Responses in melanoma patients patients antigen of tumor. Medical search. Frequent questions

Reports of spontaneous regression and tumour infiltration with T-lymphocytes makes melanoma candidate for immunotherapies. (mdpi.com)
Immunotherapy is emerging as a new form to treat cancer by harnessing the activity of cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocytes (CTLs) that specifically recognize tumor-associated antigens. (lifeboat.com)
This review will discuss the metabolic changes that drive T cells into different stages of their development and how the TME imposes barriers to the metabolism and activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. (elifesciences.org)
I. Evaluate the safety and efficacy of adoptively transferred cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) targeting melanoma tumors combined with anti-CTLA4. (survivornet.com)
In this respect, we have previously identified two melanoma antigens, namely MELOE-1 and MELOE-2, that were recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from HLA-A0201+ patients who remained relapse-free following TIL transfer in an adjuvant setting [ 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Preclinical models predict that blockade of the coinhibitory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) on lymphocytes results in the release of a cell cycle inhibitory checkpoint, allowing lymphocyte proliferation, tumor targeting, and regression. (snmjournals.org)
Despite occasional cases of expansion of melanoma-specific T cells ( 14 , 15 ), the bulk of the data suggest that there is no detectable expansion of tumor antigen-specific lymphocytes, in particular when focusing on CD8+ T-cell responses. (snmjournals.org)
In these pioneering studies by Steven Rosenberg, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were isolated from patients with melanoma, then activated and expanded before reinfusion into the patients. (nature.com)
Adoptive cell therapy using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has shown activity in melanoma, but has not been previously evaluated in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. (nature.com)
CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3) are expressed on dysfunctional or "exhausted" CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that exhibit defective effector functions (cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production) and are thus poor mediators of tumor clearance. (hhs.gov)
Characterized by cell-surface molecules including CD103, CD69, and CD49a, T RM -like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be found in a wide range of human cancers, where they portend improved prognosis. (frontiersin.org)
Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (nwbio.com)
For tumors such as melanoma, in which tumor-specific T cells can be readily identified and isolated, the adoptive transfer of "tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes" (TILs) already appears to offer significant patient benefit and this approach now warrants further development. (eur.nl)

Breakthroughs in anti-tumor immunity have led to unprecedented advances in immunotherapy, yet it is now clear that the tumor microenvironment (TME) restrains immunity. (elifesciences.org)
As T cell metabolism dictates effector function, it is now apparent that the effect of cancer cell metabolism on the tumor microenvironment (TME) may impair anti-tumor immunity, and these new hallmarks of cancer are therefore inextricably linked. (elifesciences.org)
Next-generation therapeutics aim to combine the immunotherapeutic benefits of targeting checkpoints in concert with other non-immune chemotherapeutic strategies to provide a targeted assault on the tumor microenvironment. (news-medical.net)
Even more precise targeting is on the horizon: for example, technologies that limit antibody activity to the tumor microenvironment and reduce cytotoxic activity in healthy tissue, resulting in a holistic attack on tumor cells with minimal adverse effects. (news-medical.net)
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by limited responses to chemoimmunotherapy attributed to highly desmoplastic tumor microenvironment. (bvsalud.org)
While many successful immunotherapeutic regimens have relied on checkpoint inhibition, other immunotherapeutic approaches, such as adoptive cellular therapies (ACT), the use of bispecific antibodies, and targeting components of the tumor microenvironment, are showing promise in a variety of cancer types. (aacr.org)
Mar. 28, 2023 Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key factors in the tumor microenvironment, which have been implicated in cancer cell progression. (sciencedaily.com)
While inflammatory injury drives both fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, the tolerogenic microenvironment of the liver conveys immunosuppressive effects that encourage tumor growth. (mdpi.com)
The response to immune checkpoint blockade, depends on a pre-existing, CD8 T cell-rich tumor microenvironment. (aacrjournals.org)
Other factors have been suggested to correlate with response to immunotherapy based on clinical and preclinical studies, including elevated type 1 helper T cell (Th1) tumoral gene signature, [ 11 ] and IFN-γ expression, possibly attributable to its ties to other proteins and cytokines within the tumor microenvironment. (medscape.com)

MHC tetramers are used in studies of pathogen immunity and vaccine development, in evaluation of antitumor responses, in allergy monitoring and desensitization studies, and in autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)
However, the specific contribution of Trm cells to anti-tumor immunity is incompletely understood. (lifeboat.com)
8-10 Long-lasting protective immunity relies on the efficient establishment of long-lived memory CD8 + T cells, which have the potential to eradicate primary and disseminated tumors. (lifeboat.com)
Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
Insight into the mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity has generated great enthusiasm for the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma. (nih.gov)
In contrast, ACT expands a patient's own T cells ex vivo to direct anti-tumor immunity when transfused back into the patient. (elifesciences.org)
How does immunity against the body develop, in particular, in patients with autoimmune lupus? (massgeneral.org)
We have developed genetic and genomics approaches to explain the large variance in anti-tumor immunity across people, and to discover how tumors evolve to resist productive immunity. (massgeneral.org)
We've identified somatic mutations in tumors that are associated with anti-tumor immunity in patients, found T cell subtypes that are associated with a response to anti- PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma and are studying their properties now (Sade-Feldman et al. (massgeneral.org)
Our studies in patients and subsequent mouse research really drive home that our gut microbiomes modulate both systemic and anti-tumor immunity. (mdanderson.org)
Adoptive cellular therapy transmits the sensitized T cells to patients with low cellular immune function, which helps patients obtain antitumor immunity. (hindawi.com)
In their review " Natural and Adaptive Immunity to Cancer ", Vesely and colleagues draw from recent mouse models of cancer and human clinical data to describe how cells, effector molecules, and pathways of the immune system act to suppress and control tumor cells. (massgenomics.org)
And so we are seeing that not only to have it being manifested as an anti-tumor immunity, but also as anti itself immunity," explained Ferris. (curetoday.com)
While a great deal of effort has focused on defining their role in immunity to infections, studies now reveal T RM cells as a vital component of the host immune response to cancer. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to highlighting key studies that directly implicate T RM cells in anti-tumor immunity, we will highlight earlier work that implicitly suggested their importance. (frontiersin.org)
June 23, 2023 B cells are thought to play a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity, but their exact role in anti-tumor immunity remains unknown. (sciencedaily.com)

In melanoma, the malignant black skin cancer, such T-cell receptor transgenic T cells have already been shown to prolong the lives of some patients. (dkfz.de)
Cancer can be considered a disease of immune dysfunction, with a failure of immune recognition leading to the outgrowth of malignant cells as tumors ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
5, 2023 Researchers have revealed that the expression of a specific isoform of GREB1 Is4 is induced in malignant melanoma cells by the melanocyte-specific transcription factor, MITF. (sciencedaily.com)
Vaccination with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells elicits antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-cells in patients with malignant glioma. (nwbio.com)
A 43-year-old man who had malignant melanoma (pT3bN1bM0 stage IIIC) received nivolumab treatment (480 mg 1× every 4 wks) 12 months before admission. (cdc.gov)
Patients with oral malignant melanoma often recall having an existing oral pigmentation months to years before diagnosis, and the condition may even have elicited prior comment from examining physicians and dentists (or healthcare providers, when considering the auxiliaries). (medscape.com)
The frequency of the type of neoplasm was higher for lung cancer, followed by malignant colon tumor. (cdc.gov)

