Responses requires role in antigen presentation antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

We demonstrate that specific T lymphocyte interaction with peptide-presenting APCs led to apoptosis in the APC population. (ox.ac.uk)
Antigen presentation leading to T lymphocyte activation is therefore coordinated with apoptosis in the APC population and could provide a mechanism of immune response regulation by eliminating APCs, which have fulfilled their role as specific ligands for T lymphocyte activation. (ox.ac.uk)
Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
That is, CTL expansion occurs if antigen is recognized on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). (cellml.org)
the latter are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that function as memory cells interacting with type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
Under these M cells and in close proximity, B cells, CD4 + T cells, and APCs (including dendritic follicular cells [DFCs]) are found. (medscape.com)
Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
B cells are highly efficient APCs in situations of low antigen concentrations. (hindawi.com)
Likewise, antigen/antibody complexes are bound by the FcR of APCs and processed in a unique fashion dependent on the epitope specificity of the bound antibody. (hindawi.com)
Antigens are processed in the lysosome and presented on MHC class I molecules at the cell surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). (technologynetworks.com)
Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)
The lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are arranged in a manner that optimizes interactions among antigens, APCs, and innate and adaptive effector cells. (jci.org)
However, the class II-positive APCs required for CD4 + T cell priming, effector differentiation, and parasite control have not been identified. (silverchair.com)
We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
The HLA-DR gene encodes for proteins that belong to the HLA class II family, which are found on the surface of specialized immune cells called antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (tangut.net)
APCs are responsible for detecting and presenting foreign antigens, such as viruses or bacteria, to other immune cells in order to trigger a response. (tangut.net)
Targets antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and monocytes and inhibits their release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor /GM-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor/G-CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. (cusabio.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
The principal cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocytes, APCs, and effector cells. (pediagenosis.com)
Leukocytes involved in the innate immune response, such as macrophages and DCs, also play a key role in adaptive immunity because they function as APCs. (pediagenosis.com)

They proliferate to activate B cells to make antibody responses and macrophages to destroy microorganisms that either invaded the macrophage were ingested by it. (nutritionfit.org)
The function of LPX is to protect from extracellular ribonucleases, mediate the efficient uptake of RNA and its expression of the encoded antigen (by DC population and macrophages) in various lymphoid compartment. (modernloveok.com)
RNA-LPX causes the release of interferon-a by macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (modernloveok.com)
MHC II-positive macrophages are a primary target of infection and a crucial effector cell controlling parasite growth, yet their function as antigen-presenting cells remains controversial. (silverchair.com)
Importantly, B cells, macrophages, and LCs are all MHC II-negative in these mice. (silverchair.com)
Leishmania major is an intracellular protozoan that infects and multiplies within macrophages, although it can also infect Langerhans cells (LCs), DCs, and neutrophils ( 1 , 2 ). (silverchair.com)
MHC II-positive B cells, macrophages, and DCs accumulate in draining LNs of resistant mice ( 3 ) and class II-deficient (A β b−/− ) mice cannot control the infection ( 4 ). (silverchair.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
In addition, controls the inflammatory response of macrophages by reprogramming essential metabolic pathways including mTOR signaling. (cusabio.com)
Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
When trimeric H3 HA was presented on liposomes, antigen delivery to macrophages was improved in vitro, and strong functional antibody responses were induced following intramuscular immunization of mice. (cdc.gov)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, macrophages, and other leukocytes function as effector cells in different immune responses. (pediagenosis.com)
Of the cells shown here, dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells are considered tissue-resident cells are typically not found in the bloodstream. (pocketdentistry.com)
The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
They can also stimulate the destruction of antigen by cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils by covering the surface of the antigen by the Fc portion of the antibodies in a process known as "opsonization. (medscape.com)

Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
The mechanisms described here refute the general assumption that B-cell presentation of self-antigens requires uptake via specific B-cell receptors, and may be important for maintenance of tolerance as well as for driving T-cell responses in autoimmune diseases. (regionh.dk)
Although innate immune cells do not respond to specific antigenic epitopes on pathogens, they do produce restricted responses to par- ticular classes of pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) (18). (cdc.gov)
T cells cannot recognize antigen alone, as for T cell receptors (TCRs), they can recognize only antigen bound to cell-membrane proteins (MHC molecules). (nutritionfit.org)
Mitochondrial antigen-specific T lymphocytes are then activated through binding of T cell receptors to MHC class I molecules. (technologynetworks.com)
LECs can modulate dendritic cell function, present antigens to T cells on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, and express immunomodulatory cytokines and receptors, which suggests that their roles in adaptive immunity are far more extensive than previously realized. (jci.org)
Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)
The recognition of specific surface antigens by lymphocytes is made possible because of the presence of specific receptors or antibodies on the surface of B and T lymphocytes. (pediagenosis.com)
Therefore, the lymphocytes are distinguished by their function and response to antigen, their cell membrane molecules and receptors, their types of secreted proteins, and their tissue location. (pediagenosis.com)
Although initially identified by co-expression of conventional αβ T-cell receptors (TCR) and markers typically associated with natural killer (NK) cells [ 3 ], NKT are currently distinguished on the basis of CD1d restriction as well as specific usage of TCRα chains [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It's the recognition of these peptide MHC complexes by the T cell antigen receptors that initiates most immune responses. (hstalks.com)

Dendritic cell as sentinel of the immune system plays an irreplaceable role. (medsci.org)
We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
Figure 1 shows a dendritic cell presenting a foreign antigen to a Cytotoxic T cell which than leads to a specific immune response. (modernloveok.com)
As noted above, a more vigorous dendritic cell presentation of antigens could trigger the immune response by T-cells. (oncolink.org)
Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
These properties have made lentiviral vectors advantageous for use in dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. (jci.org)
The primary trigger for CD4+ T-cell maturation is the presentation of an epitope peptide in the MHC class II antigen-presenting protein (MHCII), most commonly on an activated dendritic cell, and then the T-cell responses are recalled by subsequent presentations of the epitope peptide by the same or other antigen-presenting cells. (bvsalud.org)

Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise heterogeneous subsets of professional antigen-presenting cells, linking innate and adaptive immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have multiple subpopulations with different phenotypes and immune functions. (biomedcentral.com)

