Responses of neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

I will describe a two-step information optimization technique that can characterize both the shape selectivity and the range of position invariance from neural responses to natural stimuli. (rutgers.edu)
OFF-dominated cortical neurons in cats responded ∼3 ms faster to visual stimuli than ON-dominated cortical neurons, and dark-mediated suppression in ON-dominated neurons peaked ∼14 ms faster than light-mediated suppression in OFF-dominated neurons. (zotero.org)
To test this idea, we studied single neurons in macaque monkey intermediate visual (area V4) and somatosensory (area SII) cortex, using matched shape stimuli. (zotero.org)
The present study investigated the mechanisms by which glutamatergic inputs from the cochlear nucleus regulate intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in developing lateral superior olive (LSO) neurons, using Ca2+ imaging in fura-2AM labeled brainstem slices.AMPA/kainate receptors primarily mediated Ca2+ responses elicited by single stimuli and contributed to Ca2+ responses elicited by low and high frequency bursts by approximately 75% and 50% respectively. (pitt.edu)
Moreover, the response patterns of protocerebral neurons are diverse, suggesting that the representation of olfactory stimuli at the level of protocerebrum is complex. (elsevierpure.com)
Given its inputs from auditory structures and neuromodulatory systems, the posterior tail of the striatum is ideally positioned to influence behavioral responses to acoustic stimuli according to context and previous rewards. (eneuro.org)
The striatum, as the primary input structure of the basal ganglia and a target of extensive dopaminergic inputs, is ideally positioned to influence behavioral responses to sensory stimuli according to context and previous rewards. (eneuro.org)
Research shows Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) can be characterized by enhanced cognitive functions related to creating, modifying and maintaining connections between stimuli and responses (S‐R links). (wikipedia.org)
Seventy‐three percent of LCN neurons responded maximally to innocuous cutaneous stimuli. (tau.ac.il)
To assess the effects of urethane anesthesia on responding of LCN neurons to innocuous and particularly to noxious stimuli, the LCN was explored in six spinalized, decerebrate, unanesthetized rats. (tau.ac.il)
We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. (springer.com)
Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. (springer.com)
The output of the model is given by a series of spike trains rather than instantaneous firing rate, allowing the prediction of spike train responses to novel stimuli. (nih.gov)
The first discovery was serendipitous - after a frustrating series of light stimuli failed to interest his primate subjects, he waved a hand in front of them and suddenly observed a vigorous response from the previously unresponsive neuron. (princeton.edu)

Especially in the higher cortical areas, the sensory neurons reflect such functional capacity in their selectivity for complex visual features and invariance to certain object transformations, such as image translation. (rutgers.edu)
Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
To reveal the neurobiological mechanism that P2X 3 receptor of colonic primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of the lumbosacral segment is involved in the alleviation of visceral hypersensitivity by EA in an IBS rat model. (hindawi.com)

The striatum is comprised primarily of medium spiny neurons, interneurons and glial cells such as astrocytes. (elifesciences.org)
Descending neurons synapse with motor neurons or with interneurons that themselves connect with motor neurons (Venkatasubramanian and Mann 2019 ). (springer.com)