Transfusion of autologous tumor-specific CTLs 1-4 and blockade of T cell inhibitory receptors 5-7 have demonstrated to elicit durable clinical benefit in a significant proportion of patients with melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma and other cancers, who failed to respond to conventional treatments. (lifeboat.com)
CTAs were first identified by T-cell epitope cloning based on their ability to elicit autologous T-cell responses in a patient with melanoma ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
This phase II trial studies the side effects and how well white blood cells taken from person's own (autologous) cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ antigen-specific T cells, cyclophosphamide, aldesleukin, and ipilimumab work in treating patients with melanoma that has spread to another place in the body. (survivornet.com)
Autologous CD8+ antigen-specific T cells are white blood cells that are designed in the laboratory to find melanoma cells and may kill them. (survivornet.com)
Giving autologous CD8+ antigen-specific T cells with cyclophosphamide, aldesleukin, and ipilimumab may be an effective treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma. (survivornet.com)
Patients then receive autologous CD8+ melanoma-specific T cells IV over 30-60 minutes on day 0, aldesleukin subcutaneously (SC) twice daily (BID) on days 0-13 and ipilimumab IV over 90 minutes on days 1, 22, 43, and 64 in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. (survivornet.com)
In 2010, James Kochenderfer and colleagues achieved a breakthrough with a CAR T cell therapy, reporting tumour regression in a patient with advanced follicular lymphoma, who received two infusions of autologous T cells genetically engineered to express a CAR specifically recognizing the antigen CD19 expressed on B cells. (nature.com)
Autologous TILs were expanded ex vivo from minced tumors cultured with interleukin-2. (nature.com)
Phase I/II study of vaccination with electrofused allogeneic dendritic cells/autologous tumor-derived cells in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma. (nwbio.com)
Vaccination of prostatectomized prostate cancer patients in biochemical relapse, with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant human PSA. (nwbio.com)
The article focuses on a melanoma patient treated in a prior Phase 2 study with AIVITA's immunotherapy, autologous dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumor antigens derived from tumor-initiating cells. (aivitabiomedical.com)
AIVITA's ovarian Phase 2 double-blind study is active and enrolling approximately 99 patients who are being randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either the autologous cancer stem cell-targeting immunotherapy or autologous monocytes as a comparator. (aivitabiomedical.com)

They provide an ideal means to characterize the T cells that respond to a vaccine, and they have been used to test T cell responses in many vaccine systems, including influenza, yellow fever, tuberculosis, HIV/SIV and a large number of cancer vaccine trials, including melanoma and chronic myeloid leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
The company is hoping BNT111, which used a fixed combination of mRNA-encoded, tumor-associated antigens to target the cancer cells, will demonstrate the same kind of success as the COVID-19 vaccine. (biospace.com)
These findings establish CTAs as potential prognostic markers and as target candidates for vaccine development for patients with urothelial carcinoma. (aacrjournals.org)
Several CTAs, including NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A3, and MAGE-A4, have been or are being studied as target antigens in vaccine clinical trials for various types of tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma ( 7, 9 - 13 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Neoantigen vaccine generates intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glioblastoma trial. (msdmanuals.com)
Finally, we are adapting our unbiased analytical strategies into real-world therapeutics, having performed clinical trials (with our collaborator Dr. Catherine Wu), in which patients are vaccinated against their own tumors with a fully personal vaccine that is designed based on a computational analysis of their tumor genome. (massgeneral.org)
Chicago - As patient accrual to phase III trials of Canvaxin therapeutic polyvalent cancer vaccine nears the 1,000-mark, a randomized phase II trial of the vaccine was reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. (dermatologytimes.com)
After these initial studies had yielded such promising results, Lukas Bunse expects that vaccine-induced T-cell receptors targeting brain tumor antigens could be a promising approach to develop new immunotherapies against glioblastoma. (dkfz.de)
We developed a multi-MAGEA antigen targeted DNA vaccine and tested its effect on PDAC tumor growth. (bvsalud.org)
Strikingly, immunization with a DNA vaccine that targeting multiple MAGEA antigens, including MAGEA2, MAGEA3 and MAGEA10, elicits robust immune responses against the growth of gemcitabine resistant tumors. (bvsalud.org)
Further research is needed to enhance the ability of dnC60 to boost the cellular immune response to the components of the candidate vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
A recombinant vaccine was constructed using two copies of the RFRP-3 gene and HBsAg-S that generate a fusion protein to induce an immunology response. (bvsalud.org)
However, many vaccination trials in melanoma failed to demonstrate a correlation between the vaccine-specific immune response and therapy outcome. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
They are also capable of eliciting spontaneously humoral and cellular immune responses in cancer patients, and are potentially useful targets in cancer vaccine-based immunotherapy. (nih.gov)
One such treatment, in a phase 1 clinical trial, was a new type of personalized vaccine that researchers hoped would train the immune system to better find and attack melanoma. (curemelanoma.org)
The vaccine, coined NeoVax, was made specifically for each patient over a twelve-week period. (curemelanoma.org)
Dr. Ott explained that because the vaccine is custom made for each patient, the immune response it elicits is directed only against the tumor and not healthy tissues. (curemelanoma.org)
July 5, 2023 A new vaccine boosts the response of engineered CAR-T cells and helps the immune system generate T cells that target other tumor antigens. (sciencedaily.com)
Results Sixty-six patients were screened and 19 enrolled of whom 14 received at least 3 doses of the vaccine and thus evaluated for the primary immunologic endpoint. (bmj.com)
IRVINE, Calif. - October 30, 2019 - AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., a biotechnology company specializing in innovative stem cell applications, announced the publication of an article titled " Genomic, Proteomic, and Immunologic Associations with a Durable Complete Remission of Measurable Metastatic Melanoma Induced by a Patient-Specific Dendritic Cell Vaccine " in the journal Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics. (aivitabiomedical.com)

Much more advanced in clinical development than T-cell receptor transgenic cells are cellular therapies using so-called CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor) cells, which have already been approved for the treatment of various leukemias and lymphomas. (dkfz.de)
Adoptive cellular therapy, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, has gained unprecedented success among hematologic tumors [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Several types of ACT round out the immunotherapy arsenal, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, T-cell receptor (TCR) therapy, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy. (aacr.org)
There are many therapeutic avenues that are being tried in clinics against solid tumors that include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapies, which are all susceptible to failure owing to exhaustion in immune cells," said Dr. Verma. (umn.edu)

In the ongoing Phase II study in patients with anti-PD1-refractory/relapsed unresectable Stage III or IV melanoma, BNT111 is paired with Libtayo , a checkpoint inhibitor developed by Regeneron and Sanofi . (biospace.com)
The Fast Track Designation underlines the potential of our FixVac platform to address current treatment challenges of pre-treated and immune checkpoint blocker experienced melanoma with limited standard of care therapy options left. (biospace.com)
In the field of cancer immunotherapy, the recently described effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD1 blocking antibodies to boost anti-tumor T cell responses is very encouraging [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-PD1 checkpoint blockade have their disease controlled longer if they have a more diverse population of bacteria in the gut or an abundance of certain types of bacteria, according to the team's analysis of fecal samples to assess patients' gut microbiomes. (mdanderson.org)
Immune checkpoint blockade drugs that free the body's own immune system to attack cancer cells help around 25 percent of metastatic melanoma patients, and those responses are not always durable. (mdanderson.org)
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has achieved significant success in various cancers and has been one of the hotspots in the life sciences, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cellular therapy [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are antibodies that target crucial signaling pathways, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), to improve the activation of T cells and enhance the immune response to cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
The clinical rationale for combining targeted and immunotherapy is to utilize the rapid onset of response and high response rate of BRAF/MEK inhibitors and the longer duration of benefit seen in patients responding to checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). (springermedizin.at)
Outcomes for patients with melanoma have improved over the past decade with the clinical development and approval of immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint receptors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). (biomedcentral.com)
These results support the synergistic effect of dual checkpoint inhibition over monotherapy and identify relatlimab-nivolumab as a potential new treatment option for patients with previously untreated metastatic or unresectable melanoma. (biomedcentral.com)
Addeo, A., Banna, G. L., Metro, G. & Di Maio, M. Chemotherapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and literature-based meta-analysis. (nature.com)
In the last decade, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has achieved durable responses in many cancers, including melanoma, lung, and renal cancer. (hhs.gov)
This session was chaired by Padmanee Sharma, MD, PhD , professor in the Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, who opened the plenary by highlighting the incredible breakthrough of checkpoint inhibitors, which are helping many patients to have durable responses. (aacr.org)
This approach has proven efficacious in some patients with epithelial cancers, and has been shown to synergize with checkpoint inhibition. (aacr.org)
The highly competitive Cancer Research Institute's Clinical Laboratory Integration Program (CRI CLIP) grant will support Verma's lab efforts to improve mitochondrial metabolism in immune cells to make immune checkpoint-based immunotherapy more effective in treating solid tumors. (umn.edu)
The Verma Lab's study is a first of its kind in that it will try a combination of mitochondria-targeted and immune checkpoint-targeted therapy in melanoma. (umn.edu)
To evaluate the clinical activity, tolerability and anti-tumor activity of AM0010 alone or in combination with chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors a multi-basket phase 1 study was conducted. (aacrjournals.org)
The in-vivo data demonstrated a synergistic improvement in tumour clearance when checkpoint inhibitors were combined with Valo Tx's platform. (helsinki.fi)
We report a patient who had immune checkpoint inhibitor‒associated type 1 diabetes mellitus that developed after a second mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. (cdc.gov)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including nivolumab, target programmed cell death protein-1 and have been used to treat malignancies, including melanoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
We report a patient who had checkpoint inhibitor‒induced diabetes mellitus develop after he received a second mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies blocking the immune checkpoint cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death-1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antigens have been tested in several gastrointestinal malignancies. (medscape.com)