Protein disulfide-isomerase has been found to be involved in the breaking of bonds on the HIV gp120 protein during HIV infection of CD4 positive cells, and is required for HIV infection of lymphocytes and monocytes. (wikipedia.org)
In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes has been characterized extensively in terms of T lymphocyte activation and eventual cell death. (ox.ac.uk)
ABSTRACT: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses are required to fight many diseases such as viral infections and tumors. (cellml.org)
T cells (T lymphocytes) derive their names from the organs in which they develop in the thymus. (nutritionfit.org)
Together with memory B cells, lymphocytes that store specific antigen messages after antigen stimulation have lifespans of up to several decades. (nutritionfit.org)
DCs are able to activate T lymphocytes (capture, process, present antigen), activate B cells and are associated in the amplification of innate immune response (e.g. activation of natural killer cells). (modernloveok.com)
Cytokines produced than become part of the microenvironment that leads to immune responses which are capable of stimulating the development of effector T lymphocytes. (modernloveok.com)
3Structure of DCs (including antigen presenting to T cells):As shown in figure 1, dendritic cells are often rounded with reinform nuclei and a few or sometimes no dendrites.They can initiate adaptive immune response by presenting Pathogenic antigens to B or T lymphocytes. (modernloveok.com)
We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
MHC-I and MHC-II proteins are key components of the antigen presentation machinery responsible for neoantigen presentation to CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes, respectively. (portlandpress.com)
Lymphocytes make up approximately 36% of the total white cell count and are the primary cells of the adaptive immune response. (pediagenosis.com)
They arise from the lymphoid stem cell line in the bone marrow and differentiate into two distinct but inter-related cell types: the B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. (pediagenosis.com)
B lymphocytes are responsible for forming the antibodies that provide humoral immunity, whereas T lymphocytes provide cell-mediated immunity. (pediagenosis.com)
T and B lymphocytes are unique in that they are the only cells in the body capable of recognizing specific antigens present on the surfaces of microbial agents and other pathogens. (pediagenosis.com)
They are capable of processing complex antigens into epitopes, which are then displayed on their cell membranes in order to activate the appropriate lymphocytes. (pediagenosis.com)
In the body, helper T lymphocytes activate other lymphocytes and phagocytes, while regulatory T cells keep these cells in check so that an exaggerated immune response does not occur. (pediagenosis.com)
While T and B lymphocytes are generated from lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow, they do not stay there to mature. (pediagenosis.com)
The T lymphocytes first migrate to the thymus gland where they divide rapidly and develop extensive diversity in their ability to react against different antigens. (pediagenosis.com)
Unlike the T lymphocytes, where the entire cell is involved in the immune response, B lymphocytes secrete antibodies, which then act as the reactive agent in the immune process. (pediagenosis.com)
T and B lymphocytes possess all of the processes necessary for the adaptive immune response specificity, diversity, memory, and self-nonself recognition. (pediagenosis.com)
When antigens come in contact with the lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissues of the body, specific T cells become activated and specific B cells are stimulated to produce antibodies. (pediagenosis.com)
Cell-mediated and humoral immunity is capable of responding to millions of antigens each day because there is an enormous variety of lymphocytes that have been programmed and selected during cellular development. (pediagenosis.com)
Natural killer T (NKT) cells comprise a subset of lymphocytes originating from a distinct developmental lineage [ 1 ] which bridge innate and adaptive immunity and modulate immune responses in autoimmunity, malignancies and infections [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
the remainder arise from T lymphocytes or natural killer cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)
These cells, such as dendritic cells, process foreign antigens and then present them to T-cells, causing their intense activation. (oncolink.org)
Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)
They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

B cells may play both pathogenic and protective roles in T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). These functions relate to the ability of B cells to bind and present antigens. (regionh.dk)
Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)

These molecules (MHC I) are related to the peptide presentation by antigen-presenting cells in the immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Effect of NBD peptide on injury-induced neointimal formation The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a crucial step in the arterial wall's response to injury. (unina.it)
We have determined the outcome of major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted peptide presentation to a specific T cell. (ox.ac.uk)
Under serum-free conditions we observed that 3-4% of circulating B cells from healthy donors were capable of binding the MS-associated self-antigen myelin basic protein (MBP) and of presenting the immunodominant peptide MBP85-99, as determined by staining with the mAb MK16 recognising the peptide presented by HLA-DR15-positive cells. (regionh.dk)
CD8α + and CD11b + DCs can be infected in vitro ( 6 ), and T cell priming to an immunodominant L. major peptide is mediated by CD11b + DCs ( 7 ). (silverchair.com)
Finally, a recent study has shown that some EVs derived from platelets can elicit an immune response through antigen presentation, wherein a peptide-MHC class I complex and co-stimulatory molecules interactions occur at the immune synapse with CD8 + T cells [ 20 ] . (oaepublish.com)
EVs also contain functional proteasomes that can enable peptide generation for antigen presentation [ 20 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that more than 98% sCD40L-activated B cells were loaded by the HBcAg peptide. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, the peptide-pulsed activated B cells could induce HBcAg18-27 specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
The DCs are then pulsed with synthetic peptide or cell lysate and matured with cytokine or TLR agonists. (jci.org)
Endogenous synthesis of antigen results in efficient proteolytic peptide processing and presentation of peptide antigen on MHC class I proteins. (jci.org)
Peptide presentation depends on the proteolytic fragmentation of the antigen in an endosomal/lysosomal compartment and concomitant loading of the fragments into the MHCII, a multistep mechanism called antigen processing and presentation. (bvsalud.org)
Although the role of peptide affinity for MHCII has been well studied, the role of proteolytic fragmentation has received less attention. (bvsalud.org)