Scholars@Duke publication: Dynamic and multimodal responses of gustatory cortical neurons in awake rats. (duke.edu)
To investigate the dynamic aspects of gustatory activity, we recorded the responses of small ensembles of cortical neurons to tastants administered to awake rats. (duke.edu)
EA also regulated the electrical properties of the membranes, including the resting membrane potential, rheobase, and action potential of colon-associated DRG neurons in the IBS rats. (hindawi.com)
EA can regulate the P2X 3 receptor protein and mRNA expression levels in the colon and related DRG of IBS rats with visceral pain and then regulate the excitatory properties of DRG neurons. (hindawi.com)
Pursuing a recent anatomical study which revealed the presence of a lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) in the rat, the present investigation sought to characterize electrophysiologically various properties of 98 neurons lying within the dorsolateral funiculus of C2 in urethane anesthetized rats. (tau.ac.il)
We found that, although BDNF levels in cultured neurons from the cerebral cortex of low birth weight pups with IUGR were unchanged, TrkB (BDNF receptor) was decreased compared with control-rats. (elsevierpure.com)
Extracellular potentials of single C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized male rats. (okstate.edu)
Lab-grown neurons were transplanted into the brains of rats with damaged visual cortexes. (newscientist.com)
Human neurons have been integrated into the brains of adult rats with damaged visual cortices and have even taken over some of the functions of the organs' visual system. (newscientist.com)
Isaac Chen at the University of Pennsylvania and his colleagues wondered if transplanting a clump of lab-grown neurons, called organoids, into the brains of rats with damaged visual cortices would restore any of the area's function. (newscientist.com)
This suggests that the neurons were integrating into the rats' brains and taking over some of their visual system's function, says Chen. (newscientist.com)
The neuronal responses were relatively similar, but fewer neurons responded to the lights in the rats with the organoid transplants than in their undamaged counterparts, says Chen. (newscientist.com)

Response properties of neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) were investigated after unilateral cochlear removal at various ages during infancy. (edu.au)

provide evidence that thyroid hormone receptors are essential for the formation of a population of parvalbuminergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamus, linking, for the first time, impaired thyroid hormone signaling during development to cellular deficits in the hypothalamus. (jci.org)
DTG (10 microM) did not affect the depolarization (mediated by 5-HT3 receptors) induced by pressure application of 5-HT onto single neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
These results suggest that in addition to its well-described depressant effect on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, ethanol has an even greater inhibitory effect on glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by KA receptors in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been confirmed effectiveness in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and P2X 3 receptors in the peripheral and central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
Our previous clinical and animal studies have also confirmed the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of IBS [ 11 - 13 ] and initially revealed that the P2X 2 , P2X 3 , and P2Y 1 receptors in the peripheral neurons of the colon and in central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
Especially, P2X 3 receptors play an important role in mediating the occurrence and maintenance of pain in neurons of the intestinal myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex in a rat model of IBS with visceral hypersensitivity [ 14 ], and acupuncture can achieve visceral pain relief through purinergic receptors at different levels of the brain-gut axis. (hindawi.com)
Agents which stimulate DA receptors may influence secondarily 5-HT neurons and thus the interaction between dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems would exist. (erowid.org)
We have examined the effects of iontophoresing specific antagonists to excitatory amino acid receptors on the visual responses of cells in lamina A or A1 of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). (umn.edu)
These data indicate that NMDA and non-NMDA receptors make similar contributions to the responses of ON- and OFF-center and X and Y cells in the LGN. (umn.edu)
Lagged and nonlagged cells are not differentiated with respect to the contribution of non-NMDA receptors to their visual responses. (umn.edu)
The greater contribution of NMDA receptors to the responses of lagged cells is consistent with the large contribution made by these receptors to the late response components of lagged cells. (umn.edu)
It is possible, then, that the degree of participation of NMDA receptors in the visual responses of LGN cells is a function of the response characteristics of cells rather than a fundamental distinguishing feature of LGN cell types. (umn.edu)
Kwon, YH , Esguerra, M & Sur, M 1991, ' NMDA and non-NMDA receptors mediate visual responses of neurons in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus ', Journal of neurophysiology , vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 414-428. (umn.edu)
Ethanol binds to postsynaptic GABAA receptors (inhibitory neurons). (medscape.com)

The anterior (ventral) horns of the "H" contain lower motor neurons, which receive impulses from the motor cortex via the descending corticospinal tracts and, at the local level, from internuncial neurons and afferent fibers from muscle spindles. (msdmanuals.com)
The axons of the lower motor neurons are the efferent fibers of the spinal nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
The patient's symptoms vary, depending on which set of motor neurons is involved. (medscape.com)