Host Response to Tumors The immune response to foreign antigens consists of Humoral mechanisms (eg, antibodies) Cellular mechanisms (See also Tumor Antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as ipilimumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. (survivornet.com)
Monoclonal antibodies blocking CTLA4 induce regression of immunogenic tumors in mice ( 8 ) and are being pursued as a treatment approach for patients with cancer. (snmjournals.org)
The emerging clinical data suggest that a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma treated with CTLA4-blocking antibodies, in the range of 5%−15%, achieve durable objective tumor responses. (snmjournals.org)
There has been a great deal of interest shown in defining the mechanisms by which anti-CTLA4 antibodies induce tumor regressions in humans. (snmjournals.org)
The combination of Cytotoxic T-Lymphozyte Antigen-4 (CTLA‑4) and Programmed death-1 (PD‑1) antibodies and the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors are the current clinical standards for combination immune and targeted therapy for melanoma, respectively. (springermedizin.at)
In the setting of cancer, instead of eliciting effector pathways that would lead to tumor elimination, these antibodies might promote down-regulation of the cellular inflammatory responses to the tumor. (scirp.org)
During her PhD, she focused on the identification and characterisation of new tumour associated antigens, as well as on the development and characterisation of murine monoclonal antibodies and engineered antibodies, such as scFv and bispecific diabodies, to target cancer cells. (kcl.ac.uk)
AIVITA's melanoma Phase 1B open-label, single-arm study will establish the safety of administering anti-PD1 monoclonal antibodies in combination with AIVITA's cancer stem cell-targeting immunotherapy in patients with measurable metastatic melanoma. (aivitabiomedical.com)
Anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibodies alone or in combination with CTLA-4 were shown to induce objective responses in approximately 10% to 20% of patients with gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma in small nonrandomized trials. (medscape.com)

and a growing number of biologic agents for targeted therapy, such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors (eg, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib), which are used for melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations. (medscape.com)
Chicago - In the early days before protease inhibitors, Kaposi's sarcoma was considered a severe and dangerous ancillary condition that often was fatal to patients. (dermatologytimes.com)
Recent data from pivotal studies have demonstrated that roughly up to 35% (for BRAF/MEK inhibitors) and 50% (for Ipi/Nivo) of first-line patients treated with these combinations are still alive after 5 years. (springermedizin.at)
Alternative inhibitory receptors have been identified that may be targeted for anti-tumor immune therapy, such as lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), as have several potential target oncogenes for molecularly targeted therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
Several oncogenes have been identified as potential targets for molecularly targeted melanoma therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). (biomedcentral.com)

This work highlights the therapeutic potential of vaccination-induced Trm cell responses to achieve potent protection against skin malignancies. (lifeboat.com)
Vaccination against human cancer is a promising therapeutic approach but the optimal antigen or antigens remain undefined. (aacrjournals.org)
However, several antigens with selective expression on the surface of tumor cells are not associated with the major histocompatibility complex and may be candidates for therapeutic targeting. (msdmanuals.com)
Nat Biotech 2020), which are now being used to develop novel therapeutic approaches and targets for immunotherapy, such as personal tumor vaccines targeting multiple HLA-associated neoantigens in human tumors (together with Dr. Catherine Wu at DFCI, Ott et al. (massgeneral.org)
Tumor immunotherapy refers to novel therapeutic measures that turn the immune system into a destructive force against tumors [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
The number of new combinations treatment under development for melanoma provides options for the number of patients to achieve a therapeutic benefit. (biomedcentral.com)
However, although treatment with TILs was effective in some tumours (such as melanoma), the lack of specificity and the difficulty in recruiting TILs from most other cancer types compromised the therapeutic potential. (nature.com)
Background Therapeutic vaccination directed to induce an anti-tumoral T-cell response is a field of extensive investigation in the treatment of melanoma. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Patients and methods This phase-II trial investigated a peptide vaccination against survivin, an oncogenic Background Therapeutic vaccination directed to induce an anti-tumoral T-cell response is a field of extensive investigation in the treatment of melanoma. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
To improve this therapeutic strategy, Rosenberg and colleagues developed a method to identify the exact antigens that the T cells could recognize. (aacr.org)
Tumour neo-antigen-specific immune responses in oesophageal cancer long-term survivors: proof-of-concept for improved personalised therapeutic strategies. (edu.au)
Valo Therapeutics Limited (Valo Tx), an immuno-oncology company developing tumour antigen-coated oncolytic viruses as therapeutic vaccines, today announced it had received additional funding, triggered by positive pre-clinical data, to progress its PeptiCRAd platform into first-in-human clinical trials. (helsinki.fi)
Michael Stein , CEO of Valo Tx, commented, "With our latest funding from existing investors, of EUR1.1m, we've now raised a total of over EUR 10m, which will enable us to further validate our platform to develop antigen-coated oncolytic viruses as therapeutic vaccines. (helsinki.fi)
Valo Therapeutics (Helsinki and Oxford) is an immunotherapy company that is developing antigen-coated oncolytic viruses as anti-cancer therapeutic vaccines. (helsinki.fi)
PeptiENV is expected to improve the therapeutic response to enveloped oncolytic viruses in the treatment of multiple forms of cancer. (helsinki.fi)

Melanoma is a skin cancer with permanently increasing incidence and resistance to therapies in advanced stages. (mdpi.com)
Therapies that target these negative regulator checkpoints, such as those directed against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1), have demonstrated promising clinical results. (nih.gov)
Unfortunately, not all patients respond to these therapies, and evaluation of biomarkers predictive of response is ongoing. (nih.gov)
However, many patients fail to respond to these therapies, and metabolic barriers imposed on T cells by the TME may contribute. (elifesciences.org)
Through immune system activation, immuno-oncological therapies take advantage of benefits such as breadth of response and memory to provide a more specific, targeted treatment option for patients. (news-medical.net)
In general, immuno-oncological therapies tend to benefit patients with late-stage disease, though recent clinical trials involving earlier immuno-oncological treatments are also promising. (news-medical.net)
Compared to traditional chemotherapy, immuno-oncological therapies provide a more indirect attack on tumor cells which generally results in fewer side effects, making the treatment itself more tolerable from a quality of life perspective. (news-medical.net)
Biological therapies, such as aldesleukin, use substances made from living organisms that may stimulate the immune system in different ways and stop tumor cells from growing. (survivornet.com)
However, a significant number of patients are non responders to these therapies and thus, there is still room for improvement using antigen-specific immunotherapy, whether through vaccination or through T cell transfer. (oncotarget.com)
To find new, more effective treatment options for those affected, doctors and scientists are testing numerous immunotherapeutic approaches, including so-called "adoptive" T-cell therapies: This involves isolationg T cells from the patient, modifying them in the culture dish and transferring them back to the patient. (dkfz.de)
According to the scientist, it is also conceivable to generate T cell receptor transgenic cell therapies against patient-individual cancer antigens. (dkfz.de)
The success of these therapies has stimulated research into novel drug combinations for melanoma, of which a large majority are based on combination with PD‑1 or PD-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) blocking drugs. (springermedizin.at)
Unfortunately, many patients still progress and acquire resistance to immunotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
PD-1 and CTLA-4 targeting therapies increase average life expectancy for cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Several of these therapies are already FDA-approved for treating metastatic melanoma. (biomedcentral.com)
We now need to know how we can improve the current immunotherapy strategies so that not only a subset of patients respond, but even more patients can benefit from these therapies," Sharma said. (aacr.org)
Note: Low-dose cisplatin given as a radiation sensitizer or hormonal therapies do not exclude patients from study participation. (who.int)
Some localized melanomas may result from azathioprine, which acts synergistically with ultraviolet radiation, while T-cell depleting induction therapies may promote late stage tumors. (cdc.gov)

