CDP-D-Glucose is the precursor for synthesizing four of the five naturally occurring 3,6-dideoxy sugars-abequose (3,6-dideoxy-D-Xylo-hexose), ascarylose (3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose), paratose (3,6-dideoxy-D-ribohexose), and tyvelose (3,6-dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose. (nih.gov)
In this study, the facilitated diffusion transport system for hexose sugars of S. cerevisiae was replaced by hexose-proton symport. (biomedcentral.com)
These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
They use hexose sugars as … Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence of beneficial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus , were used for fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars in the hydrolysate. (ncsu.edu)
Glucose9
Unlike the metabolism of glucose, which ordinarily depends on the activity of hexokinase with a wide substrate-specificity to carry out this reaction, substrate-specific galactokinase activity exclusively phosphorylates galactose. (medscape.com)
By crystallographic, biophysical and in vivo approaches, we show that AfuABC is in fact a cyclic hexose/heptose-phosphate transporter with high selectivity and specificity for a set of ubiquitous metabolites (glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). (rcsb.org)
Alpha-D-Glucose-1-phosphate Cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the production of CDP-D-Glucose from alpha-D-Glucose-1-phosphate and MgCTP as substrate. (nih.gov)
Glucose is the primary metabolic substrate for the epithelial cells, stromal keratocytes (corneal fibroblasts residing in the stroma), and endothelial cells. (aao.org)
To apply this strategy to increase the ethanol yield on sucrose, we constructed a platform strain in which all genes encoding hexose transporters, disaccharide transporters and disaccharide hydrolases were deleted, after which a combination of a glucose-proton symporter, fructose-proton symporter and extracellular invertase ( SUC2 ) were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
In such environments, the high extracellular glucose concentration can drive the uptake of glucose by yeast cells via diffusion, which is exemplified by the occurrence of many hexose transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
Specifically, the hydroxyl groups at the hexose C-4′ positions assume the 'galactose' and 'glucose' configurations in the FdtA and QdtA products, respectively. (canada.ca)
The erythrocyte/brain hexose facilitator, glucose transporter-1, Gtr1 or Glut1. (lbl.gov)
DNA sequence analysis carried out in this study has characterised the two remaining genes as HXT4=LGT1, a low affinity hexose transporter and a new thiamine regulated gene, THI5. (le.ac.uk)
The major hexose transporter, Htr1 (mediates the active uptake of hexoses by sugar:H+ symport. (lbl.gov)
Fermentation2
Daily H 2 production, substrate degradation, biomass production and the end-point distribution of soluble fermentation products varied with species and substrates. (princeton.edu)
Daily H2 production, substrate degradation, biomass production and the end-point distribution of soluble fermentation products varied with species and substrates. (princeton.edu)
Transporters5
The SLC2 family of facilitated hexose and polyol transporters" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is widely applied for industrial bioethanol production, uptake of hexoses is mediated by transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
This study provides a proof-of-concept for the replacement of the endogenous hexose transporters of S. cerevisiae by hexose-proton symport, and the concomitant decrease in ATP yield, to greatly improve the anaerobic yield of ethanol on sugar. (biomedcentral.com)
Various factors regulate gene expression and transport function of mucosal transporters such as luminal substrates hormones and ontogeny (7 - 9). (bioerc-iend.org)
A diurnal rhythm in gene expression and transport function of several other mucosal transporters (e.g. hexose transporters) occurs in the proximal intestine of rodents (i.e. duodenum and jejunum) in coordination with their nocturnal feeding pattern (10 - 13). (bioerc-iend.org)
Enzyme4
Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we report the recombinant expression, purification and biochemical characterization of isoform I of human gluconokinase alongside substrate specificity and kinetic assays of the enzyme catalyzed reaction. (ucsd.edu)
The enzyme, shown to be a dimer, had ATP dependent phosphorylation activity and strict specificity towards gluconate out of 122 substrates tested. (ucsd.edu)
Fungal cellulases produced on-site by utilizing acid-alkali pretreated water hyacinth as the substrate were used as the crude enzyme source for hydrolysis of identically pretreated biomass. (ncsu.edu)
Monophosphate1
The results indicate that significant metabolic flux changes in anabolic pathways linked to the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) are induced through a small increase in gluconate concentration. (ucsd.edu)
Endogenous2
EMD, E. Merck, Darmstadt) and substrates of endogenous transport systems of liver cells were studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