The respective contribution of each subtype of inhibitory neurons to cortical processing remains largely undetermined. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, the three chemically specified subtypes together can account for a majority of total inhibitory neurons. (jneurosci.org)
using two-photon imaging guided cell-attached recordings in GAD67 -GFP knock-in transgenic mice, we examined the receptive field (RF) properties of inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1). (jneurosci.org)
Although the FS neurons were most likely PV cells ( Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997 ), the RS inhibitory neurons were a mixture of other GABAergic subtypes. (jneurosci.org)

PC12 pheochromocytoma cells that mimic central dopaminergic neurons and represent a model for neuronal differentiation were cultured on collagen-coated fibres to evaluate cell response dependence on substrate topography. (unipi.it)

We review two examples where the linear response of a neuronal network submitted to an external stimulus can be derived explicitly, including network parameters dependence. (aip.org)
We then asked whether neuronal xbp-1s can affect other systemic outputs requiring neuron-specific functions, such as the regulation of behaviour. (cam.ac.uk)
The predominant expression pattern of either FL or ED isoforms in single embryonic DRG neurons establishes the existence of two subpopulations exhibiting differential responsiveness to trkB ligands, indicating that regulated splicing of the extracellular domain of trkB may serve as a mechanism to restrict neuronal responsiveness to the neurotrophins. (jneurosci.org)
Projection neurons innervating prominent male-specific glomeruli in the male's antennal lobe produce maximal synchronized spiking activity in response to synthetic mixtures of the two components centering around the natural ratio, suggesting that behaviorally effective mixture ratios are encoded by synchronous neuronal activity. (elsevierpure.com)
To test the hypothesis that LSD indirectly inhibits raphe neurons by activating a neuronal feedback inhibitory system, a complete transection was made betweep the diencephalon and the mesencephalon. (erowid.org)
After two months, the organoids started to show a neuronal response. (newscientist.com)
The organoids' neuronal response altered alongside the flashing lights and depending on the orientation of the black and white lines. (newscientist.com)

The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
Subsets of neurons in the striatum (a brain area associated with motor control and the integration of reward information) receive inputs from the auditory system, yet what features of sounds are accessible to specific striatal cell classes is not well understood. (eneuro.org)
On subsets of trials (clusters) and after controlling for stimulus-response adaptation, spike time differences between pairs of neurons are "time-warped" (compressed/stretched) by trial-to-trial changes in shared excitability, explaining why fixed spike time patterns and noise correlations are seldom reported. (nature.com)

Based on these differential subcellular targeting preferences, it has been postulated that PV and SOM cells play distinct roles in regulating principal neurons' responses. (jneurosci.org)
Interestingly we found that SOM neurons exhibit distinct functional properties from PV neurons. (jneurosci.org)
We show that these opposing responses are driven via engagement of distinct odorant-directed signal transduction pathways within AWC. (plos.org)
A key step toward understanding the processing of sounds by striatal circuits and the role of different striatal cells in auditory learning is the characterization of sound-evoked responses by distinct striatal neuron classes in naive animals. (eneuro.org)

By two-photon imaging guided cell-attached recordings, we characterized visual response and receptive field (RF) properties of SOM neurons and parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory (PV) neurons genetically labeled in the mouse primary visual cortex. (jneurosci.org)
In particular, the invariance of complex cell responses in primary visual cortex against small translations is commonly interpreted as a signature of an invariant coding strategy possibly originating from an unsupervised learning principle. (zotero.org)