In the first published gene therapy clinical trial, TILs engineered to express a foreign gene with a retrovirus to mark the infused cells were safely transferred to patients. (nature.com)
We conducted a single-arm open-label phase 1 trial ( NCT03215810 ) of TILs administered with nivolumab in 20 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer following initial progression on nivolumab monotherapy. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Clinical activity of TILs and patient survival. (nature.com)
Through examination of the population and single-cell RNA profiles of CD8+ TILs upon ICB, we have identified stem-like CD8+ TILs that are integral for the response to ICB. (hhs.gov)
These observations underscore the relevance of stem-like CD8+ TILs for effective response to ICB and the need to better understand how TCF-1 and additional factors regulate their biology. (hhs.gov)
Our overarching goal is to understand the cell-autonomous regulation of stem-like CD8+ TILs, their crosstalk with other cells in the TME, and how together they govern the activation of proficient anti- tumor CD8+ T cell responses and ICB efficacy. (hhs.gov)
TVEC is designed to preferentially lyse tumor cells over normal tissue to release tumor associated antigens, produces GM-CSF to activate dendritic cells, and stimulates T cells to infiltrate the tumor (TILs). (moffitt.org)
TILs in breast cancer are associated with better response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). (moffitt.org)

Previously, we showed immune-related adverse events (IRAE) and objective, durable clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with CTLA-4 blockade. (nih.gov)
Predicting tumor response to PD-1 blockade. (msdmanuals.com)
Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma. (msdmanuals.com)
Molecular imaging with the PET probe 18 F-FLT allows mapping and noninvasive imaging of cell proliferation in secondary lymphoid organs after CTLA4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. (snmjournals.org)
It has been also hypothesized that mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite-unstable tumors are more responsive to PD-L1 blockade. (medscape.com)

The timely and accurate identification of neurotoxicity helps clinicians detect and treat these complications early, thereby enhancing treatment efficiency and improving the prognosis of patients. (hindawi.com)
To bypass resistance, combination treatment with immunotherapies and single or multiple TKIs have been shown to improve the prognosis of melanoma patients compared to monotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Results showed that these patients tended to have improved disease prognosis, thanks to T-cell activation. (curetoday.com)
METHODS: We used clinical samples to explore the correlation between MAGEA expression and patient prognosis in multiple cancers. (bvsalud.org)
We provide strong clinical evidence indicating that high MAGEA expression, including MAGEA2, MAGEA3 and MAGEA10, correlates with worse chemotherapeutic response and poor prognosis in multiple cancers, while their expression is up-regulated in chemoresistant PDAC patient derived organoids and cancer cell lines. (bvsalud.org)
EBV-positive tumors have a higher frequency of Crohn's disease-like lymphoid reaction that correlates with an improved prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. (medscape.com)