The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
In our recent research, we observed that adipocytes express MHC class II molecules and co-stimulatory molecules CD80/CD86, and that their expression significantly increases in response to high fat diet (HFD) challenges ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Autoantibodies can bind to basic structural molecules and interfere with the synthesis of structural elements and facilitate the uptake of antigen. (hindawi.com)
After processing, antigen is presented on MHC molecules. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, a critical role may exist for short-range acting factors, such as cell surface molecules. (nutritionfit.org)
Interestingly, dopaminergic (DA) neurons were shown to express MHC class I molecules in response to stressors linked to inflammation. (technologynetworks.com)
Traditionally, microcirculatory physiologists studied the essential transport functions of lymphatic vessels in removing fluid, molecules, and cells after leaking from blood vessels in the periphery and before returning them to the blood circulation. (jci.org)
The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
Biologic drugs that target specific immune cells or molecules have also been developed for certain conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. (tangut.net)
Interferes also with antigen presentation by reducing the expression of MHC-class II and co-stimulatory molecules, thereby inhibiting their ability to induce T cell activation. (cusabio.com)
Tregs express a set of immune suppressive molecules, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, to suppress other effector T cells' activities [5]. (peptidesprice.com)
The surface of the living cells is decorated by a complex layer of glycosylated molecules that store relevant biological information. (nature.com)
Antigen presentation refers to the display of short process peptides on so-called MHC, or major histocompatibility complex molecules. (hstalks.com)
As simply diagrammed here, class I MHC molecules display peptides which are derived from intracellular, i.e. cytosolic or nuclear proteins, which as we'll see in a moment, become loaded in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cell surface where they're recognized by CD8 T cells. (hstalks.com)
In contrast, class II MHC molecules capture and display peptides derived from exogenous proteins, i.e. proteins taken up into the cell by one or more forms of endocytosis, for example, bacterial toxins like tetanus toxin. (hstalks.com)
The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)

c) Effect of antibodies and antigen-specific B cells on antigen uptake. (hindawi.com)
This FcR-mediated antigen uptake is more efficient than antigen uptake by pinocytosis. (hindawi.com)
BCR-mediated antigen uptake can influence antigen processing and the nature of MHC-displayed T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
EVs from virally infected cells can also stimulate T cells either directly by presenting to T cells peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or indirectly through uptake by dendritic cells (DC) and subsequent processing of antigens for presentation, although the former has weaker cross-presentation ability [ 13 - 17 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Concurrent with this observation, L-MCs possessed significantly more antigen-uptake capacity compared to their counterparts from blood. (biomedcentral.com)
It is likely that L-DCs play an important role in antigen uptake and processing of respiratory pathogens and are major contributors to respiratory tract immunity and may be ideal tools for future in vitro or ex vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
More recent studies suggested that DCs derived from tissues without "danger" signal stimulation should be regarded as immature DCs, based on their major role in antigen uptake and endocytosis of antigens [ 11 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
After antigen uptake, DC rapidly migrate to the draining secondary lymphoid organ. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
MetT-PCP carried out deISGylation of the ISG15-conjugated cellular proteins, suggesting a possible role in combating cellular antiviral pathways. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In the thymus, developing T cell, known as thymocytes, proliferate and differentiate along developmental pathways that generate functionally distinct subpopulations of mature T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
Although dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells involved in numerous physiologic and pathologic processes, little is known about the signaling pathways that regulate DC activation and antigen-presenting function. (ox.ac.uk)
Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)
10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) can take up an array of different antigens, including microorganisms which they can process and present more effectively than any other antigen presenting cell. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibodies can bind to the different antigens causing agglutination and precipitation of the antigens leading to neutralization of the antigen effect. (medscape.com)

This is regulated by three ER membrane proteins, Protein Kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 (IRE1), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). (wikipedia.org)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
while both proteins have biologically relevant functions at the cell surface, neither one can locate there on its own. (microbiologyresearch.org)
One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
They play a role in various cellular processes, including intercellular communication, signaling, and immunity, and carry several biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can modulate cellular functions mostly by releasing their cargo inside the target cells via the endocytic pathway. (oaepublish.com)
This is a region located on chromosome 6 that encodes for proteins on the surface of immune cells, which are involved in the recognition and elimination of foreign substances. (tangut.net)
HLA proteins bind to specific antigens and present them to T cells, which are crucial for orchestrating the immune response. (tangut.net)
In this way, HLA DR proteins play a critical role in the recognition and elimination of pathogens and cancer cells. (tangut.net)
α-crystallin is a member of the small heat shock protein family, which helps in maintaining and thickening of the cell wall and in providing stability to proteins that allow the bacteria to survive under harsher conditions 7 . (nature.com)
Aggregated misfolded proteins in the ER cause cellular stress, which if unresolved can lead to cell death. (distantreader.org)
The 2022 William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Basic Immunology was shared by Drs. Vishva Dixit, Judy Lieberman, Feng Shao, and Hao Wu in recognition of the importance of their discoveries regarding gasdermins, the proteins that rip open cell membranes during an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. (cancerresearch.org)
Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
The nomenclature for the surface proteins utilizes the letters "CD" followed by a number that specifies the surface proteins that define a particular cell type or stage of cell differentiation and are recognized by a cluster or group of antibodies. (pediagenosis.com)
In this Perspective, we will briefly summarize evidence that antigen resistance to unfolding and proteolytic fragmentation shapes the specificity of the CD4+ T-cell response to selected viral envelope proteins, identify several remarkable examples in which the immunodominant CD4+ epitopes most likely depend on the interaction of processing machinery with antigen conformation, and outline how knowledge of antigen conformation can inform future efforts to design vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
We have found a total 15 potential antigenic proteins out of which 14 antigens are novel and can be used for further vaccine development against monkeypox. (bvsalud.org)

Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. (mdpi.com)
This paper, published in the scientific journal Science Translational Medicine on August 30, 2017, represents an important step in improving understanding of the role played by immunity in dengue viral infection. (pasteur.fr)
These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)
Inherited mutations in the HLA-DR gene can also have an impact on an individual's ability to mount an immune response against viral infections or cancer. (tangut.net)
Hasnain, Sumaira Z title: Immune regulation of the unfolded protein response at the mucosal barrier in viral infection date: 2018-04-03 journal: Clin Transl Immunology DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1014 sha: 6a80b22e84d2692545c6f11d7cb4c96602a25c39 doc_id: 3122 cord_uid: 07dlf3zw Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is subject to stringent quality control. (distantreader.org)
ER stress and activation of the UPR are natural mechanisms by which mucosal epithelial cells combat viral infections. (distantreader.org)
In addition, we review current insights into how the UPR is involved in viral infection at mucosal barriers and potential therapeutic strategies that restore epithelial cell integrity following acute viral infections via cytokine and cellular stress manipulation. (distantreader.org)
IRE1b may also be associated with RIDD, 3 which is closely related to intracellular parasite infections and anti-viral responses at mucosal surface. (distantreader.org)
Alternatively, the DCs are transduced with a viral vector that expresses the antigen. (jci.org)
In one subject, just four IgG lineages accounted for 93.5% of the response, including an N-terminal domain (NTD)-directed antibody that was protective against lethal viral challenge. (cdc.gov)
bacterial or viral similarity with self-antigens (molecular mimicry) leading to production of cross-reactive antibodies. (pocketdentistry.com)

