Colonizes the upper respiStreptococcusOtitis mediaOpportunisticStrainsBacterial pathogensNasopharynxGenusSinusitis in childrenPneumoniaInfectionMicrococcusBacteriaBacteremiaNeisseriaColonizationGram-negativeExacerbationsPathogenicClinically significantUpperNosocomialPathogenesisAureusMiddle earSpeciesMicrobiological evaluationAerobicClinicalSputumStaphylococcusAdultsHumanOccurStrainComparativeChildrenCommonFloraContent
Colonizes the upper respi2
- Studies have shown that M catarrhalis colonizes the upper respiratory tract in 28-100% of humans in the first year of life. (medscape.com)
- It normally colonizes the upper respiratory tract, and usually causes otitis media in children. (osmosis.org)
Streptococcus9
- Among healthy children, Streptococcus pneumoniae common cause of AOM among children who receive and Moraxella catarrhalis were synergistically (positively) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. (cdc.gov)
- M catarrhalis is the third most common cause of otitis media and sinusitis in children (after Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae ). (medscape.com)
- M. catarrhalis is now accepted as the third commonest pathogen of the respiratory tract after Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza . (allaboutheaven.org)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common organisms isolated from middle ear fluid. (allaboutheaven.org)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the dominant bacterial microorganisms involved in acute sinusitis, whereas in chronic sinusitis, Staphylococcus aureus and some anaerobic bacteria are the prevailing pathogens. (allaboutheaven.org)
- The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients with bacteremia due to Moraxella catarrhalis against those with bacteremia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae………………There were eight cases of M. catarrhalis, 110 cases of S. pneumoniae (105 patients) and 22 cases of H. influenzae. (allaboutheaven.org)
- It turned out that standardized fruit extract at a 10% concentration in liquid culture inhibits the growth of streptococci (including Streptococcus pyogenes) responsible for upper respiratory tract infections and strains of Moraxella catharalis [39]. (researchgate.net)
- caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (excluding penicillin-resistant strains), Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), or Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). (globalrph.com)
- Well-recognized and common causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults include bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae , and Staphylococcus aureus , and viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and parainfluenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Otitis media6
- Although the commensal status of M catarrhalis in the nasopharynx is still accepted, the organism is a common cause of otitis media and sinusitis and an occasional cause of laryngitis. (medscape.com)
- M catarrhalis is estimated to be responsible for 3-4 million cases of otitis media annually, with an associated health care cost (direct and indirect) of $2 billion each year. (medscape.com)
- The most significant infections caused by M catarrhalis are upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) such as otitis media and sinusitis in children and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in adults. (medscape.com)
- M. catarrhalis is a gram-negative, gamma-proteobacterium and an opportunistic human pathogen associated with otitis media (OM) and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (biomedcentral.com)
- It is a common cause of otitis media and respiratory infections, such as bronchitis , rhinosinusitis , laryngitis , and pulmonary exacerbations in people with COPD. (osmosis.org)
- Acute otitis media is usually a complication of eustachian tube dysfunction that occurs during a viral upper respiratory tract infection. (allaboutheaven.org)
Opportunistic2
- M. catarrhalis is an opportunistic pulmonary invader, and causes harm especially in patients who have compromised immune systems or any underlying chronic disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Now, Moraxella catarrhalis is an opportunistic pathogen, which means that it doesn't usually cause disease, but it may take advantage of an opportunity like a weakened immune system to cause an infection. (osmosis.org)
Strains2
- Some strains of M catarrhalis have pili or fimbriae, which may facilitate adherence to the respiratory epithelium. (medscape.com)
- Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae (non-betalactamase- producing strains only), or M. catarrhalis. (globalrph.com)
Bacterial pathogens2
- These findings are in stark contrast with the reported heterogeneity of the species as a whole, as wells as to other bacterial pathogens mediating OM and COPD, providing important insight into M. catarrhalis pathogenesis that will aid in the development of novel therapeutic regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
- The antibiotic chosen should cover most of the common bacterial pathogens and be individualized for the child with regard to allergy, tolerance, previous exposure to antibiotics, cost, and community resistance levels. (medscape.com)
Nasopharynx2
- pathogens colonize the nasopharynx ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Colonization Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples were obtained of the nasopharynx is a fi rst, and essential, step toward from healthy children at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months development of respiratory bacterial infections ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Genus7
- Moraxella catarrhalis was previously placed in a separate genus named Branhamella. (wikipedia.org)
- The rationale for this was that other members of the genus Moraxella are rod-shaped and rarely caused infections in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- However, results from DNA hybridization studies and 16S rRNA sequence comparisons were used to justify inclusion of the species M. catarrhalis in the genus Moraxella. (wikipedia.org)