MHC multimers are oligomeric forms of MHC molecules, designed to identify and isolate T-cells with high affinity to specific antigens amid a large group of unrelated T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
MHC multimers allow for ex vivo selection and proliferation of T-cells specific to viral or tumor-related antigens, which can then be reintroduced to augment the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
MHC tetramers are used to identify and label specific T-cells by epitope specific binding, allowing the antigen specific immune response to be analyzed in both animal model and in human. (wikipedia.org)
MHC tetramers were originally developed using MHC class I molecules for the recognition of cytotoxic T cells, but over the last decade they have allowed for the recognition of CD4 T cells by a wide variety of antigens. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, cytomegalovirus-specific T cells have been enriched to high levels of purity using magnetic bead-based enrichment for use as a therapy for stem cell transplant patients. (wikipedia.org)
MHC pentamers have been used in the detection of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in flow cytometry, and are cited in over 750 peer reviewed publications [1], including several in the journals Nature and Science. (wikipedia.org)
MHC pentamers can also be used in tissue staining, and in magnetic isolation of antigen-specific T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Ipilimumab is able to inhibit the effects of CTLA-4 on T cells and allows the expansion of naturally developed melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-cells. (medscape.com)
Here, we demonstrated that intradermal administration of clinically relevant vaccines efficiently induces Trm cells specific for tumor-specific and self-antigens that accumulate in vaccinated and non-vaccinated skin. (lifeboat.com)
Interestingly, vaccination-induced Trm cells strongly suppress the growth of melanoma, independently of circulating CD8 T cells, and were able to infiltrate melanoma tumors. (lifeboat.com)
Emerging evidence indicates that Trm cells develop in human solid cancers and play a key role in controlling tumor growth. (lifeboat.com)
NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) are named after their pattern of expression, as they are found in various types of cancers but only in testicular germ cells of normal adult tissues ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
T cells must substantially increase nutrient uptake to mount a proper immune response and failure to obtain sufficient nutrients or engage the appropriate metabolic pathways can alter or prevent effector T cell differentiation and function. (elifesciences.org)
We will then examine how tumor cells create a toxic milieu for T cells that enter the TME. (elifesciences.org)
Therapeutics of this nature capitalize on the exquisite specificity of antibody biologics to directly target tumor cells with cytotoxic agents (for example, ADCs) or indirectly target tumor cells by actively recruiting other immune cells (such as T-cells and macrophages) via multi-specific antibody formats. (news-medical.net)
Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are relatively restricted to tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) are unique to tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
References Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as cyclophosphamide, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. (survivornet.com)
Evaluate the influence of anti-CTLA4 on the induction of T cells to non-targeted tumor-associated antigens (antigen-spreading) following adoptive transfer antigen-specific CTL, and the correlation of these responses with clinical outcome. (survivornet.com)
Recent findings show how T cells exert selection pressures on a tumor, influencing its genetic composition and future susceptibility to the immune system. (massgeneral.org)
Data from in vitro translation experiments and transfection of melanoma cells with bicistronic vectors documented that MELOE-3 is exclusively translated by the classical cap-dependent pathway. (oncotarget.com)
Using a sensitive tandem mass spectrometry technique, we detected the presence of MELOE-3 in total lysates of both melanoma cells and normal melanocytes. (oncotarget.com)
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a coinhibitory activation-induced surface receptor on T cells that functions as a major negative regulator of anti-self-immune responses. (snmjournals.org)
It provides a dominant negative signaling to T cells on binding to the costimulatory molecules CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
Cell surface CTLA4 has 100-1,000 times higher affinity for the costimulatory molecules expressed by antigen-presenting cells, thereby efficiently competing with the positive costimulatory receptor CD28 ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
The trial used an immunostimulant to enhance the antibody response to a tumor-associated antigen (TA90) found on melanoma cells. (dermatologytimes.com)
Further insights on the roles of CD8 + specificities and TCR avidity of naturally arising tumor-specific T cells, where both high and low avidity T cells recognizing the same peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) coexist in the same tumor, are crucial for understanding T cell exhaustion and resistance to PD-1 immunotherapy. (bmj.com)
Tetramer staining was performed to determine the frequency and avidity of CD8 + T cells targeting the tumor-specific epitope GSW11 and confirmed with tetramer competition assays. (bmj.com)
High avidity T cells (Tet hi ), if present, were only found in progressing PD-1 refractory tumors. (bmj.com)
Lukas Bunse, a scientist at the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) and a physician at the University Medical Center Mannheim, relies on the comparatively new concept of "T cell receptor transgenic cells" in his current study: To this end, brain tumor patients were first inoculated with an antigenic fragment of the protein NLGN4X (Neuroligin4X). (dkfz.de)
Bunse's team then isolated from the blood of the vaccinated individuals those T cells that had been activated by NLGN4X and consequently carried a T cell receptor that specifically "recognizes" this glioblastoma-associated antigen. (dkfz.de)
In this way, they succeeded in producing large numbers of T cells with identical specificity, all of which recognize the cancer antigen NLGN4X. (dkfz.de)
Bunse's team then demonstrated that the NLGN4X-specific T cells are able to kill brain tumor cells in the culture dish. (dkfz.de)
Brain tumor-bearing mice treated with transgenic NLGN4X-specific human T cells had a greater than 40 percent response to treatment. (dkfz.de)
To assess the impact of the microbiome, Wargo and colleagues analyzed buccal swabs - tissue samples from inside the cheek -- and fecal samples of patients treated with anti-PD1 therapy that blocks the PD1 protein on T cells, which acts as a brake on the immune system. (mdanderson.org)
Related studies have reported that the complete response rate of CD19-CAR-T cells in hematological malignancies is approximately 88-90% [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
These include the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), TIGIT, and B-and T-lymphocyte-associated protein (BTLA) receptors associated with T cell exhaustion and V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), a receptor found on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The idea that the immune system might recognize and destroy tumor cells was conceived 50-100 years ago. (massgenomics.org)
In 1989, Zelig Eshhar and colleagues realized that the inability of T cells to recognize surface tumour antigens could be overcome by replacing domains of the T cell receptor (TCR) with antibody parts with specificity towards proteins on these cells. (nature.com)
They combined the variable region of an antibody with the constant regions of the TCR chains, thus producing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that provided T cells with antibody-type specificity. (nature.com)
The T cells expressing CARs recognized and eliminated target cells, and produced interleukin 2 in the presence of the antigen, providing a proof of concept that this approach triggers a cellular immune response. (nature.com)
Physiologic recognition of tumour antigens by T cells is mediated by the TCR-CD3 complex. (nature.com)
The finding that CAR T cells had activity in patients advanced the field of ACT, which saw dramatic progress in the following years and remarkable results in B-cell malignancies, including paediatric and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), aggressive B cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma treated with CD19 CAR T cells. (nature.com)
In 2017, two studies - the phase II ZUMA-1 trial led by Sattva Neelapu and a case-series study led by Carl June - validated the efficacy of CD19 CAR T cells in patients with refractory B-cell leukaemia and lymphoma. (nature.com)
Another ACT developed in parallel to CAR T cells is engineering T cells to express TCRs that recognize tumour-associated antigens. (nature.com)
In 2006, Rosenberg and colleagues transferred TCR T cells specifically recognizing the melanoma antigen MART-1 in 15 patients, two of whom achieved regression and still showed high levels of engineered cells in circulation one year after the infusion. (nature.com)
This was the first clinical use of TCR T cell therapy, and although initial studies had demonstrated the feasibility and safety of introducing engineered T cells in patients, this trial also showed their remarkable efficiency. (nature.com)
Other successful studies quickly followed, such as those demonstrating sustained complete and partial responses in patients with melanoma and treatment of synovial cell sarcoma with TCR T cells against the NY-ESO-1 antigen. (nature.com)
For example, melanoma patients who have vitiligo, which is where the T cells are attacking the pigment producing cells in the skin, have a significantly better survival. (curetoday.com)
They have successfully activated T cells against self and it's because the tumor is a cell itself, it's not a foreign antigen, so they have successfully activated T cells against cells. (curetoday.com)
In exploratory analyses, we found T cells recognizing multiple types of cancer mutations were detected after TIL treatment and were enriched in responding patients. (nature.com)
TRV-β sequencing of tumor and peripheral T cells as the project 'TIL trial for NSCLC' are available in the immuneACCESS free public database at https://clients.adaptivebiotech.com/immuneaccess . (nature.com)
These cells are tumor antigen-specific, exhibit polyfunctional effector capacity, and increase in proportion upon various ICBs across different cancer types. (hhs.gov)
Although the transcription factor TCF-1 plays an important role in the maintenance and effector function of these cells, we have found that TCF-1 expression in CD8+ T cells is not requisite for positive response to ICB in all tumor contexts. (hhs.gov)
We have found that tumor-associated dendritic cells (DCs) are altered when TCF-1 is absent in mature CD8+ T cells. (hhs.gov)
Patients and methods This phase-II trial investigated a peptide vaccination against survivin, an oncogenic inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein crucial for the survival of tumor cells, in HLA-A1/-A2/-B35-positive patients with treatment-refractory stage-IV metastatic melanoma. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Talimogene laherparepvec is an investigational oncolytic immunotherapy designed to selectively replicate in tumors (but not normal tissue) and to initiate an immune response to target cancer cells that have metastasized. (amgen.com)
First, it is injected directly into tumors where it replicates inside the tumor's cells causing the cell to rupture and die in a process called lysis. (amgen.com)
The rupture of the cancer cells can release tumor-derived antigens, along with GM-CSF, that can stimulate a system-wide immune response where white blood cells are able to seek out and target cancer that has spread throughout the body. (amgen.com)
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, which are the cells responsible for providing the pigment to skin. (amgen.com)
These strategies rely on the isolation of T cells, which are either genetically modified to target tumor-specific antigens or are expanded from an endogenous population that recognizes tumor neoantigens. (aacr.org)
Unlike CAR T-cell therapy or TCR therapy, which modifies T cells taken from the blood, TIL therapy utilizes T cells that have infiltrated the tumor stroma, which requires a tumor biopsy. (aacr.org)
Tumor-specific T cells are identified, expanded, and infused into the lymphodepleted patient, where they can help mediate tumor regression. (aacr.org)
Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that T RM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Such tumor-specific T RM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. (frontiersin.org)
Informed by studies in infectious disease models, and instructed by a clear role for T RM cells in autoimmunity, we will discuss strategies for therapeutically promoting T RM responses in settings where they don't naturally occur. (frontiersin.org)
Tumor development has been said to occur in three distinct steps: inefficient elimination of early transformed cells, development of a state of equilibrium between tumor cells and immune cells, and tumor escape from immune pressure ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
While innate immune cells are important for early tumor immune surveillance, T cells are fundamentally recognized for their crucial role in the antigen-specific recognition and elimination of malignantly transformed cells ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Following effective priming in lymph nodes, T cells traffic to tumors and other peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
In a growing number of cases, CD8 T cells have been shown to mediate the regression of large bulky tumors, resulting in durable long-term disease remissions ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
The persistence of such responses is fundamentally thought to be based on the ability of T cells to act as potent effectors and, subsequently, generate long-lived memory ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
As the field of cancer immunotherapy advances rapidly, it is now crucial to understand how the dissemination and maintenance of tumor-specific T cells can be optimally achieved. (frontiersin.org)
In the early 2000's, large and persistent populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues were initially classified as T EM cells in recirculation from the blood ( 8 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
July 27, 2023 Investigators have designed an innovative RNA-based strategy to activate dendritic cells--which play a key role in immune response -- that eradicated tumors and prevented their recurrence in mouse models of melanoma. (sciencedaily.com)
Feb. 16, 2023 Cancer immunotherapy involves using activated T cells to destroy tumors, but it doesn't work for all patients. (sciencedaily.com)
Melanoma, the most severe type of skin cancer, arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes. (umn.edu)
One of the primary challenges in using immunotherapy to treat solid tumors is that immune cells in solid tumors tend to have dysfunctional mitochondria. (umn.edu)
Since mitochondria are responsible for providing energy for a cell, this leads to immune cells becoming exhausted by the time they enter the tumor bed, which leaves them unable to effectively fight off cancer cells. (umn.edu)
Through the current CRI-sponsored project, Dr. Verma intends to improve the therapy response in melanoma by preventing mitochondrial exhaustion in immune cells. (umn.edu)
Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. (nwbio.com)
Babatz J, Röllig C, Löbel B, Folprecht G, Haack M, Günther H, Köhne CH, Ehninger G, Schmitz M, Bornhäuser M. Induction of cellular immune responses against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with metastatic tumors after vaccination with altered peptide ligand-loaded dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
Banchereau J, Ueno H, Dhodapkar M, Connolly J, Finholt JP, Klechevsky E, Blanck JP, Johnston DA, Palucka AK, Fay J. Immune and clinical outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma vaccinated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells derived from CD34+ progenitors and activated with type I interferon. (nwbio.com)
Bleumer I, Tiemessen DM, Oosterwijk-Wakka JC, Völler MC, De Weijer K, Mulders PF, Oosterwijk E. Preliminary analysis of patients with progressive renal cell carcinoma vaccinated with CA9-peptide-pulsed mature dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
Median and mean peak IFN-γ T cell response by ELISPOT (spots per 10 4 CD8 + cells, Arm A/B/C) was 11/52/271 (A vs. C, p = 0.028) for medians and 37/148/248 (A vs. C, p = 0.032) for means. (bmj.com)
Background: The success of and the durability of immune therapy of cancer is thought to depend on the activation and expansion of tumor reactive and infiltrating CD8+ T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
IL-10 stimulates the antigen mediated cytotoxicity, survival and proliferation of intra-tumoral CD8+ T cells and simultaneously dampens chronic inflammation. (aacrjournals.org)
IL-10 activates with STAT3 an essential survival and proliferation signal in antigen activated CD8 T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Cancer vaccines exploiting the in vivo delivery of tumour specific (neo-)antigens to cross-presenting dendritic cells to improve the immunotherapy for melanoma, breast cancer, lymphoma, glioblastoma and virus-driven tumours. (edu.au)
There have been clear proof-of-principle trials showing responses with T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells and this can be built on with further development. (eur.nl)
The analyses included elucidation of the genes in the patient's tumor cells and normal cells, more than 100 blood markers before and after vaccination, and the patient's immune cells. (aivitabiomedical.com)
PeptiCRAd uses immunogenic viruses as active carriers of tumour-specific peptides to direct the immune system to specifically target and kill cancer cells. (helsinki.fi)
Potential y neoplastic cel s that of the effect increases with increasing tem to respond effectively to foreign arise natural y, or that have been dose or continuing exposure - and is antigens, including surface antigens transformed by carcinogens acting usually transient: immune function on tumour cells. (who.int)
In contrast, infection fector cells or from blockage of intra- of action associated with oncogenic with certain pathogens, such as hu- cel ular pathways essential for anti- viruses, may escape immune sur- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 gen recognition or of other elements veillance in immunosuppressed indi- (HIV-1) or malaria parasites, is per- of the immune response. (who.int)

