• The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade by H 2 O 2 and subsequent upregulation of specific stress-related genes in Arabidopsis is a perfect example of ROS-mediated stress-response [ 5 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The mechanism of stress-response in plants is highly intricate and requires several integrated pathways to be activated in response to external stresses. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, with nine diverse groups of plant hormones participating in defense responses, their signaling pathways are intricately interconnected to facilitate the generation of a sophisticated and efficient stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Responses to abiotic and biotic stresses - from the cellular level to fruit development - contributions of the Czech Centre for Experimental Plant Biology. (muni.cz)
  • In this review, we summarize the roles of the major plant hormones in regulating abiotic and biotic stress responses with special focus on the significance of crosstalk between different hormones in generating a sophisticated and efficient stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
  • These have been illustrated with examples drawn from selected abiotic and biotic stress responses. (beds.ac.uk)
  • This is one of the critical stages of embryogenesis, when an immature embryo becomes independent of some physiological factors, in particular, hormones (mainly auxins, cytokinins, and ABA) of a maternal organism. (springer.com)
  • Because of the complex interactions among various plant hormones and their ability to control a wide range of physiological processes, they serve as the key endogenous factors in mediating plant stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
  • To investigate the effects of foliar application of cytokinin on the physiological traits and yield of wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with tree replications was conducted at the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty, University of Zanjan, during the 2016 cropping seasons. (ac.ir)
  • MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins, Kn (0.1-1.0 mg L-1) and BA (0.1-1.0 mg L-1), individually and in combination was used to study the bud proliferation and shoot induction responses in ivy gourd. (kau.in)
  • At higher concentrations of both hormones, these antagonistic interactions between cytokinin and auxin are absent. (answerlib.org)
  • Plant responses to ambient temperature fluctuations and water-limiting conditions: a proteome-wide perspective. (muni.cz)
  • Cytokinins are essential plant hormones. (answerlib.org)
  • Does cytokinins affect plant growth? (answerlib.org)
  • The gaseous hormone ethylene plays a key role in plant growth and development, and it is a major regulator of stress responses. (answerlib.org)
  • The discussion on seed dormancy and germination serves to illustrate the fine balance that can be enforced by the two key hormones ABA and GA in regulating plant responses to environmental signals. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The distribution of auxins, which promote the lengthwise growth of plants, is correlated with the distribution of the growth regions of the plant. (britannica.com)
  • In addition to promoting normal growth in plant length, auxins influence the growth of stems toward the light ( phototropism ) and against the force of gravity ( geotropism ). (britannica.com)
  • The Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) and the woody plant medium (WPM) were used, enhanced with auxin and 1 mg·L −1 mT or 1 mg·L −1 BA. (mdpi.com)
  • Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. (answerlib.org)
  • Other auxin-like compounds are used as selective weed killers (e.g., to disturb the leaf growth of dicotyledonous plants either in fields containing monocotyledonous cereal crops or on lawns) and as agents that remove leaves from dicotyledonous plants (defoliating agents). (britannica.com)
  • A rapid increase in the rate of ROS production, known as 'the oxidative burst', occurs as a response to stress conditions [ 3 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • the geotropic response occurs because more auxin accumulates along the lower side of the coleoptile than along the upper side. (britannica.com)
  • The elaborate hormone signaling networks and their ability to crosstalk make them ideal candidates for mediating defense responses. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Many animal hormones may exert their effects by influencing protein synthesis , and evidence suggests that auxins may act in a similar way. (britannica.com)
  • What do cytokinins do for growth? (answerlib.org)
  • To adapt to such adverse situations, plants have evolved well-developed mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signal and enable optimal growth response. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Many other naturally occurring and synthetic compounds called auxins also have growth-promoting properties, but they are not always as active as IAA. (britannica.com)
  • The downward growth of roots is also associated with a greater quantity of auxin in their lower halves. (britannica.com)
  • This effect, which is the opposite to that found in coleoptiles, is attributed to an inhibitory action of auxins on root growth, but this aspect of auxin action is not yet fully understood. (britannica.com)
  • We focus on controlling morphological and histochemical responses of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) of bamboo node by using a simple and versatile liquid culture system. (scirp.org)
  • Besides auxin, cytokinin (CK) is also involved in root organogenesis. (answerlib.org)
  • The increase in intracellular Ca 2+ levels in response to the adverse environmental conditions is detected by calcium binding proteins that function as Ca 2+ sensors [ 1 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • they move upward from the roots in the xylem (woody tissue) and thus do not show the movement characteristic of auxins. (britannica.com)
  • this feature is of great value in research and in horticulture , because auxin action can be prolonged. (britannica.com)
  • Nonetheless, Ca 2+ and ROS-mediated responses of plants to environmental constraints just form the tip of the iceberg. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The five major groups of plant hormones - auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic - acid are distinguished by their chemical structures and the response they evoke within the plant (see Table 4.1). (umn.edu)