Due to the strong nonlinearities necessary to achieve both the selectivity and invariance, characterizing and predicting the response patterns of these neurons represents a formidable computational challenge. (rutgers.edu)
Demonstrating how this technique can be used to reveal functionally defined circuits across the brain, we identify two populations of neurons with correlated activity patterns. (zotero.org)
Multi-neuron patterns of single spikes are a prime candidate for spike time encoding but their temporal variability requires further characterisation. (nature.com)
Here we show how known sources of spike count variability affect stimulus-evoked spike time patterns between neurons separated over multiple layers and columns of adult rat somatosensory cortex in vivo. (nature.com)
When time was considered as a source of information, however, the incidence of taste-specific firing increased: as many as 41% (37/90) of the recorded GC neurons exhibited taste-specific patterns of response. (duke.edu)
For 17% of the neurons identified as responding with taste-specific patterns, the stimulus that caused the most significant response was a function of the time since stimulus delivery. (duke.edu)

Neurons in the temporal visual cortical areas of primates have large receptive fields, which can show considerable selectivity for what the stimulus is irrespective of exactly where it is in the visual field. (lincoln.ac.uk)

Border ownership is signaled by a class of V2 neurons, even though its value depends on information coming from well outside their classical receptive fields. (zotero.org)
In the model, neurons have spatially local classical receptive fields, are tuned to orientation, and receive information (from V1) about the location and orientation of borders. (zotero.org)
Firing was also evoked by hair movement within contralateral receptive fields in 40% of LCN neurons. (tau.ac.il)
On the other hand, five of six neurons responsive to pinch within receptive fields including a portion of the abdomen were powerfully activated by hypertonic saline for up to one minute, paralleling the duration of nociceptive responding caused by the same injection in the awake rat. (tau.ac.il)

Understanding the mechanism by which the brain’s hundred billion neurons and hundred trillion synapses manage to produce such a range of cortical configurations in a flexible manner remains a fundamental problem in neuroscience. (zotero.org)
Their high contribution to Ca2+ responses was consistent with their contribution (30-60%) to EPSPs triggered by stimulation of AVCN-LSO synapses. (pitt.edu)

LSD blocked or reduced eXcitatory responses in 7/8 cases. (erowid.org)

The stimulus-response model is a characterization of a statistical unit (such as a neuron). (wikipedia.org)
In psychology, stimulus response theory forms classical conditioning in which a stimulus becomes a paired response in a subject's mind. (wikipedia.org)
Pharmacological dose response relationships are an application of stimulus-response models. (wikipedia.org)
Empirical models based on nonlinear regression are usually preferred over the use of some transformation of the data that linearizes the stimulus-response relationship. (wikipedia.org)
In the auditory system, the stimulus-response properties of single neurons are often described in terms of the spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF), a linear kernel relating the spectrogram of the sound stimulus to the instantaneous firing rate of the neuron. (nih.gov)
Here, we characterize the stimulus-response function of auditory neurons using a generalized linear model (GLM). (nih.gov)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation refers to two closely related equations, one of which describes the response (the physiological output of the system, such as muscle contraction) to Drug or Toxin, as a function of the drug's concentration. (wikipedia.org)

We investigated the physiological activity and morphology of downstream protocerebral neurons that responded to antennal stimulation with single pheromone components and their mixtures at various concentration ratios. (elsevierpure.com)
The hippocampal neurons that we derived from lithium non-responsive BD patients exhibited a physiological instability, causing them to easily shift their excitability state. (technion.ac.il)
A computational model that we developed of BD neurons recapitulated the hyperexcitability and physiological instability phenotypes with similar changes to the conductance of the ion channels that we have measured 3. (technion.ac.il)
Increased Physiological GDNF Levels Have No Effect on Dopamine Neuron Protection and Restoration in a Proteasome Inhibition Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease OPEN ACCESS eNeuro. (lu.se)

This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. (plos.org)
We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)

Immunocytochemistry showed that the percentage of SP-containing neurons in longitudinal trunk and the percentage of neurons innervated by SP-positive nerve fibers in superficial muscular plexus were significantly increased at 1 h after exposure to O(3). (cdc.gov)

Training machine learning algorithms on electrophysiological features that were recorded from the derived neurons enabled an accurate prediction of the patients' response to lithium 1. (technion.ac.il)