Sixteen histological tumor subtypes exist and the most common are papillary, chromophobe and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) representing 85% of all RCC. (frontiersin.org)
Dendritic cell immunotherapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: University of Tokyo experience. (nwbio.com)
Several classes of drug have been approved for the treatment of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, among others. (medscape.com)

Aug. 31, 2023 A new study examines why people living in Atlantic regions are more at-risk for developing melanoma than other Canadians, providing lessons on skin cancer prevention for the whole country. (sciencedaily.com)
July 26, 2023 Although rare, mucosal melanoma in humans has a low survival rate. (sciencedaily.com)
May 31, 2023 Overall survival for patients with melanoma that has spread to the brain is only four to six months. (sciencedaily.com)
Jan. 9, 2023 Fewer cases of melanoma were observed among regular users of vitamin D supplements than among non-users, a new study finds. (sciencedaily.com)

I. Evaluate the influence of anti-CTLA4 on the duration of in vivo persistence and anti-tumor efficacy achieved following adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CTL. (survivornet.com)
Adoptive transfer of Tet lo showed more effective tumor control than Tet hi , and curative responses were achieved when Tet lo was combined with two doses of anti-PD-1. (bmj.com)

However, for now, immunotherapy has a limited efficacy rate of just 20% to 30% when treating patients with solid tumors. (umn.edu)
In a phase II study of pembrolizumab in patients with microsatellite-high (MSI-H) solid tumors, the objective response rate was 39.6% (95% CI = 31.7% to 47.9%), including 7.4% complete responses (CRs) and 32.2% partial responses (PRs). (medscape.com)

Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
Although epigenetically silenced, endogenous retroviral (ERV) genes become activated in tumors and function to ignite immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
Transcriptomics analyses showed pathways related to TCR signaling, cytotoxicity and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly enriched in Tet lo found in both regressing and progressing tumors compared with Tet hi , whereas genes related to DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy were downregulated. (bmj.com)
Then, they identify the mutated genes in that patient's tumor and select from them the targets most likely to elicit a strong immune response. (curemelanoma.org)

In patients with metastatic melanoma, ipilimumab can induce durable objective clinical responses, which are related to the induction of IRAEs. (nih.gov)
Recombinant proteins and plasmids encoding hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins, the components of candidate vaccines, induce a weak immune response and require the use of adjuvants. (bvsalud.org)
We conducted a pilot randomized phase I trial in PC patients to determine the peptide dose required to induce an optimal CD8 + T cell response. (bmj.com)

It is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma in adults and adolescents aged 12 y or older. (medscape.com)
It is also used off-label in previously untreated patients with BRAF V600 wild-type, unresectable or metastatic melanoma in combination with nivolumab. (medscape.com)
It is indicated as a single agent for unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600 E mutation. (medscape.com)
It is indicated in combination with trametinib for BRAF V600E or V600K mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma. (medscape.com)
It is indicated as a single agent or in combination with dabrafenib for unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations confirmed by with the THxID BRAF mutation test. (medscape.com)
It is indicated as first-line treatment for unresectable or metastatic melanoma. (medscape.com)
One was a report on the SWOG S1616 trial , which was a trial of ipilimumab (ipi) with nivolumab (nivo) at what we call standard doses vs ipi alone in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who had not responded to anti-PD-1 therapy. (medscape.com)
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda), a humanized monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody, is the first anti-PD-1 antibody approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, and gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer [ 4 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a humanized antibody that overcomes CTLA-4-mediated T-cell suppression to enhance the immune response against tumors. (medscape.com)
The antibody response to HIV-1 in vivo is direct against several viral proteins. (scielo.br)
In this investigation a human RCC tissue microarray (TMA) (n=374) predominantly consisting of the most common histological tumor subtypes was hybridized with an ERV-K env antibody and correlated with patient clinical data. (frontiersin.org)
Libtayo, a monoclonal antibody, has previously been approved to treat metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, advanced basal cell carcinoma, and patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression. (biospace.com)
We tested the role of whole-body molecular imaging in patients with advanced melanoma receiving the CTLA4-blocking antibody tremelimumab, allowing the analysis of changes in glucose metabolism using the PET probe 18 F-FDG and cell replication with the PET probe 3′-deoxy-3′- 18 F-fluorothymidine ( 18 F-FLT). (snmjournals.org)
The combination of vemurafenib and cobimetinib with the PD-L1 blocking antibody atezolizumab (NCT02908672, Trilogy) as well as the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib with the PD‑1 blocking antibody spartalizumab (NCT02967692, Combi-I) are currently being tested in phase III trials in patients with BRAF mutations and in comparison to the respective BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination. (springermedizin.at)
RESULTS: Mice immunization with rNS5B in a mixture with dnC60 at doses of 250 g/mouse significantly induced humoral response: a dose-dependent increase in IgG1 antibody titers was 720 times higher than in the absence of fullerene. (bvsalud.org)
report a case of a patient with metastatic gastric cancer with a meaningful response to the anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody avelumab. (medscape.com)

CONCLUSIONS: Dispersed fullerene dnC60 is a promising adjuvant for increasing the immunostimulating activity of weakly immunogenic proteins including surface and other HCV proteins, important for a protective response. (bvsalud.org)
neoantigens that elicit T-cell responses are identified as immunogenic. (aacr.org)
This method allows for improved identification of immunogenic neoantigens beyond those identified by prediction algorithms, and could potentially be applied to all cancer patients - with the caveat that it would be highly individualized and therefore complex, Rosenberg noted. (aacr.org)
Development and validation of clinically applicable protocols for the identification of tumour-specific immunogenic neo-epitopes to be exploited in personalised vaccination approaches. (edu.au)

