• Moderate) Concomitant use of CNS depressants, such as buspirone, can potentiate the effects of dihydrocodeine, which may potentially lead to respiratory depression, CNS depression, sedation, or hypotensive responses. (pdr.net)
  • Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. (nih.gov)
  • limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation ( 5.4 ). (drugs.com)
  • Monitor closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. (medscape.com)
  • Reduced sedation, losing a useful early warning sign of opioid toxicity and resulting in levels closer to respiratory depressant levels. (anesthesiaexam.com)
  • Oxygen (100 %) was provided by mask and heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, EtCO 2 and depth of sedation were assessed every 5 min for 20 min. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. (medlibrary.org)
  • The concomitant use of cimetidine can potentiate morphine effects and increase risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. (medlibrary.org)
  • The concomitant use of PGP-inhibitors can increase the exposure to morphine by about two-fold and can increase risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. (medlibrary.org)
  • Dogs and cats with respiratory disease may require sedation or anesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures that are either related or unrelated to the primary problem. (veteriankey.com)
  • After stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing the dosage of acetaminophen and codeine phosphate tablets and monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation. (medlibrary.org)
  • Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. (medlibrary.org)
  • If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider a acetaminophen and codeine phosphate tablets dosage reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. (medlibrary.org)
  • Immediately after tracheal extubation, analgesia, sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were measured at predetermined intervals and every 60 min thereafter until the first rescue analgesic. (scielo.br)
  • NARCAN is indicated for the complete or partial reversal of opioid depression, including respiratory depression, induced by natural and synthetic opioids, including propoxyphene, methadone and certain mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics: nalbuphine, pentazocine, butorphanol, and cyclazocine. (techarp.com)
  • The time of onset of breastfeeding was delayed in newborns whose mothers received analgesia at delivery with butorphanol or nalbuphine compared to those who did not receive analgesia, although in both groups it occurred on average within the first hour after birth. (e-lactancia.org)
  • Information in the boxed warning for all IR and ER/LA opioid pain medicines will be updated and reordered to elevate the importance of warnings concerning life-threatening respiratory depression, and risks associated with using opioid pain medicines in conjunction with benzodiazepines or other medicines that depress the central nervous system (CNS). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most commonly used opioid for analgesia of small animals were tramadol (79%) and morphine (50.5%) for dogs and cats, and butorphanol (43.4%) and tramadol (39%) for large animals. (unesp.br)
  • Morphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brainstem respiratory centers. (clustermed.info)
  • Morphine may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression. (medlibrary.org)
  • Monitor patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected and decrease the dosage of morphine sulfate extended-release tablets and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary. (medlibrary.org)
  • After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, codeine plasma concentrations may increase, with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome CYP2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ), which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression. (medlibrary.org)
  • They include powerful pain relieving agents such as naturally occurring alkaloids (e.g. morphine, codeine), semisynthetic derivatives (e.g. oxycodone, oxymorphone, buprenorphine), and synthetic analogues (e.g. levorphanol, butorphanol). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 10. Abelson AL, Armitage-Chan E, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. A comparison of epidural morphine with low dose bupivacaine versus epidural morphine alone on motor and respiratory function in dogs following splenectomy. (scielo.br)
  • Main purported advantage is ceiling effect of respiratory depression (μ2-mediated), thought to be approximately equal to 0.4 mg/kg morphine. (openanesthesia.org)
  • Ingestion of these capsules or of the pellets within the capsules may cause fatal respiratory depression when administered to patients not already tolerant to high doses of opioids. (nih.gov)
  • Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of oxycodone hydrochloride tablets. (nih.gov)
  • The concomitant use of oxycodone hydrochloride tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in oxycodone plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. (nih.gov)
  • Serious, life-threatening, and/or fatal respiratory depression has occurred. (drugs.com)
  • Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
  • The mechanism of respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brainstem respiratory centers to increases in carbon dioxide tension, and to electrical stimulation. (clustermed.info)
  • Ventilatory "drive" originates within respiratory centers of the central nervous system ( CNS ) ventral medulla. (veteriankey.com)
  • Oxycodone produces respiratory depression through direct activity at respiratory centers in the brain stem and depresses the cough reflex by direct effect on the center of the medulla. (drugcite.com)
  • During ventilation, respiratory mechanics and arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide levels change as conditions are altered, thus providing further sensory feedback to brainstem respiratory areas which imparts the respiratory continuum. (veteriankey.com)
  • If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be initiated with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
  • Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with other central nervous system depressants, such as buspirone, can potentiate the effects of hydrocodone and may lead to additive CNS or respiratory depression. (pdr.net)
  • Due to the risk of respiratory depression with concomitant use of skeletal muscle relaxants and opioids, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Warnings and Precautions (5.3 , 5.5) ]. (medlibrary.org)