The model allows the conditional interspike-interval density and the stationary interspike-interval density to be expressed as products of two separate functions, one of which describes only the neuron characteristics and the other of which describes only the signal characteristics. (mit.edu)
These three characteristics of the neuron-semipermeability of the membrane, osmotic balance, and electroneutrality on each side-create an equilibrium electrical potential at which the inside of the membrane is more negative than the outside. (britannica.com)
A second group of six was given the same exposure and then removed from the noise , anesthetized, and the response characteristics of individual auditory nerve fibers were sampled using standard neurological techniques for VIII nerve recording. (cdc.gov)
The normal response of the 361 neurons sampled from eight normal chinchillas indicated that most of the neurons had some spontaneous activity, each of the neurons had a frequency to which it was most sensitive, the response area of each neuron had essentially band pass characteristics, each of the neurons had a limited dynamic range, and they all responded in essentially the same way to tone bursts at the characteristic frequency. (cdc.gov)

In contrast to PV neurons, SOM neurons exhibit broader spikes, lower spontaneous firing rates, smaller On/Off subfields, and broader ranges of basic RF properties such as On/Off segregation, orientation and direction tunings. (jneurosci.org)

In the present experiments, we used the highly selective AMPA receptor antagonist LY 303070 to pharmacologically isolate KA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and tested their sensitivity to ethanol. (aspetjournals.org)
Using functional and molecular assays, we have shown that human hippocampal neurons derived from BD patients are hyperexcitable with large after-hyperpolarizations. (technion.ac.il)

Response variation following trauma: A translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. (bvsalud.org)

These functional differences between SOM and PV neurons exist in both layer 2/3 and 4. (jneurosci.org)
However, the processing properties of SOM neurons and their functional distinctions compared with PV neurons remain unclear. (jneurosci.org)
In the last decade, the importance of topographic properties of extracellular environments has been shown to be essential to addressing cell response, especially when replacing damaged tissues with functional constructs obtained in vitro. (unipi.it)
Overall, our studies have identified cellular, functional, and transcriptional deficits in neurons derived from BD patients and mechanisms for lithium response. (technion.ac.il)

How does the same hormone stimulate the differentiation of an embryonic neuroblast but trigger an entirely different response in an adult liver cell? (jci.org)
These data show that unilateral cochlear removal in adult ferrets leads to a rapid and dramatic increase in the proportion of neurons in the ICC ipsilateral to the intact ear that is excited by acoustic stimulation of that ear. (edu.au)
Importantly, whereas the anterior brain of an adult Drosophila contains about 100,000 neurons (Zheng et al. (springer.com)
ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig disease, is the most common neurodegenerative disease of adult onset involving the motor neuron system. (medscape.com)

Responses following sensory stimulation can be analysed to determine principles of neural coding. (nature.com)
Twenty-eight of thirty-two (87.5%) neurons responded to mechanical stimulation of somatic fields on head, neck, ears or shoulder. (okstate.edu)

Here we characterise how precise spike time representations are modulated by the shared excitability-level of spatially separated neurons on single trials. (nature.com)

Here, we show that the behavioral response of Caenorhabditis elegans to bacterially produced medium-chain alcohols switches from attraction to avoidance when presented in the background of a subset of additional attractive chemicals. (plos.org)
Each chemosensory neuron type in C . elegans expresses multiple chemoreceptors that are likely tuned to different odorants, a subset of which can be behaviorally discriminated [ 27 , 28 ]. (plos.org)
The nervous system of C. elegans plays a role in the orchestration of systemic stress responses. (cam.ac.uk)

Importantly, however, the responses of descending neurons are not always directly deducible from the responses of their presumed pre-synaptic counterparts (Wu et al. (springer.com)

Brain function relies on communication between large populations of neurons across multiple brain areas, a full understanding of which would require knowledge of the time-varying activity of all neurons in the central nervous system. (zotero.org)
To investigate XBP-1s-dependent changes in the nervous system of these animals, we conducted tissue-specific RNA-Seq in neurons. (cam.ac.uk)
NTE is found most abundantly in the nervous system and is thought to help maintain the stability of membranes surrounding neurons. (medlineplus.gov)