  • Auxins stimulate growth through cell elongation, which is integral to the plant's responses to environmental changes. (umn.edu)
  • Connect specific hormones to plant responses and how they are used in plant propagation. (umn.edu)
  • These cellular responses to hormones can lead to changes we see in the plant, such as movement towards light, a transition from vegetative growth to flowering, or the closing of leaf stomata due to drought stress. (umn.edu)
  • Hormones are often made in one cell and translocated to other cells where they are perceived, and the response may occur far away from the site of hormone synthesis. (umn.edu)
  • Responses to hormones are studied through exogenous application of the chemical to a plant tissue - the hormone is applied to the outside (exo) of the plant and observations are made on how the plant responds. (umn.edu)
  • The hormones used in plant propagation can be naturally occurring and found in many plants, or can be synthetic or synthesized to mimic the structure and response of a naturally occurring hormone. (umn.edu)
  • Synthetic hormones are often used instead of naturally occurring versions because they are less expensive to obtain, may cause greater or longer lasting responses, and can be less susceptible to degradation in the plant and during storage. (umn.edu)
  • Auxins are a group of hormones that play a key role in plant growth and development. (physics-network.org)
  • This triggers an elongation response in the stem, causing the plant to grow taller as if reaching out for more sunlight (known as shade avoidance). (physics-network.org)
  • Changes in the abundance of PIN family auxin transport proteins and synthetic lethality with a mutation in the auxin transport regulator BIG suggest that the directional flow of auxin is modulated by RGLG activity. (nih.gov)
  • Similar associations characterized the growth-promoting cytokinin response regulator ARR1, and the wood development genes KAK and MED5A . (nature.com)
  • Auxins are a group of related molecules that are involved in almost every aspect of the plant's life cycle. (umn.edu)
  • The physical basis of phototropic response lies in the plant's ability to sense light, detect its direction, and then grow towards it. (physics-network.org)
  • Variation around the tightly-linked light response genes PHYC and FRS10 correlated with latitude and longitude and temperature, and with precipitation for PHYC . (nature.com)
  • The contrasting responses of some key flowering induction pathway genes provides new insights into the divergence of GA-DELLA regulations between annual and perennial species in GA-DELLA signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the physiology of maize subjected to salinity shows various responses that depend on the genetic responses and growth stages. (intechopen.com)
  • Later, zeatin was identified as the first naturally occurring cytokinin in immature maize endosperm ( Letham, 1973 ), and turns out to be the abundant cytokinin in coconut milk. (bioone.org)
  • It is the non-directional movement of a plant in response to change in temperature. (senorcafe.com)
  • It is the directional response of a plant part to the touch of an object. (senorcafe.com)
  • Naturally occurring cytokinins are adenine derivatives with distinct substitutions attached to the N6position of the adenine ring ( Figure 1 ). (bioone.org)
  • The diagram below shows indoleacetic acid (IAA, illustrated with pink dots), a naturally occurring auxin, moving from the sunny to the shady side of a shoot tip. (umn.edu)
  • We will dive deep into the chemical and biological processes involved and examine the role of key molecules, such as auxin and phytochrome. (physics-network.org)
  • You will discover how these molecules interact with each other and with light to trigger growth responses in plants. (physics-network.org)
  • Here, we specifically discuss how the mutual antagonism between the signalling of auxin and SA impacts on plant growth and defence. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, the synergism between auxin and JA benefits a class of plant pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • Since their discovery, cytokinins have been implicated to play a role in almost all aspects of plant growth and development, including cell division, shoot initiation and growth, leaf senescence, and photomorphogenic development ( Mok and Mok, 1994 ). (bioone.org)
  • In addition to the free base forms, cytokinins can also be present in the plant as a riboside (in which a ribose sugar is attached to the 9 nitrogen of the purine ring) or a ribotide (in which the ribose moiety contains a phosphate group). (bioone.org)
  • rglg1 rglg2 double mutant plants exhibit loss of apical dominance and altered phyllotaxy, two traits critically influenced by the plant hormone auxin. (nih.gov)
  • During this time, the auxin (pink dots) that lies within the plant is evenly distributed. (umn.edu)
  • The repositioning of the sun causes the auxin to move the other side of the plant, and becomes more concentrated. (umn.edu)
  • The most common class of cytokinins have isoprenoid side chains, including the most abundant cytokinin in Arabidopsis, trans-zeatin. (bioone.org)
  • The differential accumulation of auxin on the shady side of the shoot causes those cells to increase growth and bends the shoot tip toward the light. (umn.edu)
  • We discuss how the effect of cytokinins (CKs) is multifaceted and is effective against a broad range of pathogens in mediating immunity. (nih.gov)
  • Gene duplicates from the paleohexaploid event were enriched for transcriptional regulation, whereas tandem duplicates were overrepresented by environmental responses. (nature.com)
  • Our results not only confirmed many previous DELLA study findings in annual species, but also revealed new DELLA targets and responses in grapevine, including the roles of homeodomain transcription factors as potential co-regulators with DELLA in controlling the development of grapevine which uniquely possess both vegetative and reproductive meristems at the same time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the presence of auxin (but not in its absence) kinetin stimulated tobacco pith parenchyma tissue to proliferate in culture. (bioone.org)
  • This can complicate the interpretation of responses to exogenous hormone applications. (umn.edu)
  • Home » Practical Applications » Medical Physics » Imaging Techniques » What Is The Physical Basis Of The Phototropic Response? (physics-network.org)