Here we demonstrated that a single intradermal administration of gene- or protein-based vaccines efficiently induces specific Trm cell responses against models of tumor-specific and self-antigens, which accumulated in vaccinated and distant non-vaccinated skin. (lifeboat.com)
Vaccination strategies eliciting CTL responses specific for tumor-specific and self-antigens have shown promising results in recent clinical trials. (lifeboat.com)
T RM responses against tumor/self-antigens can concurrently result in the development of pathogenic T RM responses to self, with a growing number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory pathologies being attributed to T RM responses. (frontiersin.org)

Memory CD8 + T cell responses have the potential to mediate long-lasting protection against cancers. (lifeboat.com)
Moreover, clinically applicable vaccination strategies that efficiently establish Trm cell responses remain largely unexplored and are expected to strongly protect against tumors. (lifeboat.com)
Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
Conclusions Targeting subdominant T cell responses with lower avidity against pMHC affinity neoepitopes showed potential for improving PD-1 immunotherapy. (bmj.com)
However, this complex alone is insufficient to trigger productive T cell responses, which require the concomitant engagement of co-stimulatory receptors. (nature.com)
T cell responses developed or increased in 20%/60%/100% of pts in Arms A/B/C. Seven of the 19 patients remain alive at a minimum 32 months from trial initiation, including three with unresectable disease. (bmj.com)
Conclusions The T cell response in this randomized phase I trial was dose-dependent with the 1 mg CEA peptide dose eliciting the most robust T cell responses. (bmj.com)

While cancer immunology has been deeply studied in animal models, there remain many open questions in human tumor immunology. (massgeneral.org)

Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)

BNT111 is the lead product candidate from BioNTech's own FixVac platform and is currently being assessed in a Phase II study in patients with anti-PD-1-refractory/relapsed unresectable Stage III or IV melanoma. (biospace.com)
In a multicenter, single-arm, open-label phase 2 study on patients with relapsed or refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the distribution of any grade neurologic ir-AEs frequency was 52% among patients receiving blinatumomab, and grade 3 or 4 neurologic ir-AEs occurred in 11% and 2% patients, respectively [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Phase I evaluation of thrice-daily intravenous bolus interleukin-4 in patients with refractory malignancy. (nwbio.com)
The analyses concern the immune mechanism of action that led to a complete response in the patient with progressive, refractory, metastatic melanoma. (aivitabiomedical.com)
In the recently presented study, KEYNOTE-059, [ 9 ] 259 patients with advanced refractory gastric cancer received pembrolizumab 200 mg every three weeks until progression. (medscape.com)

Research has intensified to understand ERV protein function and their role as tumor antigens and targets for cancer (immune) therapy. (frontiersin.org)
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, which, on average, takes the lives of more than 63,000 people around the world each year. (biospace.com)
Cancer-testis antigens (CTA), a family of tumor-associated antigens, have both potent immunogenicity and restricted expression patterns in normal adult tissues, highly desirable characteristics for targets of anticancer vaccines. (aacrjournals.org)
These antigens were evaluated for both the degree of expression and prognostic value in cancer of the urothelium. (aacrjournals.org)
Because of this tumor-associated expression pattern, CTAs have been the focus of attention as potential targets in immunotherapy for cancer ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
How are immune responses against cancer initiated, maintained and evaded? (massgeneral.org)
Scientists from the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the University Medical Center Mannheim (UMM) successfully tested a new form of cellular immunotherapy against brain tumors in mice for the first time. (dkfz.de)
Your gift will help support our mission to end cancer and make a difference in the lives of our patients. (mdanderson.org)
Skin-related toxicities can occur with many different anti-cancer immunotherapy drugs, as these agents spark an immune response. (curetoday.com)
We utilized cancer cell lines, patient derived organoids and orthotopic PDAC model to examine the function of MAGEA in chemoresistance. (bvsalud.org)
Despite this success, current estimates indicate that only 12% of all cancer patients respond to ICB. (hhs.gov)
These observations underscore the remaining unmet clinical need in cancer treatment and the need to understand what constitutes effective response to ICB in order to improve response rates. (hhs.gov)
1 Melanoma is the most aggressive and serious form of skin cancer. (amgen.com)
2 In the U.S., while melanoma accounts for less than five percent of skin cancer cases, it causes the most skin cancer deaths. (amgen.com)
Expression of cancer-testis antigen in multiple myeloma. (nih.gov)
Fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer induces immunological and clinical responses. (nwbio.com)
One can identify cancer reaching the bone when the patient has difficulty in walking, and experiences excessive pain or sudden fractures. (indiatimes.com)
The treatment for metastatic cancer is often different from the ones used for a normal tumour. (indiatimes.com)
Surgery is generally conducted among patients suffering from spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer. (indiatimes.com)
The primary benefit of chemotherapy is response time and works very well for metastatic breast cancer. (indiatimes.com)
Taking Care of Your Health features cancer-related information, health tips, patient stories and more. (moffitt.org)
Immunotherapy constitutes an effective treatment for patients with certain types of cancer that have been resistant to chemotherapy and radiation treatment (e.g. melanoma). (edu.au)
Nevertheless, the clinical benefit provided by current immunotherapeutic approaches is still limited to 25-30% of treated cancer patients. (edu.au)
By exploiting the most advanced technologies (nanoparticle-based vaccines, neo-antigens identification and validation, etc.), suitable preclinical models, and investigation of anti-tumour immune responses in cancer patients, we are developing innovative strategies potentially able to improve current approaches. (edu.au)
Our final goal is to provide effective treatments for cancer patients with reduced non-specific side-effects. (edu.au)
Project aiming at characterizing the role of neo-antigen immune responses in mouse and human breast cancer. (edu.au)
The trial is not open to patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. (aivitabiomedical.com)
AIVITA's glioblastoma Phase 2 single-arm study is active and is enrolling approximately 55 patients to receive the cancer stem cell-targeting immunotherapy. (aivitabiomedical.com)
Funding to support GMP adenovirus manufacture for a First-in-Human basket clinical trial in melanoma, lung cancer, and triple negative breast cancer. (helsinki.fi)
Our first clinical trial will target melanoma, lung cancer and triple negative breast cancer. (helsinki.fi)
To help translate our exceptional science into effective treatments for patients with cancer, we plan to complete a Series A by summer 2020. (helsinki.fi)
Private Payer and Medicare Coverage Policies for Use of Circulating Tumor DNA Tests in Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment. (cdc.gov)
Although promising, no immunotherapy drugs have been approved by the FDA to treat gastrointestinal malignancies outside of the recent approval of pembrolizumab for the treatment of patients with colon cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI). (medscape.com)
Identifying potential biomarkers of response to immunotherapy in different malignancies including gastric cancer has been a daunting task. (medscape.com)
Socioeconomic status, access to care, risk factor patterns, and stage at diagnosis for head and neck cancer among black and white patients. (who.int)
Author Manuscript evaluated melanoma incidence among 139,991 non-Hispanic white transplants using linked U.S. transplant-cancer registry data (1987-2010). (cdc.gov)

To develop these personalized vaccines, Ott and his team first sequence the genome of each patient's melanoma tumor. (curemelanoma.org)

A total of 139 patients with metastatic melanoma were treated: 54 patients received ipilimumab in conjunction with peptide vaccinations and 85 patients were treated with intra-patient dose escalation of ipilimumab and randomized to receive peptides in accordance with HLA-A*0201 status. (nih.gov)
A total of 91 patients were ultimately treated who either got ipilimumab alone at 3 mg/kg, which is, I would say, a relatively standard dose, vs so-called standard-dose ipi/nivo with ipi at 3 mg/kg and nivo at 1 mg/kg during the induction, followed by up to 2 years of nivolumab at 480 mg every 4 weeks intravenously. (medscape.com)
The distribution of grade 3-4 neurologic ir-AEs frequency was 0.7% among patients receiving anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab and tremelimumab), 0.4% among patients receiving anti-PD1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, lambrolizumab, and pidilizumab), and 0.7% among patients receiving a combination therapy (anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PD1) [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)

The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)

Data from an exploratory analysis of the ongoing Phase 1 Lipo-MERIT monotherapy dose-escalation trial, the company has shown that BNT111 induces novel antigen-specific anti-tumor immune responses. (biospace.com)
Alternative inhibitory receptors have been identified that may also be targeted for anti-tumor immune therapy. (biomedcentral.com)

