• Beta- and gamma-crystallins (such as CRYGC) are similar in sequence, structure and domains topology, and thus have been grouped together as a protein superfamily called βγ-Crystallins. (wikipedia.org)
  • More proteins containing βγ-crystallin domains have now been characterized as calcium binding proteins with Greek key motif as a novel calcium-binding motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • The crystallins of different groups of organisms are related to a large number of different proteins, with those from birds and reptiles related to lactate dehydrogenase and argininosuccinate lyase, those of mammals to alcohol dehydrogenase and quinone reductase, and those of cephalopods to glutathione S-transferase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The α-crystallin family and βγ-crystallins compose the major family of proteins present in the crystalline lens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha-crystallin occurs as large aggregates, comprising two types of related subunits (A and B) that are highly similar to the small (15-30kDa) heat shock proteins (sHsps), particularly in their C-terminal halves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha-crystallin has chaperone-like properties including the ability to prevent the precipitation of denatured proteins and to increase cellular tolerance to stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • To identify proteins interacting with alpha A-crystallin (CRYAA) and to investigate the potential role that these protein interactions play in the function of CRYAA using a human proteome (HuProt) microarray. (molvis.org)
  • CRYAA is one of the major lens proteins, accounting for 35% of all crystallins. (molvis.org)
  • Consequently, the approximate age of crystallin proteins within the lens is determined by their spatial location. (databasefootball.com)
  • c) Post tissue homogenization of the nucleus, the precipitate that contains the water-insoluble (WI) crystallin proteins is separated from the supernatant that contains the water-soluble (WS) by centrifugation. (databasefootball.com)
  • Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. (lookformedical.com)
  • The proteins exist as large oligomers that are formed from ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN and ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN subunits. (lookformedical.com)
  • Inverted solubility--melting a crystal by cooling--is observed in a handful of proteins, such as carbomonoxy hemoglobin and gammaD-crystallin. (duke.edu)
  • Crystallins are the major proteins in eye lens that contribute towards the maintenance of high refractive index and thus transparency. (org.pk)
  • Endogenous Lp82 in lens soluble proteins was activated by addition of calcium and caused limited proteolysis of crystallins even in the presence of large amounts of recombinant domain I from the natural calpain inhibitor calpastatin. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In both groups, serum antibodies display a consistent and prominent reaction to αB-crystallin (CRYAB) versus other myelin proteins. (tno.nl)
  • This system operates using fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K), phosphorylating fructoselysine residue on glycated proteins and thereby destabilizing the compound, ultimately causing the decomposition of the glycated proteins. (org.pk)
  • Sometimes the argument will be made more specific, such as that N proteins of M residues each must be necessary for a minimally functioning cell, and when you calculate the probability of those proteins appearing together simultaneously, with a 1/20 chance of a particular amino acid residue in each spot of each protein sequence, the odds are astronomical. (provingthenegative.com)
  • In anatomy, a crystallin is a water-soluble structural protein found in the lens and the cornea of the eye accounting for the transparency of the structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since it has been shown that lens injury may promote nerve regeneration, crystallin has been an area of neural research. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main function of crystallins at least in the lens of the eye is probably to increase the refractive index while not obstructing light. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has become clear that crystallins may have several metabolic and regulatory functions, both within the lens and in other parts of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whether these crystallins are products of a fortuitous accident of evolution, in that these particular enzymes happened to be transparent and highly soluble, or whether these diverse enzymatic activities are part of the protective machinery of the lens, is an active research topic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Crystallins from a vertebrate eye lens are classified into three main types: alpha, beta and gamma crystallins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Divergence probably occurred prior to evolution of the eye lens, alpha-crystallin being found in small amounts in tissues outside the lens. (wikipedia.org)