- Moraxella is named after Victor Morax, a Swiss ophthalmologist who first described this genus of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- currently, it is considered to belong to the subgenus Branhamella of the genus Moraxella . (medscape.com)
- Later it was moved to another genus, called Branhamella, and finally it was moved again to genus Moraxella, species Moraxella catarrhalis . (osmosis.org)
- M. catarrhalis was previously placed in a separate genus named Branhamella , as such you may find that the name Branhamella catarrhalis i s used as well, especially in older papers. (allaboutheaven.org)
Sinusitis in children1
- M. catarrhalis is a significant cause of sinusitis in children, both acute sinusitis, and maxillary sinusitis. (allaboutheaven.org)
Pneumonia3
- Likewise, respiratory debility in patients with bacteremic pneumonia caused by M. catarrhalis infection can be linked with increased rates of pharyngeal colonization, enhancement of bacterial adherence to abnormal epithelium, and increased susceptibility of pulmonary parenchyma to infection. (wikipedia.org)
- M catarrhalis causes bronchitis and pneumonia in children and adults with underlying chronic lung disease and is occasionally a cause of bacteremia and meningitis , especially in immunocompromised persons. (medscape.com)
- as etiologic agents of pneumonia, with the goal of increasing awareness of the possibility that so-called "normal respiratory flora" may actually be responsible for an as-yet undetermined proportion of cases of CAP. (biomedcentral.com)
Infection8
- It has been identified as an important cause in bronchopulmonary infection, causing infection through pulmonary aspiration in the upper pulmonary tract. (wikipedia.org)
- Along with its relation to septic arthritis, bacteremia is also caused by M. catarrhalis infection, which can range in severity from a slight fever to lethal sepsis and an associated respiratory tract infection is usually also identified. (wikipedia.org)
- Confirmation of the diagnosis of M catarrhalis infection is based on culture. (medscape.com)
- Any of a number of antimicrobial drugs may be used to treat M catarrhalis infection, depending on the need for use of oral or parenteral medication, the age of the patient, any underlying conditions present, the sensitivity of the organism, and the desired spectrum of coverage. (medscape.com)
- Culture, Sputum/Lower Respiratory - Isolation of potential respiratory pathogens can be useful in the diagnosis of respiratory tract infection. (amaways.com)
- This is more common in children, the elderly, people with chronic respiratory disease, or following a viral respiratory infection. (osmosis.org)
- Incidence of M. catarrhalis infection is high in children and in the elderly. (allaboutheaven.org)
- M. catarrhalis infection can range in severity from a slight fever to lethal sepsis and an associated respiratory tract infection is usually also identified. (allaboutheaven.org)
Micrococcus1
- When it was first discovered it was named Micrococcus catarrhalis, then its name was changed into Neisseria catarrhalis. (osmosis.org)
Bacteria6
- As a consequence, the name Moraxella catarrhalis is currently preferred for these bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Nevertheless, some in the medical field continue to call these bacteria Branhamella catarrhalis. (wikipedia.org)
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative diplococcus, which means it's a spherical-shaped bacteria that usually hangs out in pairs of two. (osmosis.org)
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a type of gram-negative, diplococcus, aerobic bacteria, which is commonly found in human respiratory tract. (osmosis.org)
- Sinusitis is a complex involvement of the upper respiratory system by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other allergens. (allaboutheaven.org)
- M. catarrhalis is an important cause in bacteremia [the presence of bacteria in the blood]. (allaboutheaven.org)
Bacteremia6
- Moraxella catarrhalis has also been linked with septic arthritis in conjunction with bacteremia. (wikipedia.org)
- Although cases of bacteremia caused by M. catarrhalis have been reported before, this was the first instance in which bacteremia caused by M. catarrhalis was also associated with septic arthritis. (wikipedia.org)
- This was also the second case of M. catarrhalis causing septic arthritis (although in the first case, no mention of bacteremia was made). (wikipedia.org)
- Bacteremia infections caused by M. catarrhalis have a 21% mortality rate among patients. (wikipedia.org)
- Also, although bacteremia caused by M. catarrhalis has been infrequently reported, this may be due to a misdiagnosis or oversight because M. catarrhalis was only recently (1990s) identified as an important pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
- Many chronic diseases in patients with M. catarrhalis bacteremia can be linked to the patients with immune defects or respiratory debility. (wikipedia.org)
Neisseria2
- A microbiological evaluation of the patient (a 41-year-old male) revealed that M. catarrhalis was the cause of the disease rather than Neisseria as was previously believed. (wikipedia.org)
- The endotoxin of M catarrhalis, a lipopolysaccharide similar to those found in Neisseria species, may play a role in the disease process. (medscape.com)
Colonization2
- The peak rate of colonization by M. catarrhalis appears to occur around 2 years of age, with a striking difference in colonization rates between children and adults (very high to very low). (wikipedia.org)
- rates of colonization with pathogens among 320 children when healthy and at onset H. infl uenzae were higher. (cdc.gov)
Gram-negative2
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that was first described in 1896. (medscape.com)
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a large, kidney-shaped, Gram-negative diplococcus . (allaboutheaven.org)
Exacerbations3