Several substrates of other endogenous transport systems (e.g. bilirubin, cyclopeptides, monovalent cations, dipeptides, amino acids, fatty acids, hexoses) did not interfere with the transport of EMD 56133. (nih.gov)
Yields4
Removing VFAs via ED in this novel process increased H 2 yields by a factor of 3.75 from 0.24 mol H 2 mol −1 hexose to 0.90 mol H 2 mol −1 hexose . (southwales.ac.uk)
The proposed system increased H 2 yields via increased substrate utilisation over longer HRTs. (southwales.ac.uk)
The proposed system increased H2 yields via increased substrate utilisation over longer HRTs. (southwales.ac.uk)
Clostridium cellulolyticum and Clostridium populeti catalysed the highest H 2 production from cellulose, with yields of 1.7 and 1.6 mol H 2 mol -1 hexose from MN301 and 1.6 and 1.4 mol H 2 mol -1 hexose from Avicel, respectively. (princeton.edu)
Moiety1
In coenzyme A, the business end is the thiol group that becomes bound to the substrate, and in NAD + it is the nicotinamide moiety that undergoes reversible reduction and oxidation. (heresy.is)
Enzyme's2
An enzyme's world is simple, containing one or a few substrates and maybe a cosubstrate or coenzyme. (heresy.is)
In each disorder, a deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase is inherited, which leads to lysosomal accumulation of the enzyme's specific sphingolipid substrate. (medscape.com)
Metabolism1
Thus, various disorders of lipid metabolism have characteristic patterns of organ involvement and clinical history, depending on the particular substrate that is stored. (medscape.com)
Biomass1
After evolution, the resulting strain exhibited a 16.6% increased anaerobic ethanol yield (from 1.51 to 1.76 mol mol hexose equivalent −1 ) and 46.6% decreased biomass yield on sucrose. (biomedcentral.com)
Catalysis1
As it relies only on the well-founded assumption that catalysis with CO 2 and O 2 substrates are mutually exclusive, this mechanism should function for any rubisco. (elifesciences.org)
Concentrations1
Degradation behavior of monosaccharides during treatment with each acid was expressed by a second-order reaction rate constant with respect to substrate and acid concentrations, and the activation energy and frequency factor were calculated using the Arrhenius equation. (ncsu.edu)
Bacterial2
Efficient acquisition of extracellular nutrients is essential for bacterial pathogenesis, however the identities and mechanisms for transport of many of these substrates remain unclear. (rcsb.org)
LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Yeast1
From the six HXKs analyzed here, only ZmHXK9 has minimal hexose phosphorylating activity even though enzymatic function of all isoforms (ZmHXK4-9) was confirmed using a yeast complementation approach. (biomedcentral.com)
Reaction1
a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
Mechanism1
The objective was to define the mechanism of the growth inhibition of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) alone and evaluate its activity in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). (researchgate.net)
Enzymes1
Whereas both enzymes utilize the same substrate, the stereochemistries of their products are different. (canada.ca)
Species1
All species produced a significant amount of H 2 from cellobiose, with Clostridium acetobutylicum achieving the highest H 2 yield of 2.3 mol H 2 mol -1 hexose, but it did not degrade cellulose. (princeton.edu)
High1
Carreira has described particularly useful asymmetric methodology with silyl ketene acetals, noteworthy for its high levels of enantioselectivity and wide substrate scope. (micromex.com.pl)
Production3
The production of hexose 6 phosphate is a key node in different pathways that are required for a successful germination. (biomedcentral.com)
VFA production and substrate utilisation rates were consistent with the hypothesis that end product inhibition arrests H 2 production. (southwales.ac.uk)
VFA production and substrate utilisation rates were consistent with the hypothesis that end product inhibition arrests H2 production. (southwales.ac.uk)
Synthetic1
While traditional synthetic methods accomplish the synthesis of hexoses using variations of iterative protection-deprotection strategies, requiring 8-14 steps, organocatalysis can access many of the same substrates using an efficient two-step protocol involving the proline-catalyzed dimerization of alpha-oxyaldehydes followed by tandem Mukaiyama aldol cyclization. (micromex.com.pl)
Growth2
their products enable the cell to utilise alternative hexoses as growth substrates. (le.ac.uk)
Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
Structure1
[ 1 , 2 ] Lipid substrates share a common structure, including a ceramide backbone (2- N -acyl-sphingosine), in which various sphingolipids are derived by substitution of hexoses, phosphorylcholine, or one or more sialic acid residues on terminal hydroxyl groups of the ceramide molecule. (medscape.com)
Sugar1
In anaerobic cultures, a higher ethanol yield can be achieved when transport of hexoses is proton-coupled, because of the lower net ATP yield of sugar dissimilation. (biomedcentral.com)