• In the trial of USA v. Brandt, which became known as the "Doctors' Trial", German physicians responsible for conducting unethical medical procedures on humans during the war were tried. (wikipedia.org)
  • They focused on physicians who conducted inhumane and unethical human experiments in concentration camps, in addition to those who were involved in over 3.5 million sterilizations of German citizens. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War. (wikipedia.org)
  • v. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Inc. is, above all, a clarion call for restoration of common sense, ethical sensitivity and professional integrity to the medical research enterprise. (ahrp.org)
  • This Court's decision will have a profound impact on the medical research enterprise by restoring humane and ethical standards to the conduct of medical research, demonstrating respect for the subjects of research, and providing safeguards for the most vulnerable. (ahrp.org)
  • The term "duty to recontact" refers to the possible ethical and/or legal obligation of genetics service providers (GSPs) to recontact former patients about advances in research that might be relevant to them. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ethical issues in phase I oncology research: a comparison of investigators and institutional review board chairpersons. (uchicago.edu)
  • It is almost unnecessary to say that with the advancement of science there has come a plethora of ethical dilemmas - dilemmas which lay bare questions about the boundaries of our human interaction. (rutgers.edu)
  • Each of these cases elicited a societal backlash and together they have prompted the creation of ethical codes which address and clarify the boundaries of research involving human subjects. (rutgers.edu)
  • The guidelines clearly distinguished the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Especially problematic is non-therapeutic research on the foetus in utero in anticipation of abortion. (uia.org)
  • The Court of Appeals Decision Validates AHRP's Stand Against Using Children in Harmful Research Experiments. (ahrp.org)
  • Whereas the research establishment and its stakeholders would have us believe that the rights of individual human subjects are well protected by Institutional Review Boards (IRB), this Court has rightfully recognized that IRBs are "primarily, in-house organs" which are neither designed to be objective nor are they "sufficiently concerned with the ethicality of the experiments they review as they are with the success of the experiments. (ahrp.org)
  • [4] According to Lederer, antivivisectionists argued "it is not a question of animals or human beings, it is a question of animals and human beings" [5] , showing how concerns for human experimentation started when the public became worried about animal welfare. (notevenpast.org)
  • 2. Whether animals are equal to human beings. (nathannobis.com)
  • 4. No animal research of any kind could ever produce any benefits for human beings. (nathannobis.com)
  • … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • He was later invited to assume a faculty position at the Divinity School of Duke University in 1983, where he taught in the area of theological ethics until his retirement in 2013, though he continues to write and speak at Duke as a senior research fellow. (peoplepill.com)
  • In this paper the authors argue that research ethics committees (RECs) should not be paternalistic by rejecting research that poses risk to people competent to decide for themselves. (omeka.net)
  • [6] Starting in 1866 with the establishment of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) by Henry Bergh and, later, the creation of various societies for the protection of children in New York and Pennsylvania in the 1870s, concerns over human experimentation were characterized by a preoccupation over those who were most vulnerable and did not have a voice. (notevenpast.org)
  • 1. humans are animals and so experimentation on animals and humans is equally wrong. (nathannobis.com)
  • 2. animals have rights since they are alive and so animal experimentation violates their rights and is wrong. (nathannobis.com)
  • 4. the reasons why harmful, non-consenting human experimentation is wrong apply to many animals and so harmful, non-consenting animal experimentation is wrong for similar reasons that this type of human experimentation would be wrong. (nathannobis.com)
  • 1. Whether animals have rights and are as important as humans. (nathannobis.com)
  • 2. Does not consider the amount that animals are harmed by animal research. (nathannobis.com)
  • 3. There are many ways to produce benefits for humans, including medical benefits, that don't rely on animals. (nathannobis.com)
  • The harmful, nontherapeutic use of animals in research is morally wrong. (nathannobis.com)
  • Laws concerning animals used in research were a hot topic again with Iowa and Massachusetts passing "beagle freedom" laws and two others banning animal testing for cosmetics. (animallaw.info)
  • These days, increasing numbers of companion animals are hitting the road with their humans. (animallaw.info)
  • [1] Through this discussion, one sees that the debate between the advancement of science, the greater good of society, and concerns about causing harm to the most vulnerable characterized the dialogue about human experimentation and animal vivisection in the early 20th century. (notevenpast.org)
  • Our review of past research documents differences in asthma outcomes among Latino children and identifies the possible genetic, environmental, and health care factors associated with these differences. (lookformedical.com)
  • Most importantly, this Court has courageously challenged the assignment of unlimited authority to those who profit from the research enterprise by noting that "the scientific and medical communities cannot be permitted to assume sole authority to determine ultimately what is right and appropriate in respect to research projects involving young children. (ahrp.org)
  • In April 1947, Dr. Alexander submitted a memorandum to the United States Counsel for War Crimes outlining six points for legitimate medical research. (wikipedia.org)
  • We applaud the Court's discerning decision and respectfully submit this brief in the hope that safeguards to protect the health and well-being of medical research subjects - whether adults or children - will be clarified, fortified, and implemented. (ahrp.org)
  • The Court is to be applauded for challenging the deficiencies in the medical research approval and oversight process. (ahrp.org)
  • Dr. Hideyo Noguchi (with back to camera), William Alexander Young, and Helen Russell at the Medical Research Institute in Accra, Ghana circa 1928. (notevenpast.org)
  • For certain branches of medical research the use of foetal tissues is claimed to be indispensable, and the lost or discarded foetus serves as an obvious source of such material. (uia.org)
