AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and Processes
ReflexReflex, StretchReflex, AbnormalReflex, AcousticReflex, Vestibulo-OcularReflex, PupillaryElectromyographyDecerebrate StateH-ReflexReflex, RightingReflex, OculocardiacPressoreceptorsReflex, BabinskiBlinkingReflex, AbdominalCatsElectric StimulationGaggingEpilepsy, ReflexVagus NerveNeurons, AfferentAfferent PathwaysMechanoreceptorsMotor NeuronsReflex Sympathetic DystrophyBaroreflexPhysical StimulationMuscle ContractionNeurons, EfferentHeart RateSympathetic Nervous SystemCarotid SinusTrigeminal NerveSpinal CordTibial NerveUrinationBlood PressureVagotomyVestibule, LabyrinthMuscle, SkeletalChemoreceptor CellsLaryngeal NervesCapsaicinMuscle SpasticityBiguanidesSural NerveMuscle SpindlesStartle ReactionCoughPostureDenervationReaction TimeMovementPeristalsisMusclesMuscle RigidityBradycardiaPeroneal NerveCordotomyHindlimbOtolithic MembraneSolitary NucleusNeural InhibitionFootHead MovementsRespirationEfferent PathwaysRotationEye MovementsNystagmus, PhysiologicProprioceptionMedulla OblongataUrinary BladderDeglutitionVibrationPulmonary Stretch ReceptorsNociceptorsMasseter MuscleVestibular NerveAnesthesiaSpasmAnal CanalBrain StemPressureSemicircular CanalsRats, Sprague-DawleyHabituation, PsychophysiologicSpinal Cord InjuriesEyelidsMuscle Relaxants, CentralUrethraChloraloseDogsEvoked PotentialsAtropineNeural ConductionLarynxMasticatory MusclesAction PotentialsTime Factors
BabinskiBaroreceptor ReflexSuppressPlantar reflexStimulusDisappearsElicitSpinal cordInfantsCorticospinalArterialStimuliSympathetic nervouCentersPrimitiveBradycardiaNewbornPathwaysBrainstemAdultsCerebralDisappearConsciousMotorSignificantlyStimulationChildrenObservationPressureVoluntaryPresentActionCentralPainLearnResultSupportMonths of agePointTime
Babinski11
  • An upward response (extension) of the hallux is known as the Babinski response or Babinski sign, named after the neurologist Joseph Babinski. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of the Babinski sign can identify disease of the spinal cord and brain in adults, and also exists as a primitive reflex in infants. (wikipedia.org)
  • While first described in the medical literature by Babinski in 1896, the reflex has been identified in art at least as early as Botticelli's Virgin and Child with an Angel, painted in the mid-15th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the lesion responsible for the sign expands, so does the area from which the afferent Babinski response may be elicited. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Babinski response is also normal while asleep and after a long period of walking. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phrase "negative Babinski sign" is sometimes used for the normal flexor plantar response. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Hoffmann's reflex is sometimes described as the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski sign because both indicate upper motor neuron dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Babinski reflex occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Babinski reflex is one of the normal reflexes in infants and in children up to 2 years old. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the Babinski reflex is present in a child older than 2 years or in an adult, it is often a sign of a central nervous system disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Reflexes may also be limited to those areas affected by the atypical neurology, such as individuals whose cerebral palsy affects only their legs retaining the Babinski reflex but having normal speech. (bionity.com)
Baroreceptor Reflex1
Suppress5
  • Loss of normal adult descending pyramidal control of the reflex arc to suppress extensor withdrawal results in the upgoing toes in the plantar reflex known as Babinski's sign. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] [3] An individual with cerebral palsy and typical intelligence can learn to suppress these reflexes, but the reflex might resurface under certain conditions such as during an extreme startle reaction. (bionity.com)
  • Cognitive control of micturition is achieved by communication from a number of brain structures to the periaqueductal gray matter, which then exerts control over the pontine micturition center to suppress or trigger a voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
  • Higher brain centers then determine whether it is socially acceptable to void and trigger downstream structures to permit or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
  • The pons relays afferent information from the bladder to higher brain centers, which in turn communicate with the periaqueductal gray matter, a relay station that collects higher brain center intput and processes this in order to signal the PMC to trigger or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
Plantar reflex5
  • The plantar reflex is a reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. (wikipedia.org)
  • In healthy adults, the plantar reflex causes a downward response of the hallux (flexion). (wikipedia.org)
  • Occasionally, a pathological plantar reflex is the first and only indication of a serious disease process and a clearly abnormal plantar reflex often prompts detailed neurological investigations, including CT scanning of the brain or MRI of the spine, as well as lumbar puncture for the study of cerebrospinal fluid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The plantar reflex can be elicited in a number of ways, which were described in the late 19th and early 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • plantar reflex" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Larner, A. J. (2006). (wikipedia.org)
Stimulus5
