain genetic condition. (findlaw.com)
The resulting embryos can then be transferred to the woman's uterus with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy. (calcuttayellowpages.com)

Pesticides , chromosomal aberrations, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (cdc.gov)
Hematological disorders are typically associated with hematopoietic stem cells mutations and chromosomal aberrations such as aneuploidy or euploidy ( Zagozdzon and Golab, 2015 ZAGOZDZON, R. and GOLAB, J., 2015. (scielo.br)
Of the 49 babies with multiple malformations, 21 (42.8%) had recog- nized syndromes, most of which were autosomal recessive and 17 had chromosomal aberrations. (who.int)
There is a higher incidence of major · congenital malformations among Arabs of Chromosomal aberrations the Gulf region [ 12,13 ]. (who.int)

As a result, twin studies of psychiatric disorders are greatly contributing to the elucidation of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of psychiatric conditions. (springer.com)
The results warrant further large randomized controlled trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. (cra-rhone-alpes.org)
Cell differentiation which does not happen as expected results in chromosomal disorders. (onphospitals.com)
With the development and progression of MM, several distinct patterns of genetic aberration are recognized, including cytogenetic abnormalities, chromosomal aberration and signaling pathway disorders ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Genetic factors include developmental disorders, genetic changes and chromosomal abnormalities. (bvsalud.org)

Examples of recurrent chromosomal imbalances include well characterised conditions such as the common trisomies, which can be studied by classical cytogenetic techniques. (bmj.com)
Detects small copy number variants (CNVs) and further characterizes chromosomal abnormalities identified by conventional cytogenetic methods on direct and cultured amniotic fluid and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) specimens. (arupconsult.com)
For other fetal testing to detect cytogenetic abnormalities, refer to the Laboratory Test Directory . (arupconsult.com)

Twelve copy number abnormalities were identified in 12 patients (24% of the total): seven deletions (six apparently de novo and one inherited from a phenotypically normal parent) and five duplications (one de novo and four inherited from phenotypically normal parents). (bmj.com)
Chromosome analysis has limited ability to detect copy number abnormalities less than 10-15 Mb in size. (arupconsult.com)

One in 10 stillbirths are the result of a genetic or structural birth defect. (healthline.com)
Tests also can help health care providers find things like a birth defect or a chromosomal abnormality. (kidshealth.org)
Tests can also tell you things about your baby's health, like whether your child has a birth defect or a chromosomal abnormality. (cookchildrens.org)

Chromosomal abnormalities typically occur due to a problem with cell division. (medicinenet.com)
In addition, erratic chromosomal rearrangements may occur in AML, sometimes unbalanced and also accompanied by other abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomal irregularities are chromosomal variations that can occur throughout growth. (onphospitals.com)
Overview of Birth Defects Birth defects, also called congenital anomalies, are physical abnormalities that occur before a baby is born. (msdmanuals.com)

If an enlarged nuchal translucency or an anomaly is identified on ultrasound examination, the patient should be offered genetic counseling and diagnostic testing for genetic conditions as well as a comprehensive ultrasound evaluation including detailed ultrasonography at 18-22 weeks of gestation to assess for structural abnormalities. (guidelinecentral.com)
DWM apparently isolated on ultrasound imaging is a condition with a high risk for chromosomal and associated structural anomalies. (nih.gov)

Constitutional chromosomal imbalance is often associated with learning disability, dysmorphism, congenital anomalies, and abnormalities of growth. (bmj.com)

FISH probes designed to detect subtelomeric rearrangements have given a significant diagnostic yield of around 6% in patients with unexplained learning disability and dysmorphic features, 1- 3 but interstitial chromosomal deletions and duplications are not detectable using this method. (bmj.com)
4, 5 Its sensitivity has been refined to permit detection of chromosomal deletions as small as 3 Mb. (bmj.com)

Genomic microarray can detect chromosomal imbalances at a much higher level of resolution than standard chromosome analysis. (arupconsult.com)

Patients with a positive screening test result for fetal aneuploidy should undergo genetic counseling and a comprehensive ultrasound evaluation with an opportunity for diagnostic testing to confirm results. (guidelinecentral.com)
Patients whose cell-free DNA screening test results are not reported by the laboratory or are uninterpretable (a no‐call test result) should be informed that test failure is associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy, receive further genetic counseling and be offered comprehensive ultrasound evaluation and diagnostic testing. (guidelinecentral.com)
This combines an ultrasound with a blood test to see whether your baby is at risk for (not whether your baby has) a chromosomal abnormality. (kidshealth.org)