  • Despite these problems, ketamine is widely used in primates, primarily because of its good safety profile and relative lack of depression of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finding a protocol that offers minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depression effects provides better quality anesthesia and more security for the team and for the patient. (usask.ca)
  • However, due to the marked respiratory depression and the resulting hypoxia, we recommend that this regimen should only be used in animals which are free from respiratory disease and that oxygen should be provided during anaesthesia. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • The most important side effects of opioids in small animals were respiratory depression and excitement, for cats and emesis in dogs and excitement and colic syndrome in 4 horses. (unesp.br)
  • The use of inhalants for maintenance of anesthesia in veterinary practice is frequent and the most commonly reported complications relate to intubation and respiratory arrest. (vin.com)
  • Working with a small herd of pronghorn that live year-round at the Saskatoon Forestry Farm, the WCVM team tested the current anesthesia protocol - a combination of etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam-azaperone (EMMA) - against a new drug protocol that includes butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM). (usask.ca)
  • This study assessed and compared the characteristics of anaesthesia induced with combinations of sufentanil and medetomidine administered as a single subcutaneous or intraperitoneal dose, and reversal with butorphanol and atipamezole. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Etorphine administered in pregnant rats results in respiratory depression in the mother and depressed oxygen uptake in the newborn rats that is directly proportional to the maternal dose. (wildpharm.co.za)
  • Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of MORPHABOND ER or following a dose increase. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Continuous epidural fentanyl infusion (0.5 µg/kg/hr) started 60 min after the bolus dose had no effect on end tidal CO2 concentration or respiratory rate for up to 18 hours. (anesthesiaexam.com)
  • The induction of anaesthesia with sufentanil/medetomidine and its reversal with a combination of atipamezole and butorphanol is an effective technique for anaesthetizing rats. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • It is often used alongside other sedative or analgesic drugs such as ketamine or butorphanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • A brief overview of relevant ventilatory concepts and strategies, respiratory physiology, sedative/anesthetic agents, and specific case management is presented in the following text. (veteriankey.com)
  • It is important for overdose prevention and response messages to highlight the potential presence of xylazine in IMF products and emphasize the need for respiratory and cardiovascular support to address the sedative effects of xylazine. (medscape.com)
  • Changes in heart and respiratory rates and arterial blood pressure during surgery were recorded along with the corresponding EtISO. (scielo.br)
  • This risk is then exacerbated because it is symptomatic horses that come to the attention of veterinarians, leading to various clinical investigations (e.g., respiratory tract endoscopy) that may facilitate human exposure to virus. (cdc.gov)
  • If secondary bacterial pneumonia develops, the dog often shows signs of illness such as loss of appetite, depression, or fever. (petplace.com)
  • CAPTIVON 98 should be reversed as soon as possible in cases of severe respiratory depression and animals should not remain immobilized for longer than necessary to avoid complications. (wildpharm.co.za)
  • Certain combinations of drugs can increase the risk for respiratory depression, although some of the newer species-specific formulations can actually lower the risk of complications, including respiratory depression and arrest. (nexgenvetrx.com)
  • The detailed spatiotemporal output is projected to primary (diaphragm, inspiratory intercostal) and secondary (upper airway) respiratory muscles which contract to generate an adequate breath. (veteriankey.com)
  • However, this opioid causes severe respiratory depression, along with the fact that etorphine access is very limited in Canada. (usask.ca)
  • Drugs that decrease respiratory effort include opioids and certain sedatives. (nexgenvetrx.com)
  • Tell your doctor if you or anyone in your family drinks or has ever drunk large amounts of alcohol, uses or has ever used street drugs, or has overused prescription medications, or has had an overdose, or if you have or have ever had depression or another mental illness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Respiratory arrest in alpaca during chemical immobilization can occur due to drug overdose, but it can happen as a spontaneous adverse reaction to immobilizing drugs. (nexgenvetrx.com)
  • In cases where respiratory arrest is brought on by chemical immobilization, the decreased respiratory effort reflects central nervous system (CNS) impairment due to the immobilizing drugs. (nexgenvetrx.com)
  • Respiratory arrest is the cessation of breathing. (nexgenvetrx.com)
  • There are several approaches available to alleviate respiratory arrest in alpaca as a result of chemical immobilization. (nexgenvetrx.com)
  • This respiratory plasticity involves alterations via sensory (i.e., central and peripheral chemoreceptors and airway mechanoreceptors) and modulatory projections (i.e., serotonergic neurons), as well as many other conscious and unconscious processes that affect breathing (i.e., cortical inputs, cardiovascular disease, etc. (veteriankey.com)
  • Drinking alcohol, taking prescription or nonprescription medications that contain alcohol, or using street drugs during your treatment with butorphanol injection also increases the risk that you will experience these serious, life-threatening side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is a greater risk that you will overuse butorphanol if you have or have ever had any of these conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Opioid-induced respiratory depression (ORID) is usually most common risk factor in the immediate postoperative recovery period, but it can persist and lead to catastrophic clinical outcomes. (nexgenvetrx.com)
  • When patients present with coexisting respiratory disease, safe anesthetic practices can become challenging. (veteriankey.com)
  • Normal respiratory volumes ( Figure 2.2 ) can be affected in anesthetized/sedated patients or in patients with altered physiology (i.e., pregnancy, disease, etc. (veteriankey.com)
  • The most serious adverse effect following CAPTIVON 98 administration is respiratory depression, usually observed within the first five minutes after administration. (wildpharm.co.za)