Protein disulfide-isomerase has also been suggested to play a role in the formation of regulatory disulfide bonds in chloroplasts. (wikipedia.org)
Some studies have shown it to be available for HIV infection on the surface of the cell clustered around the CD4 protein. (wikipedia.org)
In several instances, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and myocarditis, the autoimmune disease can be induced experimentally by administering self-antigen in the presence of adjuvant (col- lagen, myelin basic protein, and cardiac myosin, respec- tively) (3). (cdc.gov)
Following small-molecule compound C26-A6 treatment to disrupt the MTDH-SND1 complex, we showed enhanced immune surveillance and sensitivity to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy in preclinical models of metastatic breast cancer, in support of this combination therapy as a viable approach to increase immune-checkpoint blockade therapy responses in metastatic breast cancer. (nextbigfuture.com)
The exact mechanisms behind this process are still being investigated, but it is believed that aberrant HLA-DR protein expression or antigen presentation may play a role. (tangut.net)
HspX or α-crystallin, a 16 kDa protein, is one of the dominant antigens expressed during the latent stages of M. tuberculosis infection and under various other conditions like low oxygen tension, nutrient starvation or hypoxia 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Our experiments at this direct level indicate that a synthetic TLR4 agonist, GLA-SE, serves as an effective adjuvant and enhances MLN0128 mw the capacity of DCs in vivo to immunize against protein antigens. (peptidesprice.com)
In the current study, we demonstrated that GLA-SE injection together with a protein antigen allows the antigen-capturing DCs to quickly become immunogenic in vivo. (peptidesprice.com)
We did not detect qualitative difference in adaptive responses between untargeted or targeted protein. (peptidesprice.com)
When protein secretion demand exceeds the protein folding capacity of the ER, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered as a consequence of ER stress. (distantreader.org)
As a result, the ER has evolved a regulatory network, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to control the protein folding process. (distantreader.org)
To demonstrate the flexibility and modular nature of the liposome system, 10 recombinant surface antigens representing distinct influenza virus strains were bound simultaneously to generate a highly multivalent protein particle that with 5 ng individual antigen dosing induced antibodies in mice that specifically recognized the constituent immunogens and conferred protection against heterologous H5N1 influenza virus challenge. (cdc.gov)
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a candidate vaccine antigen that binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2), leading to virus entry. (cdc.gov)
Identified T-cell epitopes were mapped on previously reported coevolving amino acids in the spike protein to introduce mutation. (bvsalud.org)

There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
Their research unexpectedly revealed that the patients with no clinical signs had a controlled immune response with increased antigen presentation, and T lymphocyte activation and more limited production of antibodies, compared with the patients presenting with symptoms. (pasteur.fr)
Like antibody responses, T cell responses are exquisitely antigen-specific, and they are at least as important as antibodies in defending vertebrates against infection. (nutritionfit.org)
When they receive the same antigenic stimuli as they once again, they can proliferate as functional T cells against antigen or plasma cells that produce antibodies. (nutritionfit.org)
The adaptive immune system, discovered by Paul Ehrlich, involves the production of circulating antibodies that can provide long lasting, systemic immunity that is specific to antigens expressed by a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)

Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
MALT may consist of a collection of lymphoid cells, or it may include small solitary lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
The roles of the M cells include absorption, transport, processing, and presentation of antigens to subepithelial lymphoid cells. (medscape.com)
M cells in the intestinal epithelium overlying Peyer patches allow transport of antigens to the lymphoid tissue beneath it. (medscape.com)
In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)
Lymphoid lineage DCs primarily differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs and occupy approximately 0.5% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in humans [ 2 ], but the cell population percentage is unclear in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of disorders involving malignant monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells in lymphoreticular sites, including lymph nodes, bone marrow, the spleen, the liver, and the gastrointestinal tract. (msdmanuals.com)

Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)
These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Moreover they induce the upregulation of activating FcR on effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nutritionfit.org)
Memory T cells consist of both CD4 and CD8 T cells that can rapidly acquire effector functions to kill infected cells and/or secrete inflammatory cytokines that inhibit replication of the pathogen. (nutritionfit.org)
Differentiation of naïve T cells into effector cells is required for optimal protection against different classes of the microbial pathogen and for the development of immune memory. (nutritionfit.org)
The objective of these vaccines is to induce tumour-specific effector T cells which can reduce the mass of tumour and that can lead to immunological memory to control tumour relapse. (modernloveok.com)
This Review summarizes the emergent evidence that LECs are important in maintaining peripheral tolerance, limiting and resolving effector T cell responses, and modulating leukocyte function. (jci.org)
Functionally, there are two types of immune cells: regulatory cells and effector cells. (pediagenosis.com)
The regulatory cells assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response, while effector cells carry out the elimination of the antigen (microbial, non microbial, or toxin). (pediagenosis.com)
The two T cells seen in this slide are so-called effector T cells. (hstalks.com)

The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
Also, it is known that BCG does not induce potent IFN-γ responses against α-crystallin, which may suggest the failure of BCG in preventing reactivation TB 10 , 11 . (nature.com)
The ability of the M. tuberculosis infected DC to induce T cell proliferation using 5 and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution technique was also investigated. (biomedcentral.com)

In the last decade, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic approach to fight cancers. (bvsalud.org)

Stimulation of B cells leads to the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) within the Peyer patches, preventing adherence of bacteria and viruses to the epithelium and thus blocking entry to the subepithelial layers of the intestine. (medscape.com)
In European registry data, serious infections were not related to presenting levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG). (medscape.com)
The term pemphigus refers to a group of autoimmune blistering diseases of the skin and mucous membranes characterized histologically by intraepidermal blister and immunopathologically by the finding of in vivo bound and circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody directed against the cell surface of keratinocytes. (medscape.com)