We integrated whole-exome sequencing (WES) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) into a clinical workflow to serve an endogamous, uninsured, agrarian community. (clinicforspecialchildren.org)

It can arise as a consequence of genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, perinatal complications or environmental influences. (lancaster.ac.uk)

It results from a chromosomal abnormality where cells of affected individuals contain a third copy of chromosome 21 (1% of the human genome). (unige.ch)

Some chromosomal abnormalities albeit recurrent are rare such as tetrasomy 8 or isochromosome 5p. (biomedcentral.com)

Deletion- A chromosomal segment has been removed or is lacking. (onphospitals.com)

Marrow karyotype revealed a clonal chromosomal abnormality which included trisomy 8 and absence of the Y chromosome. (karger.com)
Trisomy 8 either as a sole or as an additional abnormality is the most common among numerical abnormalities associated with AML [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Such factors include a tradition of consanguineous marriage , which results in a higher rate of autosomal recessive conditions including congenital malformations, stillbirths, or mental retardation. (who.int)

A number of adverse events can damage the gonads and result in decreased hormone levels. (encyclopedia.com)

In addition, concern has been increasing among health-care providers and public health officials about the potential occurrence of birth defects resulting from CVS (2). (cdc.gov)
What Are Chromosomal defects? (onphospitals.com)

This study brings together five different data sets mainly from the USA, including a data on early-stage embryos, amniocentesis results from around 800,000 patients, and foetal death and live birth data from 1995 through 2004 in the USA. (ox.ac.uk)
But female embryos experience higher mortality overall: that suggests something other than chromosomal abnormalities is at play, and whatever that is may subtly adjust the proportions of male and female babies born, depending on social, environmental, and geographic circumstances. (ox.ac.uk)
My husband and I decided to move forward with in vitro fertilization (IVF) because our embryos could be tested for the chromosomal abnormalities prior to implantation. (scarymommy.com)

Our bodies are composed of cells that have developed as a result of mitosis. (onphospitals.com)

Distinguishes high- and low-risk results with greater discrimination 11 *z-score: a numerical measurement used in statistics of a value's relationship to the mean (average) of a group of values, measured in terms of standard deviations from the mean. (bioreference.com)

Developmental disorder or developmental disability means a severe, chronic disability of an individual who has a mental or physical impairment by the age of 22 which is likely to continue indefinitely and results in substantial functional limitations in three or more areas of major life activity. (kennedykrieger.org)
It can be done from weeks 10 to 13, and can tell for sure if a baby will be born with a specific chromosomal disorder. (kidshealth.org)
In some cases, a disorder results in variations around a common outcome while in other cases the developmental trajectory is more heterogeneous. (lancaster.ac.uk)
Women above the age of 35 are more likely to have a chromosomal disorder. (onphospitals.com)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comprises a spectrum of myeloid malignancies which are often associated with distinct chromosomal abnormalities, and the analysis of such abnormalities provides us with important information for disease classification, treatment selection and prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)

If hypogonadism occurs prenatally (even if incomplete), sexual ambiguity may result. (encyclopedia.com)
If hypogonadism occurs after puberty, infertility and sexual dysfunction result. (encyclopedia.com)

Researchers found that adding carfilzomib to standard treatment (lenalidomide and dexamethasone) resulted in 8.7 months of longer remission, almost 50 percent longer than the standard two-drug combination (26.3 months versus 17.6 months). (sciencedaily.com)

Chromosomal abnormalities are common in cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
The study found that chromosomal abnormalities that would normally make the embryo nonviable are more common in males. (ox.ac.uk)

If karyotype available, report results. (cdc.gov)
Inability to karyotype some cases at high-risk for SCA, due to patients' choice, and the occurrence of miscarriages and terminations, resulted in the exclusion of high-risk cases when calculating PPV. (medscape.com)

Although it was originally thought that epigenetic changes occurred as a result of environmental factors, and thus were not transmittable, it is now known that such changes might possibly be transmitted between generations. (springer.com)
Hemifacial microsomia can be genetic, environmental, or mixed, yet most cases result from multifactorial inheritance. (bvsalud.org)