  • A subclass of crystallins that found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) of VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • A class of crystallins that provides refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Lp82 may be responsible for a major portion of crystallin proteolysis occurring during normal lens development and maturation, or during cataract formation in young mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • EC 4.2.1.11) serve multiple functions in the body, including catalyzing 2-phospho-d-glycerate hydro-lyase activity in glycolysis, assisting hypoxia tolerance, tumor suppression, plasminogen and DNA binding, and acting as a lens crystallin. (edu.au)
  • AIM1, a novel non-lens member of the betagamma-crystallin superfamily, is associated with the control of tumorigenicity in human malignant melanoma. (unige.ch)
  • For example, alpha, beta, and delta crystallins are found in avian and reptilian lenses, and the alpha, beta, and gamma families are found in the lenses of all other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses. (lookformedical.com)
  • To elucidate the effect of deamidation on the structural and functional properties of human alphaB-crystallin. (nih.gov)
  • Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate three deamidated mutants of alphaB-crystallin: N78D, N146D, and N78D/N146D. (nih.gov)
  • Recombinant native alphaB-crystallin (wild type [WT]) and the three mutated alphaB species were expressed, and each species was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. (nih.gov)
  • The results show that the deamidation of N146 but not of N78 have profound effects on the structural and functional properties of alphaB-crystallin. (nih.gov)
  • These distinctions were way more prominent when phospho precise antibodies for each of 2 distinct tyrosine residues have been made use of to the western blot evaluation. (hormonespathway.com)
  • Further, during binding experiments with 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), the WT and N78D mutant showed relatively more solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues than the N146D and N78D/N146D mutants. (nih.gov)
  • It has been generally accepted that the principal driving force in protein folding is the hydrophobic effect4, which results in the burial of the hydrophobic residues in the core of the protein. (org.pk)
  • In humans, the CRYAA gene encodes a 173 amino acid residue protein by single copy genes located on chromosome 21. (molvis.org)
  • Landschulz et al studied the DNA-binding protein GCN4 and proposed that its structure was a "leucine zipper" in which the leucines, which repeated every 7 residues, interlocked [ Landschulz 1988 ]. (cureffi.org)
  • Sequence Analysis: Primary sequence of human gb-crystallin (Accession No. CRGB-HUMAN) was retrieved from the SWISSPROT data bank.9 Sequence homology searches of the Protein databank, PDB10 using the basic BLAST algorithm11 were carried out independently for each primary sequence. (org.pk)
  • A protein called crystallin lasts as long as the organism itself. (greek.doctor)
  • The rate of degradation depends highly on the amino acid residue on the N-terminal end of the protein. (greek.doctor)
  • Structure-activity studies established that residues 73-92 were as potent as the parent protein, but only when it formed amyloid fibrils. (ksparrowmd.com)
  • The 2334-bp cDNA encoding for mouse Lp82 contained a single large open reading frame encoding a protein of 709 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 82.2 kDa and a predicted pI of 5.8. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy Reveals the Calcium Dependence of the Alternative Conformations in the Native State of a betagamma-Crystallin Protein. (unige.ch)
  • Stability, homodimerization, and calcium-binding properties of a single, variant betagamma-crystallin domain of the protein absent in melanoma 1 (AIM1). (unige.ch)
  • GST fusion protein with amino acid residues 1978-2016 of human Na V 1.5 (Accession Q14524 ), (MW: 33 kDa. (alomone.com)
  • This 58-residue (6.5 kDa) basic (pI ¼ 10.5) isoelectric point of BPTI, with phosphate as the salting-out protein has long been thought to undergo self-association. (lu.se)
  • Apostol, M. I. , Sawaya, M. R. , Cascio, D. , and Eisenberg, D. (2010) Crystallographic studies of prion protein (PrP) segments suggest how structural changes encoded by polymorphism at residue 129 modulate susceptibility to human prion disease . (cornell.edu)
  • To do this, they synthesized 36-residue peptides with the original sequence plus CGG at the N terminus or GGC at the C terminus. (cureffi.org)
  • The highest sequence homology was found with bovine gB-crystallin (PDB id: 4gcr). (org.pk)
  • Sequence alignments, key amino acid residues, and conserved predicted secondary and tertiary structures were examined, including active site residues (absent in ENO4 and ENOF1) and sites for Mg2+ and plasminogen binding and for acetylation and phosphorylation. (edu.au)
  • In many Asp-containing peptides from the crystallins, it was found that the levels of L-isoAsp were significantly higher in the nucleus than in the cortex. (databasefootball.com)
  • O'Shea created 33-residue synthetic peptides corresponding to the proposed leucine zipper region of GCN4. (cureffi.org)