Our discovery workflow capitalizes on a proprietary hyperimmune mouse model that has been engineered for epitopic diversity and optimized response to traditionally difficult targets. (news-medical.net)
In conclusion, within the MELOE family, IRES-dependent antigens represent the best T cell targets for immunotherapy of melanoma. (oncotarget.com)
This has been mainly attributed to immune escape by antigen loss, rendering us in the need of new vaccination targets. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Identify and validate new classes of tumour antigens that can constitute suitable targets for immunotherapy in various types of cancers. (edu.au)

Rosenberg is beginning to develop a library of TCRs that can recognize shared mutations in the hope of utilizing them for TCR T-cell therapy for patients across a variety of tumor types, especially those with common epithelial cancers. (aacr.org)
Treatments, including radiation & immunotherapy, have proven to be effective in patients with metastatic solid cancers. (indiatimes.com)

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography showed no metastasis or recurrence of the tumor 1 month before admission. (cdc.gov)
1. Patient has received neoadjuvant/adjuvant systemic chemotherapy for primary Stage IIIc2 or IV disease and has had a recurrence or PD within 6 months of completing chemotherapy treatment prior to entering the study. (who.int)

Nevertheless, immuno-oncological treatment options tend to suffer from efficacy issues and patient-to-patient variability, suggesting additional development is required. (news-medical.net)
The study will also track efficacy of the treatment for the estimated 14 to 20 patients. (aivitabiomedical.com)

3 The number of new cases of melanoma in the U.S. has been increasing for the last 30 years. (amgen.com)

however, it is far from ideal because PD-L1-negative tumors may respond to immunotherapy and positive tumors may not. (medscape.com)

By contrast, other trials have produced significant toxicity related to expression of target antigen on normal tissue, particularly with enhanced receptors. (eur.nl)

Chicago - Data involving the first 60 patients in a phase II clinical trial of a multi-epitope peptide vaccination, as combined with other agents, showed a median survival of 21 months for immunological responders as compared to 13 months in immunologic nonresponders. (dermatologytimes.com)
Results Sixty-one patients (ITT) received vaccination therapy using three different regimens. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Conclusion Survivin-specific T-cell reactivities strongly correlate with tumor response and patient survival, indicating that vaccination with survivin-derived peptides is a promising treatment strategy in melanoma. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has spread rapidly worldwide. (cdc.gov)

In addition to discovering and studying specific molecular and cellular mechanisms, we also address how and why the immune response (to tumors, pathogens or self) varies so dramatically across individuals. (massgeneral.org)
Here, we examined the cellular role of melanoma associated antigen A isoforms (MAGEA) in regulating tumor-stromal crosstalk mediated chemoresistance. (bvsalud.org)
C57BL/6 mice were immunized with rNS5B subcutaneously, pcNS5B intramuscularly mixed with different doses of dnC60 three times, then the humoral and cellular response to HCV was evaluated. (bvsalud.org)
There was no increase in the cellular response to rNS5B when administered with dnC60. (bvsalud.org)
The cellular response was suppressed when the plasmid was injected in a mixture with dnC60. (bvsalud.org)

Chicago - A phase II trial of a new recombinant agent in the fight against melanoma has accrued 28 patients so far, yielding interesting data but so far no conclusive results, according to an abstract presented at this year's annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. (dermatologytimes.com)
ABSTRACT The study's objective was to evaluate the clinical significance of sCD40L in HCV- associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV-HCC) patients. (who.int)
SEE NAMCS PATIENT DATASET NAMES FOR DSN ABSTRACT General Information This material provides documentation for users of the Micro-Data tapes of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. (cdc.gov)
DSN: CC37.NAMCS90.PATIENTS ABSTRACT This material provides documentation for users of the Micro-Data tapes of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. (cdc.gov)

This procedure will help retain and regain the patient's ability to walk longer as compared to patients treated with radiotherapy alone. (indiatimes.com)

T cell memory is antigen-specific, and can provide durable host-wide protection. (frontiersin.org)

High ERV-K env total protein expression of all tumor subtypes significantly correlated with low tumor grading and a longer disease specific survival using multivariable analyses. (frontiersin.org)
This study supports ERV-K env as a single prognostic indicator for better survival of RCC, which we propose represents a new tumor antigen. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, patients with CT10-positive tumors had an improved disease-free survival ( P = 0.008) and overall survival ( P = 0.037) compared with patients with CT10-negative tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
Patients with higher diversity of bacteria in their digestive tract had longer median progression-free survival (PFS), defined at the time point where half of studied patients have their disease progress. (mdanderson.org)
The inhibition of two immune checkpoints, LAG-3 using relatlimab and PD-1, improved progression-free survival (PFS) to a greater extent than inhibition of PD-1 alone in patients with previously untreated metastatic or unresectable melanoma. (biomedcentral.com)
The study endpoints were survivin-specific T-cell reactivity (SSTR), safety, response, and survival (OS). (uni-wuerzburg.de)
55 patients (PP) were evaluable for response and survival, and 41/55 for SSTR. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Currently, the only possibility of cure is through surgical resection, but only approximately 15%-20% of patients are eligible candidates at diagnosis and even with surgery the 5-year overall survival in multiple series is 10%-30% [ 2 ]. (bmj.com)
In those with locally advanced or unresectable disease (~30%-40% of patients) the median overall survival (OS) has been between 8 and 14 months. (bmj.com)
Project aiming at characterising tumour neo-antigen-specific immune responses in oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients with long-term survival. (edu.au)
In this planned final analysis of overall survival from the phase 3 ADAURA trial, adjuvant osimertinib resulted in significantly longer overall survival than placebo among patients with completely resected, EGFR-mutated, stage II to IIIA NSCLC as well as in the overall population (patients with stage IB to IIIA disease). (cdc.gov)

Now, with tumors invading his left lung, he had advanced to Stage 4 melanoma. (curemelanoma.org)
Mark was monitored carefully for three years, and then the day he was dreading had finally come: his scans detected his melanoma had metastasized to his left lung. (curemelanoma.org)
One can know the lung is affected when the patient experiences shortness of breath. (indiatimes.com)

Assessment of serum IL-10 levels in HCV patients may provide a possible predictive marker for disease progression. (who.int)

However, there are certain signs and symptoms that can help recognise the disease.The symptoms depend on the size and location of the metastatic tumour. (indiatimes.com)
The severe immune plants is that suppression of the patients in whom it has been used deficiency that is characteristic of immune response can allow occult as an antineoplastic agent ( IARC, AIDS results from a deficiency in tumours or metastatic tumour cel s 2012b ). (who.int)

It can theoretically improve antigen presentation and enhance T-cell infiltrate. (medscape.com)
Again, in the tumors that don't have a T-cell infiltrate, this might be very useful. (medscape.com)

Notably, in the JCAR015 Phase 2 Clinical Trial (ROCKET) conducted by Juno Therapeutics, five patients died because of severe cerebral edema, causing the cessation of clinical trials by the FDA [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)

Using a genetically engineered human protein, it stimulates the immune system to detect and attack melanoma with the goal of stopping, or delaying, its return. (curemelanoma.org)

Anatomy24

Organisms7

Diseases41

Chemicals and Drugs97

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment55

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care15

Lymphocytes13

Microenvironment10

Immunity16

Malignant7

Autologous12

Vaccine20

Chimeric antigen receptor4

Checkpoint22

Antibodies10

Inhibitors5

Therapeutic15

Therapies18

TILs8

Blockade5

Prognosis6

Cells96

Renal Cell Carc3

20234

Adoptive transfer2

Solid tumors2

Genes4

Induce3

Unresectable or metastatic melanoma8

Antibody8

Immunogenic4

Self-antigens3

Cell responses8

Immunology1

Receptor1

Refractory5

Cancer36

Vaccines1

Ipilimumab3

Lymphocyte1

Anti-tumor immune2

Targets4

Cancers2

Recurrence2

Efficacy2

Cases of melanoma1

Respond to immunotherapy1

Receptors1

Vaccination4

Cellular5

Abstract4

Patient's1

Durable1

Survival11

Lung3

Predictive1

Metastatic tumour2

Infiltrate2

Clinical Trial1

Protein1