Responses cytokinins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Research with maize and Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some cytokinin sensor kinases bind multiple types of cytokinins while other cytokinin sensor kinases are specific for distinct cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
AHK4, a cytokinin histidine kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana, is a cytokinin sensor that allows binding of multiple types of cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
In Arabidopsis thaliana, most histidine phosphotransfer proteins are redundant, positive regulators in cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
The type A cytokinin response regulator family in Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 10 genes. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we have identified a role of the CK signaling components type-A Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs) in HSR in Arabidopsis. (frontiersin.org)
Collectively, our results suggest that the type-A ARRs play an important role in heat stress response by affecting the redox homeostasis in Arabidopsis. (frontiersin.org)
We investigate the genes regulating biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin, cytokinin signal perception and signal transduction primarily in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . (fu-berlin.de)
We used loss-of-function mutants to study three Arabidopsis thaliana sensor histidine kinases, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, known to be cytokinin receptors. (nih.gov)
In the course of my investigations, I identified specific type-A ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs (ARRs), which negatively regulate cytokinin signalling, as putative WOX4 targets. (uni-heidelberg.de)

Knowing the potential stress-protective effects of cytokinins from the plant physiology literature, in the early 2000s Bingru Huang, Ph.D., of Rutgers University investigated whether root injection of synthetic cytokinin would alleviate heat stress decline of creeping bentgrass (Figure 1). (golfdom.com)
Ontogenetic changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and effects of cytokinins 36: 527-528. (ac.ir)

Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
I then hypothesized that this network could consist of two mutually inhibitory auxin and cytokinin signalling pathway components. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Using in planta analysis, I was able to show that both auxin and cytokinin signalling levels are low specifically in the vascular cambium. (uni-heidelberg.de)
To test my hypothesis, I investigated which genes of the auxin and cytokinin pathways are regulated by WOX4, also in comparison to WUSCHEL, a stem cell regulator of the shoot apical meristem. (uni-heidelberg.de)

The cytokinin signaling pathway consists of sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Histidine phosphotransfer proteins transfer the phosphate in the multistep phosphorelay signaling pathway from cytokinin sensor kinases to their final target, cytokinin response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Type B cytokinin response regulators are the positive regulators that oppose the negative regulation of type A cytokinin response regulators in the two-component cytokinin signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Component of the cytokinin signaling pathway involved in cotyledons, leaves, and embryos development. (gao-lab.org)

These receptors activate dehydration tolerance response within one hour of dehydration and continue activation through eight hours. (wikipedia.org)
We found that the sex ratio shift occurred on plants deficient in two cytokinin receptors (irCHK2/3). (mpg.de)
Together, the analyses reveal partially redundant functions of the cytokinin receptors and prominent roles for the AHK2/AHK3 receptor combination in quantitative control of organ growth in plants, with opposite regulatory functions in roots and shoots. (nih.gov)

Cytokinin cause a rapid increase in the expression of response regulator genes Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones that promote cell division in plants. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinins act in a restricted region of the root meristem, and their signaling and regulation of genes occurs through a multi-step phosphorelay mediate by cytokinin histidine sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and cytokinin response regulator proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The mutants of multiple type-A ARR genes exhibit improved basal and acquired thermotolerance and, altered response to oxidative stress in our physiological analyses. (frontiersin.org)
In collaboration with the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, ARS scientists at the Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology in Gainesville, FL show that cytokinin hypersignalling promotes JA production by turning on genes for JA biosynthesis. (usda.gov)
Some of our research questions are: Which developmental processes are under control of cytokinin, and which genes are involved? (fu-berlin.de)
What are the individual functions of cytokinin-related genes? (fu-berlin.de)
We are studying the use of cytokinin genes to engineer plants with improved traits in oilseed rape, barley, and poplar. (fu-berlin.de)
But Professor Hwang's team discovered that ARR2, a cytokinin-activated transcription factor, activates the resistance response to pathogens of bacteria or mold by controlling the manifestation of genes that are connected to disease resistance. (postech.ac.kr)
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the bZIP transcription factor family genes in response to abiotic stress in Nicotiana tabacum L. (biomedcentral.com)

AHK4 has been shown, through three-dimensional modeling, to completely surround bound cytokinin in the binding pocket. (wikipedia.org)