These data demonstrate that sensory information is available in the time course of GC responses and suggest the viability of views of gustatory processing that treat the temporal structure of cortical responses as an integral part of the neural code. (duke.edu)
To investigate this we measured the responses of neurons with face-selective responses in the cortex in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus of rhesus macaques performing a visual fixation task. (lincoln.ac.uk)
Throughout his career, Gross studied neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of the brain, analyzing their visual functions as they relate to perception and learning. (princeton.edu)

One circuit consists of hindbrain neurons functionally coupled to spinal cord neuropil. (zotero.org)
The aims of this study were to determine (1) the responses of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons to gastric distension and (2) the relative contribution of vagal and spinal visceral afferent pathways for transmission of gastric input to the upper cervical spinal cord. (okstate.edu)
Spinal transection at C 6 -C 7 abolished responses of the other four neurons that still responded to gastric distension after bilateral vagotomy. (okstate.edu)
Results of these data supported the concept that a group of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons might play a role in processing sensory information from the stomach that travels in vagal and spinal visceral afferent fibers. (okstate.edu)

Here, we describe a previously unknown population of parvalbuminergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamus that requires thyroid hormone receptor signaling for proper development. (jci.org)
Thyroid hormone acts through the intracellular thyroid hormone receptor (TR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor family and acts as a ligand-regulated transcription factor ( 4 , 5 ), eliciting cellular responses by binding to and regulating the expression of target genes. (jci.org)
A study was therefore undertaken to investigate the action of sigma receptor ligands on single neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
Because of these profound effects on ligand specificity, reverse transcription-PCR was used to understand the expression of the FL and ED receptor isoforms at the level of single neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Neurons are capable of expressing a surprising diversity of trk receptor structural isoforms that arise via alternative splicing ( Barbacid, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
Here we compared the sound-evoked responses of posterior striatal neurons that form the striatal direct pathway (and express the dopamine receptor D 1 ) to the responses of neighboring neurons in naive mice. (eneuro.org)
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) and 3-((±)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), when iontophoresed at doses that specifically antagonized NMDA-induced responses but not kainate-induced responses, reduced the responses of all cell types in the LGN, including X and Y cells, lagged and nonlagged cells, and ON- and OFF-center cells. (umn.edu)
The non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), when applied at doses that specifically antagonized kainate-induced responses but not NMDA-induced responses, also reduced the visual responses of each of the cell types in the LGN. (umn.edu)

Nicotinic responses to locally applied ACh onto single neurons of the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus were studied using intracellular recording techniques. (aspetjournals.org)

These results suggest that different classes of neurons in the posterior striatum of naive animals have similar access to acoustic features conveyed by the auditory system even outside the context of an auditory task. (eneuro.org)

Moreover, the neurons exhibited intrinsic temperature sensitivity in patch-clamping experiments, providing a new connection between cardiovascular function and core temperature. (jci.org)

Our results suggest that SOM and PV neurons engage in cortical circuits in different manners: while PV neurons provide fast, strong but untuned feedforward inhibition to excitatory neurons, likely serving as a general gain control for the processing of ascending inputs, SOM neurons with their selective but delayed and weak inhibition may provide more specific gating of later arriving intracortical excitatory inputs on the distal dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
We show that this model simplifies the design of spiking neuron cross-correlation systems and describe a four-neuron mutual inhibition network that generates a cross-correlation output for two input signals. (mit.edu)

To address this deficiency, we describe motion vision sensitive descending neurons in the hoverfly Eristalis tenax . (springer.com)