- Elderly patients and long-term heavy smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should be aware that M. catarrhalis is associated with bronchopneumonia, as well as exacerbations of existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthemore, M. catarrhalis is the second most common bacterial cause of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) after H. influenzae [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- COPD is among the top five causes of death worldwide and infections with M. catarrhalis cause 2-4 million exacerbations of COPD per annum in the United States alone [ 7 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathogenic1
- For most of the 20th century, M catarrhalis was considered a saprophyte of the upper respiratory tract that was associated with no significant pathogenic consequences. (medscape.com)
Clinically significant2
- In one study, 9% of cultures positive for M catarrhalis in children younger than 5 years and 33% of isolates from children aged 6-10 years were found to be clinically significant. (medscape.com)
- We now report our seminal findings on the major constituents including terpenes identified in native, historically significant herbal medicinal plant Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower and elder berry in particular and their concomitant strong antimicrobial effects exhibited on various nosocomial pathogens notably upon methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, recognised globally as a clinically significant pathogen, associated with skin and soft tissue infections. (researchgate.net)
Upper3
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a human pathogen with an affinity for the human upper respiratory tract. (wikipedia.org)
- Specimens from other sources, such as genital, stool, urine, upper and lower respiratory specimens, cannot be cultured under the aerobic bacterial culture test number. (amaways.com)
- Flora Study of upper respiratory tract bacterial flora: First report. (amaways.com)
Nosocomial2
- M catarrhalis is also associated with nosocomial infections. (medscape.com)
- An evidence-based scientific scrutiny of Irish traditional medicines for their antimicrobial potency is urgently required for combating antibiotic resistant common nosocomial pathogens. (researchgate.net)
Pathogenesis1
- 1. Therefore, a clear understanding of the immune process of the airway flora and the immune dysfunction of the flora on the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases can provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of human respiratory diseases. (amaways.com)
Aureus1
- Viruses of age and examined for S. pneumoniae , H. infl uenzae , M. can join the microbial mix as a prelude to secondary catarrhalis , and S. aureus . (cdc.gov)
Middle ear1
- They can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans. (allaboutheaven.org)
Species1
- Consequently, any effort at controlling M. catarrhalis , whether via vaccine or chemotherapeutic intervention, must be rooted in a firm understanding of the core and distributed elements of this species genomic composition. (biomedcentral.com)
Microbiological evaluation1
- the most common report from the microbiological evaluation of sputum cites "normal respiratory flora. (biomedcentral.com)
Aerobic1
- Moraxella catarrhalis is also non-motile, non-spore forming, aerobic, which means it needs oxygen to survive, and oxidase positive, which means it produces an enzyme called oxidase. (osmosis.org)
Clinical3
- However, all cultures positive for M catarrhalis had clinical importance in adults. (medscape.com)
- With direct and indirect costs for treating these conditions annually exceeding $33 billion in the United States alone, and nearly ubiquitous resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among M. catarrhalis clinical isolates, a greater understanding of this pathogen's genome and its variability among isolates is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
- The genomic sequences of ten geographically and phenotypically diverse clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis were determined and analyzed together with two publicly available genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Sputum1
- The most common laboratory report for sputum samples submitted for microbiological study is "mixed respiratory flora. (biomedcentral.com)
Staphylococcus1
- Ethanolic extracts of Sambucus nigra L. blooms and fruits have been shown to inhibit 13 pathogens, including Staphylococcus sp. (researchgate.net)
Adults1
- It is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections in adults, especially those with underlying chest disease. (allaboutheaven.org)
Human1
- Moraxella catarrhalis has recently been gaining attention as an emerging human pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
Occur1
- M catarrhalis infections may occur at any age. (medscape.com)
Strain1
- The whole genome sequence of M. catarrhalis CCUG 353 type strain was deposited and published in DNA Data Bank of Japan, European Nucleotide Archive, and GenBank in 2016 under the accession number LWAH00000000. (wikipedia.org)
Comparative1
- The diameters (in millimeters) of the growth inhibition zones of four pathogens were measured, and a comparative assessment of their antibacterial activity was made. (researchgate.net)
Children1
- Humoral responses against M catarrhalis appear to be age-dependent, with the titer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) gradually increasing in children. (medscape.com)
Common1
- Unsurprisingly, the widespread indiscriminate administration of antibiotics that is common now has diminished the susceptibility of respiratory flora. (amaways.com)
Flora1
- what is routine respiratory flora heavy growth, Hotels Near Crystal Ballroom Daytona Beach, Fl, 1994 skybox basketball cards most valuable, x ray lumbar spine oblique view positioning. (amaways.com)
Content1
- M. catarrhalis gene content and chromosomal organization data, although supportive of the DGH, show modest overall genic diversity. (biomedcentral.com)