Acoustic StimulationAuditory ThresholdCochleaElectric StimulationHearingCochlear ImplantsHearing AidsAuditory PathwaysOtoacoustic Emissions, SpontaneousEvoked Potentials, AuditoryAudiometry, SpeechEvoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain StemAuditory CortexDeafnessCochlear ImplantationNoiseCochlear NerveTympanic MembraneHearing LossSound SpectrographyPsychoacousticsEfferent PathwaysSpeech PerceptionSound LocalizationInferior ColliculiOlivary NucleusCochlear NucleusAudiometryHair Cells, Auditory, OuterAudiometry, Pure-ToneAuditory PerceptionHair Cells, AuditoryGerbillinaeGuinea PigsTime FactorsNeoplasm, ResidualElectric Stimulation TherapyFunctional LateralityStimulation, ChemicalNeuronsPhysical StimulationDeep Brain StimulationTranscranial Magnetic StimulationCells, CulturedTranscutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationSignal TransductionCalciumCatsRats, Sprague-DawleyMuscle ContractionFunctional Residual CapacityCell LineKineticsPhotic StimulationElectrodes, ImplantedAction PotentialsDose-Response Relationship, DrugResidual VolumePhosphorylationEnzyme ActivationVagus NerveRNA, MessengerEvoked PotentialsLymphocyte ActivationEvoked Potentials, MotorRats, WistarIsoproterenolCyclic AMPMice, Inbred C57BLElectromyographyAtropineReflexNorepinephrineSynaptic TransmissionElectrophysiologyMolecular Sequence DataRabbitsAfferent PathwaysMotor CortexDogsSympathetic Nervous SystemSubthalamic NucleusTreatment OutcomeMuscle, SkeletalNeural InhibitionGene Expression RegulationSelf StimulationRats, Inbred StrainsEnzyme InhibitorsElectrodesT-LymphocytesNeurons, AfferentSpinal CordEvoked Potentials, SomatosensoryMembrane PotentialsMotor NeuronsAdrenergic beta-AgonistsProtein Kinase CCell DivisionReaction Time