The response regulators can then serve as positive or negative regulators of the signaling mechanism and affect gene expression within the plant cells. (wikipedia.org)
This system is a called a two-step system because it involves two steps to transfer the phosphate to the final target, the response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin response regulators proteins are the final target of the two-step phosphorelay. (wikipedia.org)
These response regulators fall into three known classes: type A response regulators, type B response regulators, and type C response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators serve as negative regulators for cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin causes the rapid induction of type A response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
Expression of type A cytokinin response regulators decreases sensitivity to cytokinins, and a lack of type-A cytokinin response regulators leads to increased sensitivity to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators can act as negative regulators of cytokinin signaling by either competing with type-B positive regulators or by regulating the pathway through direct and indirect interactions with other pathway mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Type A cytokinin response regulators are also likely involved in other processes. (wikipedia.org)
These regulators play a critical role in early response to cytokinin. (wikipedia.org)
Differing expression of type-B cytokinin response regulators likely play a role in controlling cellular response to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
The major family of type-B cytokinin response regulators are expressed in locations on the plant that are heavily influenced by cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Besides the long-standing role of cytokinins (CKs) as growth regulators, their current positioning at the interface of development and stress responses is coming into recognition. (frontiersin.org)
Overexpression of ZmWUS1-B is due to multimerized binding sites for type-B RESPONSE REGULATORs (RRs), key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling. (nature.com)
Unchanged red light sensitivity of mutant hypocotyl elongation suggests that previously reported modulation of red light signaling by A-type response regulators may not depend on cytokinin. (nih.gov)

Responses to abiotic and biotic stresses - from the cellular level to fruit development - contributions of the Czech Centre for Experimental Plant Biology. (muni.cz)
Many bZIP s may play vital roles in the regulation of organ development, growth, and responses to abiotic stresses. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we examine the Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) maize mutant, which perceives an overabundance of cytokinin and also accumulates jasmonic acid (JA) to abnormally high levels. (usda.gov)
Abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid contents and gene expressions related to them were investigated. (tubitak.gov.tr)
As a result of the study, we determined that there was a significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd. (tubitak.gov.tr)

The Ca 2+ sensor proteins CML37 and CML42 antagonistically regulate plant stress responses by altering phytohormone signals. (mpg.de)

Plant hormone interactions govern responses to internal and external stimuli. (usda.gov)
Cytokinins are a type of phyto-hormone that direct a number of growth and stress-response processes. (golfdom.com)
In short, cytokinins are known as the "stay green" hormone. (golfdom.com)
The focus of the lab is the hormone cytokinin , which is a powerful regulator of plant development and has also functions in the defense to stress. (fu-berlin.de)
Recently, Ph.D. candidate Jaemyung Choi and Professor Ildoo Hwang at the Department of Life Sciences of POSTECH, in collaboration with Professor Kyung Hee Paek at Korea University, has devised a way to increase the plant biomass production by investigation of an important plant growth hormone called cytokinin. (postech.ac.kr)
In other words, the activation of immune functions by a growth hormone, cytokinin, may lead to a great increase of plant biomass together. (postech.ac.kr)
Plant and human microbiota affect host fitness by mediating nutrient assimilation, stress responses and hormone production," write Chanclud and Lacombe. (smallfarmcanada.ca)

This is one of the critical stages of embryogenesis, when an immature embryo becomes independent of some physiological factors, in particular, hormones (mainly auxins, cytokinins, and ABA) of a maternal organism. (springer.com)
Plant growth is regulated by hormones such as auxins, cytokinins (CKs), and abscisic acid (ABA). (smallfarmcanada.ca)

A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The current model of cytokinin signaling and response regulation shows that it works as a multi-step phosphorelay two-component signaling system. (wikipedia.org)
We suggest that the development of this response mechanism in motile algae may have been an important step in the evolution of terrestrial plants and that its retention therein strongly implicates ABA in the regulation of their relevant tropisms. (nature.com)
This result supports a negative regulatory role for cytokinin in root growth regulation. (nih.gov)
In conclusion, this study suggests that a mechanism of cell fate decision making in vascular cambium stem cells is based on the regulation of cytokinin signalling by WOX4 and by type-A ARRs. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Part I will focus on how differential hormonal regulation may affect the drought defense responses in turfgrasses. (rutgers.edu)
Differential drought-induced regulation of plant hormones is a primary response to prevent cellular desiccation. (rutgers.edu)

How are these cytokinin activities linked to other cellular signaling pathways? (fu-berlin.de)
Plant hormones such as cytokinins (CK) are signaling molecules controlling gene expression and the activity of various biochemical pathways. (rutgers.edu)