  • Zinc binding to the peptide replica and analogs to residues 93-115 of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was examined by competition of the peptides and the chromophoric chelator 4-(2- pyridylazo)resorcinol for zinc and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of the zinc ligands. (researchgate.net)
  • Prof. King explained in class that the C versus N-terminal disulfide bond and parallel versus antiparallel configurations result in differential neutralization of charged residues along the helix, which affects migration of the dimer on HPLC. (cureffi.org)
  • Under oxidative-stressed conditions, cysteine residues of Keap1 are oxidized, forming a disulfide bridge. (hindawi.com)
  • Trypsin TPCK-Treated is a high quality TPCK-Treated Trypsin, a serine protease that specifically hydrolyzes peptide bonds at the carboxyl side of Lysine and Arginine residues. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Beta- and gamma- crystallin form a separate family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Structurally, beta and gamma crystallins are composed of two similar domains which, in turn, are each composed of two similar motifs with the two domains connected by a short connecting peptide. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, beta crystallin is an oligomer, composed of a complex group of molecules, whereas gamma crystallin is a simpler monomer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gamma-crystallins are similar in structure to BETA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both form into a Greek key-like structure. (lookformedical.com)
  • Resistance of alpha-crystallin-glutathione mixed-disulfide to tryptic digestion Curr Eye Res. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Side chain accessibilities (å2) of amino acids in the vicinity of Phe56 and the corresponding mutated residues in wild type and mutated human gB-crystallin models respectively. (org.pk)
  • The local changes that occur in the surface accessibilities of amino acids in response to the incorporation of mutated residues are presented in Table. (org.pk)
  • HGF c Met signaling can induce paxillin phosphorylation at its tyrosine residue, which in turn promotes tumor progression by enhancing tumor cell migration and spread.ten Activating c Met mutations are already proven to increase paxillin phosphorylation in SCLC.5 Furthermore, paxillin has become proven to be very expressed, and its gene from time to time amplified or mutated in NSCLC 11. (hormonespathway.com)
  • Here, we first measure the surface hydrophobicity of various mutant structures of gammaD-crystallin and discern no notable increase in hydrophobicity upon mutating the 23rd residue. (duke.edu)
  • subtilisin bpn' prosegment (77 residues) complexed with a mutant subtilisin bpn' (266 residues). (wikipedia.org)
  • An independent investigation of the biological role of αB-crystallin (HspB5), the most abundant gene transcript present in active multiple sclerosis lesions in human brains, also led to α7nAChR. (ksparrowmd.com)
  • In human gammaD-crystallin, the phenomenon is associated with the mutation of the 23rd residue, a proline, to a threonine, serine or valine. (duke.edu)
  • models of human gb-crystallins. (org.pk)
  • In the present study, we have carried out a mutation analysis to observe the role of a hydrophobic core residue, Phe 56 present at the domain interface of the predicted human gb-crystallin structure. (org.pk)
  • Extensive work by Steven Clarke and coworkers revealed that PIMT is an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)- dependent enzyme that methylates L-isoAsp residues and D-Asp (700-10,000-fold lower affinity), allowing partial reformation of the L-Asp form. (databasefootball.com)
  • In the enzyme, zinc is coordinated by four Cys residues. (researchgate.net)
  • Each motif, which is about forty amino acid residues long, is folded in a distinctive Greek key pattern. (wikipedia.org)
  • and delta-crystallin is found exclusively in reptiles and birds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The N-terminal domain of alpha-crystallin is not necessary for dimerisation or chaperone activity, but appears to be required for the formation of higher order aggregates. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the subunits of alpha-crystallins. (lookformedical.com)
  • We selected the Escherichia coli nitro/quinone reductase NfsA for chloramphenicol detoxification by simultaneously randomising eight active-site residues and interrogating ~250,000,000 reconfigured variants. (elifesciences.org)
  • Only minor changes in the positions of amino acid residues present in the vicinity of the mutated Trp56 were observed in case of this mutation. (org.pk)
  • To have an insight about the stability features governing g-crystallins, we carried out an elaborate analysis of one of these forces to predict its effect on the stability of the molecule. (org.pk)
  • We conclude that while solubility inversion due to the hydrophobic effect may be possible, microscopic evidence to support it in gammaD-crystallin is weak. (duke.edu)
  • It is the ester linkages within the key, 12-residue region that circularise the molecule giving it its inhibitory conformation . (wikipedia.org)