  • Reflexes are responses that occur when the body receives a certain stimulus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This response was abolished with the head bent forward leaving only small, oppositely directed, transient responses at the start and end of the stimulus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • An action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought. (acroname.com)
  • This research investigated the effects of hand vibration on the protective reflex responses and perception of the stimulus intensity. (cdc.gov)
  • During vibration, a poor correlation was found between the reflex responses and stimulus perception. (cdc.gov)
Disappears3
  • The extensor response usually disappears - giving way to the flexor response - by 12 months of age. (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] The reflex normally disappears by three to four months of age, [6] though it may last up to six months. (bionity.com)
  • This reflex disappears as an automatic response and reappears as a voluntary behavior at around a year old. (bionity.com)
Elicit3
  • Afferent: Nociception detected in the S1 dermatome and travels up the tibial nerve to the sciatic nerve to roots of L5,S1 and synapse in the anterior horn to elicit the motor response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ischaemia of the brain stem alone may be sufficient to elicit the Cushing reflex [2-4]. (tati.hu)
  • Electrical pulses were applied to the wrist to elicit the reflex responses. (cdc.gov)
Spinal cord4
  • In one study of 256 healthy infants, the response to testing was extensor in 73.8%, flexor in 8.9%, and equivocal in 17.3% This extensor response occurs because the corticospinal pathways that run from the brain down the spinal cord are not fully myelinated at this age, so the reflex is not inhibited by the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
  • In adults, this reflex is not normal and often indicates a problem with the brain or spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The spinal cord may also act independently of the brain in conducting motor reflexes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Normal voiding is essentially a spinal reflex modulated by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which coordinates function of the bladder and urethra. (medscape.com)
Infants4
  • If elicited in an adult, it indicates damage to the central nervous system, but it is a normal reflex in infants (see below). (wikipedia.org)
  • Infants will usually show an extensor response. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this study was to establish optimal electric stimulation parameters for intraoperatively monitoring the bulbocavernosus reflexes (BCRs) in infants. (thejns.org)
  • Primitive reflexes are reflex actions originating in the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants but not neurologically in tact adults, in response to particular stimuli. (bionity.com)
Corticospinal2
  • The present study investigates the transient effects of 20-min of FES simultaneously with and without AO + MI of walking on corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability in able-bodied participants. (frontiersin.org)
  • We measured motor evoked potentials and Hoffmann-reflexes to assess corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability at rest before and after the 20-min FES with and without the AO + MI. (frontiersin.org)
Arterial3
  • 3. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline significantly and markedly increased in the same subjects when sympathetic activity was increased by activation of both arterial and low pressure baroreceptor reflexes with tilting. (portlandpress.com)
  • One still unresolved question is whether the Cushing response is a non-synaptic acute brainstem ischemic mechanism or part of a larger physiological reflex for arterial blood He graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1994. (tati.hu)
  • the elevation of arterial pressure in response to cerebral ischemia. (tati.hu)
Stimuli1
  • Reflexes are involuntary actions that arise in response to certain stimuli. (healthline.com)
Sympathetic nervou1
Centers3
  • The medullary ischemic reflex is a big response to a drop in blood pressure in the brain particularly in the medulla, where the lack of oxygen due to decreased perfusion triggers an autonomic response from the cardiac and vasomotor centers. (tati.hu)
  • As a result of dependence upon higher brain centers, certain lesions or diseases of the brain (eg, stroke, cancer, dementia) can result in a loss of voluntary control of the normal micturition reflex as well as symptoms such as urinary urgency. (medscape.com)
  • The hypothalamus and higher centers modify the activity of the medullary centers and are particularly important in regulating cardiovascular responses to emotion and stress (eg, exercise, thermal stress). (medscape.com)
Primitive4
  • [1] These primitive reflexes are also called infantile , infant or newborn reflexes . (bionity.com)
  • Older children and adults with atypical neurology (for instance, people with cerebral palsy ) may retain these reflexes and primitive reflexes may re-appear in adults due to certain neurological conditions including, but not limited to, dementia , traumatic lesions , and strokes . (bionity.com)
  • Primitive reflexes are also tested with suspected brain injury to test the functioning of the frontal lobe. (bionity.com)
  • Atypical primitive reflexes are also being researched as potential early warning signs of autistic spectrum disorders . (bionity.com)
Bradycardia1
  • Classically, the Cushing reflex has been reported as the occurrence of hypertension, bradycardia and apnoea following intracranial hypertension. (tati.hu)
Newborn3
  • While it's not exactly clear when the extrusion reflex first develops in the womb, it's present in most newborn babies. (healthline.com)