Role of intrinsic airway neurons in ozone -induced airway hyperresponsiveness in ferret trachea. (cdc.gov)
In this study, the role of intrinsic airway neurons in O(3)-induced airway responses was examined. (cdc.gov)
The O(3)-enhanced airway responses were present in tracheal segments cultured for 24 h, a procedure shown to deplete sensory nerves while maintaining viability of intrinsic airway neurons, and all the enhanced smooth muscle responses were also diminished by CP-99994. (cdc.gov)

These findings confirm and extend our earlier anatomical demonstration of a lateral cervical nucleus in the rat and indicate that a comparatively large population of LCN neurons is capable of coding nociceptive information in this species. (tau.ac.il)
In flies, three paired thoracic ganglia are fused with the abdominal ganglion to form the ventral nerve cord (Power 1948 ), which is connected to the anterior brain via the cervical connective containing both ascending and descending neurons. (springer.com)
Bilateral cervical vagotomy abolished responses of 4/8 neurons tested. (okstate.edu)

Finally, the data show that responses in the ICC contralateral to the intact ear are largely but not completely unchanged by unilateral cochlear removal. (edu.au)
Forty‐five LCN neurons were tested for a projection to the contralateral thalamus using antidromic activation techniques. (tau.ac.il)

Predict Consumer Responses & Behavior. (neuronsinc.com)
In light of the above-mentioned facts, this research proposes a novel model and integrates flow theory into the theory of technology acceptance model (TAM), based on stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) theory, the SOR model has been widely used in previous studies of online customer behavior, and the model theory includes three components: stimulus, organism, and response. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, they provide an understanding of the neurophysiology of visual neurons that are likely to affect behavior. (springer.com)
Descending neurons can thus initiate and modify behavior based on sensory input, and other higher order processing that takes place in the brain. (springer.com)
Indeed, orchestrating complex behavior using only 1100 descending neurons (Hsu and Bhandawat 2016 ), requires efficient integration of sensory input and motor output, as well as higher-order processing, such as learning. (springer.com)
The complex and heterogeneous genetic background of the patients makes human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) an attractive model since animal models do not fully reproduce the complex human genetics and behavior. (technion.ac.il)

Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
We investigated how changes in ionic conductances alter the phase response curve (PRC) of a globus pallidal (GP) neuron and stability of a synchronous activity of a GP network, using a single-compartmental conductance-based neuron model. (yale.edu)
Here we use light-sheet microscopy to record activity, reported through the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5G, from the entire volume of the brain of the larval zebrafish in vivo at 0.8 Hz, capturing more than 80% of all neurons at single-cell resolution. (zotero.org)
Analysis of response variability shared between neurons over repeated trials of a single stimulus ("noise correlations") allows the effect of underlying variability sources to be investigated. (nature.com)
Particularly, neurons across the population respond with either higher or lower spike counts depending on the population excitability level on a single trial (Fig. 1 a, centre). (nature.com)
That is, a single neuron might respond most strongly to one tastant in the first 500 msec of a response and then respond most strongly to another tastant later in the response. (duke.edu)

In contrast to generally nonselective PV neurons, SOM neurons display robust selectivity for orientation and direction, resembling excitatory neurons. (jneurosci.org)

We fit the model by maximum penalized likelihood to the spiking activity of zebra finch auditory midbrain neurons in response to conspecific vocalizations (songs) and modulation limited (ml) noise. (nih.gov)

We also found that the population response distinguished among the two pheromone components and their mixtures, prior to the peak population response. (elsevierpure.com)

Ascending neurons provide sensory and motor feedback to the brain, whereas descending neurons carry sensory and motor-related information from the brain to central pattern generators in the posterior ganglia. (springer.com)

Group I mGluR-mediated Ca2+ responses had two components: release from internal stores and influx from the extracellular milieu. (pitt.edu)
We achieved this via optogenetic photo-identification of D 1 -expressing neurons during extracellular electrophysiological recordings in awake head-fixed mice of both sexes. (eneuro.org)