4Role of RNA-lipoplexes in Cancer Immunotherapy:The systematic delivery of vaccine antigens into dendritic cells is faced with various technical challenges. (modernloveok.com)
As all the polypeptide based antigens can be encoded as RNA, RNA-LPX is an example of a universally applicable vaccine class for DC targeting and synchronized induction of highly potent adaptive plus type-I-IFN-mediated innate immune mechanisms used for cancer immunotherapy. (modernloveok.com)
The vaccine formulations targeting these antigens have caused a relatively weak immune response. (oncolink.org)
Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)
The objectives of the current presentation are to summarize the functional properties of HSPs and their role in innate and acquired immune responses, to throw light on their role in pathogenesis and parasites survival, to review the literature searching for new drug discovery and vaccine candidates for parasitic diseases, and finally to present their use in diagnosis and genotyping of some parasitic diseases. (eg.net)
Here, we assess a vaccine adjuvant system comprised of immunogenic liposomes that spontaneously convert soluble antigens into a particle format, displayed on the bilayer surface. (cdc.gov)
Compared to other vaccine formulations, immunization using CoPoP liposomes admixed with recombinant RBD induces multiple orders of magnitude higher levels of antibody titers in mice that neutralize pseudovirus cell entry, block RBD interaction with ACE2, and inhibit live virus replication. (cdc.gov)
A greater understanding of the immune response to the organism is necessary in order to develop a vaccine that will confer complete protection from infection and, hopefully, from reactivation of a pre-existing infection. (biomedcentral.com)
We have also designed 12 B cell epitopes-based vaccine candidates using immunoinformatics approach. (bvsalud.org)
All MPOXVs are potential vaccine candidate that can potentially activate the innate, cellular, and humoral immune response. (bvsalud.org)
The non-mutated and mutated vaccine components were constructed by selecting epitopes showing overlapping with the predicted B-cell epitopes and highest antigenicity. (bvsalud.org)

The first US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes, the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab, delays symptomatic type 1 diabetes onset by 2-3 years [ 4 ], opening the door for the future clinical application of antigen-specific approaches with potentially superior immunoregulatory properties [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
Through these mechanisms B cells are involved both in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as antibody mediated and also in autoimmune diseases that are commonly classified as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
B cells have antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathogenic functions. (hindawi.com)
Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
This is to distinguish them from antibody responses, which, of course, also depend on cells (B cells). (nutritionfit.org)
Indeed, most adaptive immune responses, including antibody responses, require helper T cells for their initiation. (nutritionfit.org)
In fact, this type of antigen was the target of the first monoclonal antibody therapy for a malignancy (B-cell lymphoma) in 1982. (oncolink.org)
Here, it is shown that rapid conversion of recombinant RBD into particulate form via admixing with liposomes containing cobalt-porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) potently enhances the functional antibody response. (cdc.gov)
Surprisingly, we previously found that mice deficient in iNKT cells developed spontaneous CD8 + T cells responses partially effective at inhibiting metastases in mice bearing the 4T1 mammary carcinoma, and showed a markedly improved response to treatment with local radiotherapy and anti-CTLA-4 antibody compared to wild type (WT) mice. (biomedcentral.com)
The effects of antibody-mediated blockade of CD1d on DC number and phenotype, priming of anti-tumor T cells, and tumor response to treatment with local radiotherapy and anti-CTLA-4 antibody were evaluated. (biomedcentral.com)
To determine if the improved response to treatment in the absence of iNKT cells was independent from the immunotherapy employed, 4T1-tumor bearing WT and iNKT −/− mice were treated with local radiotherapy in combination with antibody-mediated CD137 co-stimulation. (biomedcentral.com)
And then following transport to the cell's surface, the CD4 T cell can perform various functions, for example can help a B lymphocyte to differentiate and become an antibody producing cell. (hstalks.com)
Antigen conformation shapes CD4+ T-cell specificity through mechanisms of antigen processing, and the consequences for immunity may rival those from conformational effects on antibody specificity. (bvsalud.org)

The mammalian immune system evolved to protect our bodies from foreign pathogens and intrinsic aberrant malignancies while concurrently preventing deleterious immune responses toward self ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)
Most importantly, unlike B cells, T cells can help eliminate pathogens that reside inside host cells. (nutritionfit.org)
DCs are located in the surface barrier and function by recognizing pathogens in tissues within the body by examining the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of body cells. (modernloveok.com)
5Conclusion:The review above demonstrates the role of dendritic cells in both innate (engulfment of pathogens) and adaptive (activation of B and T cells) immune response. (modernloveok.com)
The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
CD4+ T cells initiate and control immunity to pathogens and cancer and are at least partly responsible for immunopathology associated with infection, autoimmunity, and allergy. (bvsalud.org)

MBP-pulsed B cells induced a low frequency of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells in 3 out of 6 donors, indicating an immunoregulatory role of B cells presenting MBP-derived peptides. (regionh.dk)
The immune system consists of an innate and an adaptive arm and comprises different cell types as well as non-cellular components such as antimicrobial peptides ( Fig 11-1 ). (pocketdentistry.com)
2006). The LLNA is based upon characterization of chemicals comprising allergens of different potencies and non- induced proliferative responses in draining lymph nodes allergenic chemicals were evaluated for their ability to react with following topical exposure of mice to chemicals (Gerberick reduced glutathione (GSH) or with two synthetic peptides et al. (cdc.gov)

Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Thus, we discuss the role of adipocytes in adaptive immunity in the context of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Chronic inflammation of MALT from infective or autoimmune disorders can lead to the development of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas, or MALTomas. (medscape.com)
However, a body of circumstantial evi- susceptible mice by stimulating elevated levels of proin- dence links diabetes, multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and flammatory cytokines from mast cells during the innate many other autoimmune diseases with preceding infec- immune response. (cdc.gov)
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
This new understanding of the role of B cells opened up novel therapeutic options for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (hindawi.com)
Traditionally, autoimmune disorders were classified as T cell mediated or autoantibody mediated. (hindawi.com)
The observation that most autoantibodies in traditionally autoantibody-mediated diseases are of the IgG isotype and carry somatic mutations strongly suggests T-cell help in the autoimmune B-cell response. (hindawi.com)
Likewise B cells function as crucial antigen presenting cells in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
however, it needs to be emphasized that most autoimmune diseases are driven by a dysfunction in the immune network consisting of B cells, T cells, and other immune cells. (hindawi.com)
The inflammatory arthritides, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), comprise autoimmune disorders characterised by chronic joint inflammation, immune cell infiltration to the synovium, fibroblast-like synoviocyte expansion and destruction of cartilage and bone. (biomedcentral.com)
Their role in antigen cross-presentation and cancer immunotherapy as well as initiators of immune response and targets of autoimmune attack was also reported. (eg.net)
For the majority of autoimmune diseases, autoantigens have been identified as the targets of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells 3 . (pocketdentistry.com)
However, because of the evident role of infection in periodontitis 74 , this disease is not classified as an autoimmune disease. (pocketdentistry.com)
Most uveitis seen in Western countries is noninfectious and appears to be autoimmune or autoinflammatory in nature, requiring treatment with immunosuppressive and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. (dovepress.com)
Patients who have common variable immunodeficiency and autoimmune conditions appear to have very low numbers of isotype-switched memory B cells in peripheral blood and are more likely to have a mutation in the gene that encodes TACI ( TNFRST13B ). (medscape.com)
This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)
Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune, intraepithelial, blistering disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes and is mediated by circulating autoantibodies directed against keratinocyte cell surfaces. (medscape.com)