Boosted leaf tissue cytokinins due to SWE foliar application translated into 15 percent less root decline over the 42-day heat stress trial. (golfdom.com)

Using the semidominant Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) maize mutant, that hypersignals the perception of cytokinin (CK), we show that CK can reduce leaf size and growth rate by decreasing cell division. (usda.gov)
High natural leaf cytokinin content under no stress correlates closely with high root viability. (golfdom.com)
Under 95°F heat stress, root zone injection of a synthetic cytokinin translates into greater subsequent leaf cytokinin content and root viability when compared to not applying cytokinin. (golfdom.com)
Cytokinin levels must remain elevated in leaf tissues to slow the summer decline process. (golfdom.com)
Consequently, as summer root decline proceeds, leaf tissue cytokinin levels drop. (golfdom.com)
The results were quite positive, showing that greater maintenance of chlorophyll and photosynthesis was related to increased leaf tissue cytokinin content. (golfdom.com)
These data show that repeated (14-day) foliar applications of SWE over 42 days of heat stress resulted in leaf cytokinin contents that were just below that of non-heat stressed creeping bentgrass and 42 percent higher than heat-stressed creeping bentgrass that had not received SWE applications. (golfdom.com)
Leaves of ahk2 ahk3 mutants formed fewer cells, had reduced chlorophyll content, and lacked the cytokinin-dependent inhibition of dark-induced chlorophyll loss, indicating a prominent role of AHK2 and, particularly, AHK3 in the control of leaf development. (nih.gov)
The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen × cytokinin on plant height, number of branches, leaf, stem and whole plant dry weights, essential oil percentage and yield was significant (p ≤0.01). (ac.ir)

Thus, cytokinin-regulated traits can alter the offspring sex ratio of the specialist T. notatus. (mpg.de)
With increasing the amount of nitrogen and cytokinin, all the studied traits (except harvest index) increased significantly compared to the control. (ac.ir)

For stress response, they act to inhibit the action of senescence-inducing enzymes, slowing the degradation of chlorophyll and maintaining photosynthetic rates and root viability. (golfdom.com)

ABA loss of function mutants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes and simply applying ABA to plants induces an immediate stress response. (nature.com)

In this system, cytokinin sensor kinases are activated by the presence of cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin sensor kinases are the initial sensors that detect and are bound by cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)

In vitro bud proliferation response in ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. (kau.in)
MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins, Kn (0.1-1.0 mg L-1) and BA (0.1-1.0 mg L-1), individually and in combination was used to study the bud proliferation and shoot induction responses in ivy gourd. (kau.in)

Factors included nitrogen levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha) and cytokinin concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 μM). (ac.ir)

INDUCTION: By cytokinins. (gao-lab.org)

ABA also exists in the aquatic algal progenitors of land plants, but other than its involvement in stress responses, its physiological role in these microorganisms remains elusive. (nature.com)
A low number of saplings stunted root growth, thicker stems, and physiological responses such as enlargement of stomata, lower number of stomata and increased chromosome number compared to the control. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)

What are the cellular responses to cytokinin? (fu-berlin.de)
The main goals of the research described in this thesis were to evaluate mechanisms responsible for drought tolerance in turfgrasses by evaluating whole-plant, cellular, proteomic, metabolomic, genetic, and genomic regions associated with drought defense responses. (rutgers.edu)

The phosphate is then transferred to a histidine phosphotransfer protein which then phosphorylates a response regulator. (wikipedia.org)
The type-B cytokinin response regulator family consists of two subfamilies and one major subfamily. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin, known for its role in stimulating cell division, is an important regulator of plant shape and size. (usda.gov)
Cytokinin is a negative regulator of root growth and promotes the secondary growth of trees. (fu-berlin.de)

2021) A genome-wide association study unravels cytokinin as a major component in the root defense responses against Ralstonia solanacearum. (oeaw.ac.at)

Dr. Huang's subsequent research has shown that creeping bentgrass can be genetically modified to "turn on" more cytokinin production in the early stages of stress detection, resulting in transformed lines that retained 50 percent or more root mass under drought stress than the comparable commercial cultivar. (golfdom.com)
Kinin, also called cytokinin or kinetic , is any of a group of plant hormones which affect growth and are used to slow down the aging process in plants, encourage seeds to germinate, and plants to flower, and are involved in plant responses to drought and waterlogging. (daviddarling.info)
Thus, specific objectives related to the effect of elevated CK content in creeping bentgrass during drought stress on 1) whole-plant physiology 2) proteomic 3) metabolic and 4) genetic responses were evaluated. (rutgers.edu)