GABAergic responses of acutely dissociated rat retinal neurons, including both bipolar cells (BCs) and other, morphologically round cells (RCs), were assayed with the fluorescent (FL), voltage-sensitive probe oxonol DiBaC4(5). (nih.gov)

GABA-sensitive cells were also TACA-sensitive (trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid), and these ligands appeared interchangeable in ability to evoke responses. (nih.gov)

This observation is consistent with our previous finding that synchronous firing of antennal-lobe projection neurons reaches its maximum before the firing rate reaches its peak. (elsevierpure.com)

The model allows the prediction of a quantitative response to a quantitative stimulus, for example one administered by a researcher. (wikipedia.org)

DTG and (+)-SKF10047 (N-allylnormetazocine) produced a concentration-dependent suppression of the depolarization of enteric neurons evoked by ionophoresis of ACh. (aspetjournals.org)

Notably, the level of orientation and direction selectivity is comparable to that of excitatory neurons, from weakly-tuned to highly selective, whereas PV neurons are in general unselective. (jneurosci.org)

our data support a model in which LRRK2 and PPM1H mutant mice show altered responses to critical Hedgehog signals in the nigrostriatal pathway. (elifesciences.org)

The Hill equation is the following formula, where E {\displaystyle E} is the magnitude of the response, [ A ] {\displaystyle {\ce {[A]}}} is the drug concentration (or equivalently, stimulus intensity), E C 50 {\displaystyle \mathrm {EC} _{50}} is the drug concentration that produces a half-maximal response and n {\displaystyle n} is the Hill coefficient. (wikipedia.org)
There is also a tendency for Cl − to permeate the membrane, since that ion is at higher concentration outside the neuron than inside. (britannica.com)

We found that multiple classes of posterior striatal neurons have access to detailed spectrotemporal acoustic features and could therefore potentially influence behavioral responses according to these properties of sounds. (eneuro.org)

In addition, the data confirm that, in ferrets, cochlear removal in infancy leads to a further increase in responsiveness of individual neurons in the ipsilateral ICC. (edu.au)
Exposure to ozone (O(3)) enhances airway responsiveness, which is mediated partly by the release of substance P (SP) from airway neurons. (cdc.gov)

Cells in the amygdala, ventral lateral geniculate (VLG), the subiculum and the optic tectum, all of which receive projections from the raphe were tested for their response to microlontophoretic LSD and 5HT and i.v. LSD. (erowid.org)

Furthermore, the severe down regulation of the LEF1 gene was associated with the hyperexcitability of the neurons and this hyperexcitability was rescued using LEF1 shRNAs 4. (technion.ac.il)

The onset latency of the latter is consistent with that of inhibitory input to excitatory neurons. (jneurosci.org)

The principles outlined above can be applied to the neuron and its ionic contents. (britannica.com)

Anatomy105

Organisms19

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care2

Stimuli14

Sensory neurons4

Interneurons2

Rats12

Properties of neurons1

Receptors14

Motor neurons3

Inhibitory neurons4

Dopaminergic neurons1

Neuronal7

Subsets3

Distinct4

Primary visual2

Patterns6

Cortical areas1

Receptive fields4

Synapses2

EXcitatory responses1

Stimulus-response6

Pharmacology1

Physiological4

Olfactory2

Longitudinal1

Electrophysiological features1

Characteristics4

Spontaneous1

Hippocampal2

Neuroscience1

Functional4

Adult4

Stimulation2

Spatially1

Elegans3

Synaptic1

Nervous3

Temporal3

Spinal4

Receptor8

Myenteric plexus1

Striatum1

Sensitivity1

Inhibition2

Describe1

Intrinsic3

Cervical3

Contralateral2

Behavior6

Single6

Display robust1

Auditory1

Pheromone1

Ganglia1

Extracellular2

Morphologically1

Ligands1

Projection1

Prediction1

Depolarization1

Selectivity1

Signals1

Concentration2

Posterior1

Responsiveness2

Lateral1

Gene1

Onset1

Ionic1