  • There are several other reflexes you may notice in a newborn baby. (healthline.com)
  • Newborn pups of hypoxic groups displayed significant impairment in multiple tests of spontaneous locomotion, reflex motor activity, and the coordination of suck and swallow. (jneurosci.org)
Pathways1
  • This is compatible with GVS evoking separate otolithic and canal reflexes, indicating that balance is controlled by independent canal and otolith reflexes, probably through different pathways. (unboundmedicine.com)
Brainstem2
  • The reflex language leverages the BrainStem command protocol to make it easy for developers to turn a network of devices into a functional system. (acroname.com)
  • The following sections in the BrainStem Language documentation will dive into the Reflex language. (acroname.com)
Adults1
Cerebral2
  • This chapter briey discusses the major surface and internal structures of the brain (summarized in Fig. Massive ICP rise leads to cerebral ischemia, Cushing Reflex(CNS ischemic response) Result of cerebral ischemia due to ICP. (tati.hu)
  • This is called the Cushing reflex and is a variant of the cerebral ischemic response. (tati.hu)
Disappear2
  • These reflexes disappear or are inhibited by the frontal lobes as a child moves through normal child development. (bionity.com)
  • The Moro reflex is present at birth, peaks in the first month of life and begins to disappear around 2 months of age. (bionity.com)
Conscious1
Motor1
  • Efferent: Motor response back through the L5,S1 roots to the sciatic nerve to its bifurcation. (wikipedia.org)
Significantly1
  • The Cushing reflex is a well-recognized response to significantly elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). (tati.hu)
Stimulation3
  • Using different combinations of stimulation parameters-number of stimulation pulses: 4 or 8 pulses, interpulse interval: 1, 2, or 5 msec, and polarity of stimulation: biphasic or monophasic-the authors compared the relative mean amplitude of 10 BCR responses (rmaBCRs) to each combination of parameters. (thejns.org)
  • We used galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to identify human balance reflexes of the semicircular canals and otolith organs. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • AU - Cathers,Ian, AU - Day,Brian L, AU - Fitzpatrick,Richard C, Y1 - 2004/12/23/ PY - 2004/12/25/pubmed PY - 2005/6/25/medline PY - 2004/12/25/entrez SP - 229 EP - 34 JF - The Journal of physiology JO - J Physiol VL - 563 IS - Pt 1 N2 - We used galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to identify human balance reflexes of the semicircular canals and otolith organs. (unboundmedicine.com)
Children1
Observation1
  • To report changes in the tapetal-like reflex in a female carrier of RPGR ORF15 c.3395delA X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) between examinations at 16 and 22 years of age, and to report the observation that the tapetal-like reflex faded due to exposure to daylight and reappeared with prolonged dark adaptation at 22 years of age. (molvis.org)
Pressure2
  • When intracranial pressure (ICP) equals intraarterial pressure, the CNS ischemic response. (tati.hu)
  • however, this reflex is typically described as occurring Cushing Triad: EMS tips for increased intracranial pressure Pathophysiology. (tati.hu)
Voluntary1
  • The Rooting reflex is present at birth and assists in breastfeeding, disappearing at around four months of age as it gradually comes under voluntary control. (bionity.com)
Present4
  • If a baby's tongue thrusts forward and rejects the spoon, the reflex is still present. (healthline.com)
  • Babies born prematurely may need to wait longer than the standard 4 to 6 months to start solids, whether or not the extrusion reflex is still present. (healthline.com)
  • In this report, we describe a female carrier of XLRP where the tapetal-like reflex was clearly present after light exposure at 16 years of age, but much less so at 22 years of age when it did, however, reappear after prolonged dark adaptation and was attenuated by renewed light exposure. (molvis.org)
  • The sucking reflex is common to all mammals and is present at birth. (bionity.com)
Action2
  • You can see this reflex in action when their tongue is touched or depressed in any way by a solid and semisolid object, like a spoon. (healthline.com)
  • Is your little one's extrusion reflex still in action? (healthline.com)
Central1
  • [7] Bilateral absence of the reflex may mean damage to the infant's central nervous system while a unilateral absence could mean an injury due to birth trauma such as a fractured clavicle or injury to the brachial plexus . (bionity.com)
Pain1
Learn2
  • Read on to learn more about this and other reflexes. (healthline.com)
  • The disappearance of the extrusion reflex helps babies start to wean from the breast or bottle, and learn to eat purees, cereals, or softened table foods. (healthline.com)
Result1
  • As a result of the Cushing reflex, the Cushing triad is typically observed in the later stages of acute head injury. (tati.hu)
Support1
  • The Reflex language is a high level, C-like language designed to support rapid development of embedded applications that bridge the gap between hardware and software. (acroname.com)
Months of age1
  • If your baby's extrusion reflex is still strong, it should fade by the time they reach 6 months of age. (healthline.com)
Point1
  • Before this point, the extrusion and gag reflexes are still strong. (healthline.com)
Time3
  • The extrusion reflex does go away with time. (healthline.com)
  • This time is reflex. (nintendo.co.uk)
  • Little information is available about the time of onset, natural development, and prognostic value of the tapetal-like reflex in female XLRP carriers except that a retrospective longitudinal study by Grover et al. (molvis.org)