The injection of chronically infected mice with a lentiviral vector encoding LCMV MHC class I and II T cell epitopes and a soluble programmed cell death 1 microbody rapidly cleared the virus. (jci.org)
Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)

The most problematic complication of PCI, with or without stent implantation, is the restenosis defined as the re-narrowing of the enlarged artery and characterized by an immune/inflammatory response going with a hyperplastic reaction, involving smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration/proliferation, and remodelling of the arterial wall. (unina.it)
and (c) actively regulating fluid and solute transport functions in response to inflammatory signals. (jci.org)
Major immune regulatory cytokine that acts on many cells of the immune system where it has profound anti-inflammatory functions, limiting excessive tissue disruption caused by inflammation. (cusabio.com)
The aim of pharmacologic therapy for pemphigus vulgaris is to reduce inflammatory response and autoantibody production. (medscape.com)

Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)
LECs are presumably the first cells that come into direct contact with peripheral antigens, cytokines, danger signals, and immune cells travelling from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes. (jci.org)
The utilization of this nomenclature has spread to other immune cells and cytokines all of which contribute to the acquired immune response. (pediagenosis.com)
iNKT cells can promote the polarization of adaptive immune responses towards both Th1 and Th2 and can secrete immunosuppressive cytokines [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
This can be done either by culturing ex vivo DCs that are obtained from a patient with adjuvant (that leads to DC maturation) and the specific tumour antigens and then the injection of these cells back into the patient or by inducing of DCs to take up specific tumour antigens in vivo. (modernloveok.com)
Critically, in both diseases, upstream immunological processes have been poorly characterised ex vivo , particularly with respect to the site and nature of antigen presentation. (biomedcentral.com)
More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To further evaluate the capacity of DCs to become immunogenic following antigen capture in vivo, mice were injected with anti-DEC-HIV gag and either GLA-SE or SE. (peptidesprice.com)
To understand adjuvant action, these agonists need to be characterized in vivo at the level of antigen presenting DCs. (peptidesprice.com)
Our results extend prior research by showing a complete dependency of TLR4 stimulation for the induction of adaptive responses in vivo by GLA-SE. (peptidesprice.com)
In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
This project will delve into innate immune cell function, establishing in vitro and in vivo systems test innate immune cell function in regeneration. (lu.se)
Inspired from developmental processes, human mesenchymal cell lines can be programmed to form cartilage, bone and bone marrow tissues in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)

Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells by inducing them to undergo apoptosis, these cells like a "killer" or cytotoxin because they kill cells of interest that produce a particular antigen. (nutritionfit.org)
The major surface marker of cytotoxic T cells is CD8, also known as killer T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
Helper T cells also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nutritionfit.org)
These cells can then recognize mitochondrial antigens on DA neurons, trigger cytotoxic responses and cell death. (technologynetworks.com)
Ongoing research investigates mechanisms invoked by cancer cells to abrogate MHC-I expression and attenuate anti-tumour CD8 + cytotoxic T cell response. (portlandpress.com)

However, a purely cytokine-driven model is difficult to reconcile with evidence that antigen presentation and delivery of differentiation signals occur by one and the same APC. (nutritionfit.org)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)
Emerging research on the roles of stromal cells in modulating adaptive immune responses has included a new focus on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). (jci.org)
In this Review, we highlight these connections to reveal new roles of LECs, along with their transport functions, in modulating adaptive immune responses. (jci.org)

Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
DFCs activate some clones of type 1 THCs, although less potently than B cells do. (medscape.com)
Recent reports have also confirmed the involvement of EVs derived from plasmacytoid DCs in transferring antigens to tissue-resident DCs to activate CD8 + T cells [ 18 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Different from pre-cDCs, tDCs have less turnover, capture antigen, respond to stimuli and activate antigen-specific naive T cells, all characteristics of differentiated DCs. (stanford.edu)

A high proportion of MBP85-99 presenting B cells expressed CD27, and showed increased expression of CD86 compared to non-presenting B cells. (regionh.dk)
Overall, B-DCs demonstrated higher expression of CD86 and CD172α than L-DCs, but both cell types expressed high levels of MHC class II and CD44, as well as moderate amounts of CD163, CD204, and Bla36. (biomedcentral.com)

We propose that in Huh7 cells hepcidin modulation leads to an unfavourable intracellular environment for HCV replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Control of the intracellular protozoan, Leishmania major , requires major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-dependent antigen presentation and CD4 + T cell T helper cell 1 (Th1) differentiation. (silverchair.com)
Clearance of L. major in resistant C57Bl/6 mice requires IL-12-driven Th1 CD4 + T cells and macrophage activation for the killing of intracellular amastigotes ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)

Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
Cognate MHC-TCR interaction leads to apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Fas/Fas ligand interactions were not required, but cytoskeletal integrity and caspase activation were essential for APC apoptosis. (ox.ac.uk)
Several years later, Kerr and co-workers 2 defined the morphological changes in cells undergoing this process, also known as apoptosis. (nature.com)
We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
These ncRNAs can alter the expression of genes involved in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, leading to the development and progression of CTCL. (bvsalud.org)
In conclusion, we characterized a novel apoptosis-inducing activity of EMB against CTCL cells, implicating EMB as a potential therapeutic agent against CTCL. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Cell differentiation is essential to create multiple subsets. (nutritionfit.org)
Differentiation is also directed by instructive and licensing signals from the environment, especially from antigen-presenting cells (APC). (nutritionfit.org)
When DCs were fixed, this inhibitory effect of IKK2dn was lost, suggesting that IKK2 is involved in T-cell-derived signals that enhance DC antigen presentation during the allogeneic MLR period and does not have an effect on viability or differentiation state of DCs prior to coculture with T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
CD4 + T cells undergo complete Th1 differentiation with parasite-specific secretion of IFNγ. (silverchair.com)
The stage of lymphocyte differentiation at which the oncogenic event occurs determines the disease presentation and outcome. (msdmanuals.com)

Each T lymphocyte develops specificity against a specific antigen. (pediagenosis.com)
Once the first encounter occurs, these cells can exactly recognize a particular microorganism or foreign molecule because each lymphocyte is capable of targeting a specific antigen and differentiating the invader from self or from other substances that may be similar to it. (pediagenosis.com)

Immunologists recognized the importance of lymphatic vessels as channels for leukocyte trafficking from peripheral sites to their draining LNs ( 4 - 6 ), and as conduits for soluble antigens that can be taken up directly by LN-resident B cells and immature DCs ( 7 - 10 ), which help regulate the kinetics of antigen presentation. (jci.org)

We propose a new mechanism of regulation which is implicit in the dynamics of the CTL: According to the model, the ability of a CTL response to become established depends on the ratio of cross-presentation to direct presentation of the antigen. (cellml.org)
Regulation of the immune response involves the suppression of type 2 THCs (involved in humoral immunity) by interferon gamma and the production of IL-10 by type 2 THCs, which inhibits type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
In addition, our results support IKK2 as a potential therapeutic target for the down-regulation of unwanted immune responses that may occur during transplantation or autoimmunity. (ox.ac.uk)
While we particularly focus on LEC interactions with DCs and T cells, we also highlight features that support immune regulation, including the structure and function of lymphatic vessels and the compartmentalization of the LN stroma, which help control the manner in which LECs can interface with immune cells. (jci.org)
A key mechanism of immune evasion deployed by tumour cells is to reduce neoantigen presentation through down-regulation of the antigen presentation machinery. (portlandpress.com)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella abortus equi , a known DC maturation agent, was used as a positive control and showed a comparable up regulation of cell surface markers as observed with M. tuberculosis infected DC. (biomedcentral.com)

The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. (frontiersin.org)
We conclude with a discussion of novel therapies aimed at the selective targeting of pathogenic B cells. (hindawi.com)

After showing that DCs were essential for the generation of T-cell responses in lymph nodes to an s.c. (peptidesprice.com)
CD1d blockade restored the number of DC in WT mice, improved T cell priming in draining lymph nodes and significantly enhanced response to treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we describe a novel mechanism of tumor immune escape mediated by iNKT cells that limit priming of anti-tumor T cells by controlling DC in tumors and draining lymph nodes. (biomedcentral.com)
Disease is likely to be disseminated at the time of presentation, and diagnosis is usually based on lymph node or bone marrow biopsy or both. (msdmanuals.com)
Hodgkin Lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma is a localized or disseminated malignant proliferation of cells of the lymphoreticular system, primarily involving lymph node tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. (msdmanuals.com)

Similarly, infected Langerhans cells (LCs) can prime interferon (IFN)γ-producing Th1 CD4 + T cells, but whether they are required for Th1 responses is unknown. (silverchair.com)
Plasmacytoid DCs reside in peripheral blood and have an important role in antiviral immunity, mainly through the release of type I interferon [ 19 ] . (oaepublish.com)

The immune system could play a crucial role in virus infection. (medsci.org)
The critical role of the immune system has been found in the discovery that there are reported high morbidity and mortality rates of human CoV infection in immunocompromised host as well as patients with comorbidities [ 3 - 6 ]. (medsci.org)
Our immune system is designed for defense, not offense: If it doesn't know a cell is an invader or is under attack, it can't send help. (nextbigfuture.com)
In normal tissues, healthy cells are usually not under stress or presenting signals that can be recognized as foreign by the immune system, so this is why MTDH is not essential for normal tissues. (nextbigfuture.com)
He continued: "Internally, the tumor cell needs MTDH to survive, and externally, it needs it to hide from the immune system. (nextbigfuture.com)
Effective immunotherapy for chronic diseases and cancer, however, will require the optimization of many aspects of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)
As such, they are the master regulators of the immune response and serve this function by linking the microbial sensing features of the innate immune system to the exquisite specificity of the adaptive response. (aacrjournals.org)
It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
These conditions occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the body, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. (tangut.net)
Cancer cells can evade the immune system by downregulating HLA-DR expression or presenting altered antigens that are not recognized by T cells. (tangut.net)
DCs comprise a family of antigen presenting cells that act like 'conductors' of the immune response in their capacity to orchestrate signals derived from the different parts of the immune system [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The innate immune system induces the activation of the adaptive immune response, and both enter a reciprocal interplay 1 . (pocketdentistry.com)

They can inhibit T cells and B cells to regulate and control the immune response and maintain immune self-stability. (nutritionfit.org)

and vaccines that lack intrinsic activation of innate immunity (e.g., subunit vaccines) require microbial adjuvants to be immunogenic (17). (cdc.gov)
Taken together, these results show that stable presentation of recombinant HA on immunogenic liposome surfaces in an arrayed fashion enhances functional immune responses and warrants further attention for the development of broadly protective influenza virus vaccines. (cdc.gov)

Consistently, priming of T cells to a tumor-specific CD8 T cell epitope in mice treated with radiotherapy and anti-CTLA-4 or anti-CD137 was markedly enhanced in iNKT −/− compared to WT mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
To analyze the interactions between M. tuberculosis and immune cells, human peripheral blood monocyte-derived immature DCs were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv wild type strain and flow cytometry was used to analyse cell surface expression markers. (biomedcentral.com)
Presenting symptoms usually include peripheral lymphadenopathy. (msdmanuals.com)