Hematological and hematopoietic cells malignancies of the genes and hematopoietic cells are associated with the genetic mutation, often at the chromosomal level. (scielo.br)
DNA methylation, a form of epigenetic control of gene transcription, refers to cytosine methylation at position 5 in the pyrimidine ring, which can result in inappropriate silencing of genes involved in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and cell cycle arrest ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

It is thought that up to half of all miscarriages are due to a genetic abnormality. (healthy.net)

In patients with leukemia, this assay may enable a fast and highly sensitive detection of different 11q23 abnormalities, which usually correlate with poor clinical prognosis. (understandinginterventions.org)

This study recommends that karyotyping should be tested frequently in hematological conditions because it may provide insight into the relative chromosomal changes associated with particular malignancies. (scielo.br)

The use of multiple serum screening approaches performed independently (eg, a first-trimester screening test followed by a quad screen as an unlinked test) is not recommended because it will result in an unacceptably high positive screening rate and could deliver contradictory risk estimates. (guidelinecentral.com)
It's usually offered to pregnant women at higher risk because they're older or have had a baby with a chromosomal abnormality. (kidshealth.org)
Couples can also ask their doctor to determine whether their risk of having a baby with a hereditary genetic abnormality is higher than average. (msdmanuals.com)

Selenium is known to protect against chromosomal (DNA) damage by protecting the body against toxins and pollutants, and future research may demonstrate the importance of prospective parents having good levels of this mineral in the months before conception, when both sperm and eggs are maturing. (healthy.net)

One laboratory providing this type of test claims that it provides "accurate, reliable results" and can help parents "create a confident plan. (findlaw.com)

Before administering Trisenox, assess the QTc interval, correct electrolyte abnormalities, and consider discontinuing drugs known to prolong QTc interval. (centerwatch.com)
To assess the accuracy of the screening panel results, 48 samples were selected on the basis of prior whole exome sequencing results. (clinicforspecialchildren.org)
The later amination were carried out to assess the survival or reproduction of the affected in- major congenital abnormalities. (who.int)

In the treatment of multiple myeloma, the addition of carfilzomib to a currently accepted two-drug combination produced significantly better results than using the two drugs alone, according to a worldwide research team. (sciencedaily.com)

Chorionic villus sampling is a test that is done to look for chromosomal abnormalities in the baby. (epnet.com)

In some cases, an affected person inherits a gene mutation or chromosomal abnormality from one affected parent . (medlineplus.gov)

Report whether autopsy (pathology) findings are available and if so, report the results. (cdc.gov)

New research has challenged the prevailing belief that the higher proportion of male babies born in the general population results from a higher proportion of males being conceived. (ox.ac.uk)
A new blood test recently became available to expectant mothers allowing them to learn the chromosomal makeup and sex of their unborn babies at just nine weeks. (gulfshorelife.com)
ABSTRACT We investigated major congenital abnormalities in babies born in Al Jahra Hospital, Kuwait from January 2000 to December 2001. (who.int)

Abnormalities in an individual's genetic makeup cause genetic disease. (medicinenet.com)
A genetic disease is any disease caused by an abnormality in the genetic makeup of an individual. (medicinenet.com)

Anatomy61

Diseases76

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment55

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes98

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science5

Named Groups1

Health Care18

Geographicals3

Translocation8

Prenatal12

Prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities1

Syndrome11

Fetus9

Show chromosomal abnormalities1

Miscarriage7

Abnormal7

Fetuses2

Chromosomes9

Pregnancy8

Aberrations4

Disorders5

Cytogenetic3

Copy number abnormalities2

Birth defect3

Occur4

Structural2

Congenital anomalies1

Deletions2

Imbalances1

Ultrasound3

Microarray analysis1

Perinatal1

Chromosome 211

Recurrent1

Deletion1

Trisomy2

Including congenital malformations1

Hormone Levels1

Defects2

Embryos3

Mitosis1

Numerical1

Disorder4

Myeloid1

Occurs2

Remission1

Common2

Karyotype2

Environmental2

Genes2

Miscarriages1

Clinical1

Malignancies1

Risk3

Sperm1

Laboratory1

Assess3

Significantly1

Baby1

Cases1

Findings1

Babies3

Makeup2