In terrestrial plants ABA plays a role in seed dormancy and germination, stomatal movements and in other responses to numerous stresses that alter their water status 6 . (nature.com)

Genetic analysis indicated a cytokinin-dependent endospermal and/or maternal control of embryo size. (nih.gov)

Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)

Plant responses to ambient temperature fluctuations and water-limiting conditions: a proteome-wide perspective. (muni.cz)

We have carried out 1) NH4+-signal perception, 2) assimilation and remobilization of nitrogen, 3) metabolic balance between C and N, and 4) modeling of spikelet-ripening to understand molecular mechanisms of response. (nii.ac.jp)
Effect of Nitrogen and Cytokinin on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. (ac.ir)
In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of thyme, a three-year factorial experiment was conducted at Razi University based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. (ac.ir)
In general, the results of this experiment showed that the quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme can be increased by consuming the appropriate amount of nitrogen and cytokinin. (ac.ir)
The effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on Thymus vulgaris was evaluated on the farm whitin 3 years. (ac.ir)
The combined use of nitrogen and cytokinin improved quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme. (ac.ir)

2021) Nitric oxide coordinates growth, development, and stress response via histone modification and gene expression. (oeaw.ac.at)

Increased cytokinin content of receptor mutants indicates a homeostatic control of steady state cytokinin levels through signaling. (nih.gov)

Cytokinins control the differentiation of meristem cells in plant development, particularly in shoots and roots where plants undergo growth. (wikipedia.org)
quiescence, paradormancy) in response to intrinsic and environmental factors in diverse species is linked to enhanced growth of the main shoot and reduced sugar level in the buds. (frontiersin.org)
These results highlight a heretofore unknown interplay between cytokinin and JA and reveal a possible new mechanism for the plant growth-defense trade-off. (usda.gov)
Previous studies have shown that the bZIP TF family is involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. (biomedcentral.com)

Cytokinin regulates yield in crop plants, which is an extremely important trait. (fu-berlin.de)

AHP4, however, might play a negative role in cytokinin responses. (wikipedia.org)
The current evidence suggests the notion that CKs are involved in heat stress response (HSR), however, the role of CK signaling components is still elusive. (frontiersin.org)

A general trend is that the CK levels rise transiently in response to stress stimuli and decline over time if the stress condition is mild or moderate. (frontiersin.org)
Concurrent with Dr. Huang's research on root-injected cytokinins, my research group developed the hypothesis that the relatively high background levels of natural cytokinins in seaweed extracts (SWE) would most likely also boost creeping bentgrass tissue cytokinin levels and have similar positive stress-protective effects. (golfdom.com)

Mutant seeds had more rapid germination, reduced requirement for light, and decreased far-red light sensitivity, unraveling cytokinin functions in seed germination control. (nih.gov)

Mechanisms of diarrhea production by intestinal protozoa are related to direct cytotoxic effects, the ability to invade, and/or effects of the immune response on the intestinal epithelium. (medscape.com)

Finally, cytokinin regulates responses to stress. (fu-berlin.de)
In this case, combined stress factors can cause different responses in plants. (tubitak.gov.tr)

Deciphering the specific transcriptomic response of both pollen and stigmatic cells during their interaction constitutes an important challenge to better our understanding of this cell recognition event. (biomedcentral.com)
Application of appropriate concentration of cytokinin was very important. (ac.ir)

2021) A complex immune response to flagellin epitope variation in commensal communities. (oeaw.ac.at)

Anatomy11

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs22

Phenomena and Processes5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Arabidopsis9

Effects of cytokinins2

Auxin and cytokinin4

Signaling pathway4

Receptors3

Genes9

AHK41

Regulators15

Abiotic2

Jasmonic acid3

Phytohormone1

Hormone7

Auxins2

Regulation7

Pathways2

Foliar application1

Leaf9

Traits2

Photosynthetic1

Induces1

Kinases2

Proliferation2

Concentrations1

Induction1

Physiological2

Cellular2

Regulator4

Defense responses1

Drought3

Stresses1

Maternal1

Stem1

Temperature1

Nitrogen6

Gene1

Mutants1

Growth4

Yield1

Role2

Levels2

Germination1

Mechanisms1

Stress2

Important2

Immune1