In the process of DCs vaccination the first step is to present specific tumour antigens. (modernloveok.com)
The discovery of MHC-II on tumour cells has been less characterized. (portlandpress.com)
However, this finding has triggered further interest in utilising tumour-specific MHC-II to harness sustained anti-tumour immunity through the activation of CD4 + T helper cells. (portlandpress.com)
This review provides a comprehensive overview of physiologically conserved or novel mechanisms utilised by tumour cells to reduce MHC-I or MHC-II expression. (portlandpress.com)
A cell culture model was employed to investigate the mechanism by which the tumour-infiltrating Tregs survive from radiation. (peptidesprice.com)
MI-503 manufacturer role in the radiation-induced tumour-infiltrating Treg survival in BCa. (peptidesprice.com)

This may also provide oncologists with targets for vaccines against cancer cells. (oncolink.org)
NF-κB and STAT-3 are representative transcription factors (TFs) that have long been associated with cancer stemness, thus presenting as attractive targets for cancer therapy. (bvsalud.org)
This approach consists of genetically engineered immune cells expressing a surface receptor, called CAR, that specifically targets antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)

Recently, we demonstrated that nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation is central to that process, as overexpression of IkappaBalpha blocks the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), an in vitro model of T-cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
In this study, we set up an effective culture method for long-term maintenance of B cells in vitro , in which the B cells are activated by human soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (biomedcentral.com)
The results were reproduced in vitro with a cell culture model. (peptidesprice.com)
These data clearly demonstrate that M. tuberculosis induces activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived immature DC as well as induces T cell proliferation in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
In the interest of reducing animal use, in vitro alternatives for by Langerhans cells (LC) and the induction of specific T skin sensitization testing are under development. (cdc.gov)

However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
To identify the internal mechanisms used to control dengue virus infection in asymptomatic patients, scientists from the Institut Pasteur in Paris, the Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, the CNRS and Inria examined the composition of blood serum, immune cells and the gene expression profile in asymptomatic Cambodian children infected with the dengue virus and compared them to those of patients presenting with clinical signs. (pasteur.fr)
So you have one drug that disables these two important mechanisms - survival and escape - of the cancer cell. (nextbigfuture.com)
These cells gauge the class of the ingested microbe and generate signals that direct naïve T cells to differentiate into the subset that mobilizes the appropriate immune defense mechanisms. (nutritionfit.org)
To understand the mechanisms of the immunosuppressive function of iNKT cells, dendritic cells (DCs) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in WT and iNKT-deficient (iNKT −/− ) mice. (biomedcentral.com)
The growing interest in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the recent years has provided further insight into the mechanisms by which TFs influence cancer stem cell characteristics. (bvsalud.org)

Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted T cells, which respond rapidly to antigen recognition and promote development of anti-tumor immunity in many tumor models. (biomedcentral.com)
Usually the outcome of recognition is killing, for example, of the virally infected or a tumor cells. (hstalks.com)

The past decade has seen the discovery of an ever-growing number of CD4 T helper cell subsets, with unique transcriptional programs governed by lineage-defining transcription factors. (nutritionfit.org)
We demonstrate that antigen presentation by these DC subsets is sufficient to control a subcutaneous L. major infection. (silverchair.com)

Type 1 diabetes results from the poorly understood process of islet autoimmunity, which ultimately leads to the loss of functional pancreatic beta cells. (springer.com)
We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
In cells that lack functional PINK1 or Parkin, inflammation induces the formation of mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) containing mitochondrial antigens. (technologynetworks.com)
We characterised the immunophenotype and functional characteristics of psoriatic arthritis (PsA)-derived and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-derived myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to evaluate their potential role in arthritis. (biomedcentral.com)
The emergence of functional studies on animal lectins during the 1990s has provided the appropriate framework to better understand their roles in cell death. (nature.com)
Experimental data in different systems indicate a functional plasticity of iNKT cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Introduction: DCs are antigen presenting cells that control immunity and tolerance. (modernloveok.com)
Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)

Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. (jci.org)
The spike glycoprotein was investigated for B- and T-cell epitope prediction. (bvsalud.org)

The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)

In hematological malignancies like leukemias, myeloma, and non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, adoptive CAR-T cell therapy has shown efficacy in treating chemotherapy refractory patients. (bvsalud.org)
With few exceptions, stem cell transplantation is usually reserved for patients with aggressive lymphomas after incomplete remission or relapse. (msdmanuals.com)

Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
Despite the wide diversity in clinical symptoms and biological processes, they all share the presence of autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells. (pocketdentistry.com)
It is mediated by circulating autoantibodies directed against keratinocyte cell surfaces. (medscape.com)

Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)

Under cellular stress conditions such as inflammation, PINK1 and Parkin repress mitochondrial antigen presentation (MitAP) by mediating the proteasomal degradation of Sorting nexin 9 (Snx9). (technologynetworks.com)
HSPs are involved in a variety of cellular processes and essential to cell survival. (eg.net)

Active immunotherapy against cancer is less effective, mainly because cancer cells have developed strategies to escape the normal immune response. (oncolink.org)
In the case of cancer, immunotherapy drugs that enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells have shown promising results in clinical trials. (tangut.net)
It outlines current approaches employed at the preclinical and clinical trial interface towards reversing these processes in order to improve response to immunotherapy and survival outcomes for patients with cancer. (portlandpress.com)

Anatomy29

Organisms14

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

APCs27

Macrophages16

Receptors11

Dendritic cell8

Professional antigen prese2

Lymphocytes27

Foreign antigens4

Present antigens3

Peptide13

Molecules20

Uptake8

Pathways8

Different antigens2

Proteins17

Viral11

Protein14

Antibodies8

Lymphoid8

Effector11

Induce3

Chimeric Antigen Receptor1

Immunoglobulin3

Vaccine11

Antibody13

Pathogens7

Peptides3

Autoimmune18

Epitopes2

Inflammatory4

Cytokines5

Vivo10

Cytotoxic5

Evidence that antigen1

Adaptive immune responses4

Activate4

CD862

Intracellular4

Apoptosis7

Differentiation6

Specific antigen2

Soluble antigens1

Regulation6

Pathogenic2

Lymph5

Interferon2

Immune system13

Regulate1

Immunogenic2

Tumor-specific1

Peripheral3

Tumour6

Targets3

Vitro5

Mechanisms6

Recognition3

Subsets2

Functional6

Immunity and tolerance2

Epitope2

Humoral2

Lymphomas2

Autoantibodies3

Invariant natural killer1

Cellular2

Immunotherapy3