  • 1. The use of human foetal tissue, or of the whole foetus, is indispensable for some medical research, including the culture of certain pathogenic viruses, immunological and chromosomal studies, the study of foetal development, and the preparation of certain vaccines. (uia.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Public health benefits from research often rely on the use of data from personal medical records. (omeka.net)
  • Still, people may feel an instinctive repugnance at the use of ovarian tissue (including foetal eggs for [in vitro] fertilization) from these sources for research or fertility control. (uia.org)
  • Given the inherent conflicts of interest involved in human subjects research (the pursuit of knowledge and profit at the risk of undermining human rights, and by extension, dignity) and the speedy evolution of the nature of clinical research, [5] violations and problems in application still occur. (rutgers.edu)
  • Many sectors of the public and some physicians find the idea of research on whole living foetuses, or even on living foetal tissue, as indefensible on moral, religious or emotional grounds. (uia.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Institutional review boards (IRBs) are given discretion to interpret and apply the federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects in research. (omeka.net)
  • Our analysis provides a blue-print for future research, policy development, and the evaluation of multifactorial interventions involving the collaboration of multiple social sectors, such as health care, public health, education, and public and private agencies. (lookformedical.com)
  • The only relevant guideline that could be proposed in this case is that when foetal research is undertaken it should be only on subjects that would, by common consent, have no hope whatsoever of continued extra-uterine existence. (uia.org)
  • The World Medical Association later issued the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 and just over a decade later, in 1978, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research issued the Belmont Report. (rutgers.edu)
  • An early version of the Code known as the Memorandum, which stated explicit voluntary consent from patients is required for human experimentation, was drafted on 9 August 1947. (wikipedia.org)
  • There also was a lack of consensus about the possible benefits and burdens of recontacting patients and about various alternative methods of informing patients about research advances. (lookformedical.com)
  • The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential is a unique, experimental research work of the Union of International Associations . (uia.org)
  • The Court astutely observed that "failure in the informed consent process leads to serious inequities in research, specifically for the poor and less educated who bear most of the research burden [and that] the problem is perpetuated in pediatrics, where parents who volunteer their children were found to be significantly less educated and under represented in the professional and managerial occupations compared to their non-volunteering counterparts. (ahrp.org)
  • Research with foetal tissue denies the special respect due to the human foetus. (uia.org)
  • Critical theological questions concerning the nature of human life, and the meaning of the "integrity of creation" need concentrated exploration. (wcc2013.info)
  • In his letter to Maurice Henry Pappworth, an English physician and the author of the 1967 book Human Guinea Pigs, Andrew Ivy claimed sole authorship of the code. (wikipedia.org)
  • The "Common Rule" eventually evolved from the Belmont Report and currently governs the regulation of human subject research in the United States. (rutgers.edu)
  • [7] Many of the most notable, and deadly, human subject research studies in the last 60 years have been located in university health and research centers and affiliates. (rutgers.edu)
  • [9] These expectations have magnified the conflicts of interest already inherent in human subject research and have raised additional questions about licensing, patents, and the meaning of a university's academic mission. (rutgers.edu)
  • This paper seeks to further explore the conflicts of interest inherent in the human subject research situation, particularly in light of the university context. (rutgers.edu)
  • Based on this review, we propose research studies designed to differentiate between mutable and immutable risk and prognostic factors. (lookformedical.com)
  • It was a nontherapeutic experiment, aimed at compiling data on the effects of the spontaneous evolution of syphilis on black males. (simonandschuster.com)
  • Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War by Susan Lederer explores the production of medical knowledge through human experimentation and animal vivisection. (notevenpast.org)
  • In aborted foetal experimentation, the medical profession follows the legal loophole that the woman who conceived it has no rights concerning its disposition, and that the state does not regard it as a human being or even an animal. (uia.org)
  • 3. we should always do what produces the greatest overall happiness and so not perform animal experimentation since it causes a lot of unhappiness. (nathannobis.com)
  • 1. Does not consider how humans might be harmed, directly or indirectly, from animal research. (nathannobis.com)
  • 1. There really would be no medical progress, of any kind, without animal research. (nathannobis.com)
  • 2. Animal research has been scientifically proven to be the most beneficial method of research. (nathannobis.com)
  • In the July 1994 U.S. Initial Report on its implementation of the Covenant and in the March 1995 discussions before the Human Rights Committee, the United States described at length the complex history of U.S. relations with Native American tribes and the legal regime within the United States that applies to such tribes, including the concept of "tribal self determination" under U.S. law. (state.gov)
  • Previous research has revealed surprising differences in health among Latino children with asthma of varying countries of family origin. (lookformedical.com)
  • in a review written on the 50th anniversary of the Brandt verdict, Jay Katz writes that "a careful reading of the judgment suggests that [the authors] wrote the Code for the practice of human experimentation whenever it is being conducted. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the historical development of the American research university and its relationship to federal and industrial funding is further fleshed out. (rutgers.edu)
  • The drive for "progress" and knowledge for the "good of society," as well as the age old desire for profit and power, continually create a conflict between the further advancement of the human race and respecting whatever meaning and value we ascribe to ourselves individually by virtue of our humanity. (rutgers.edu)
  • [6] One particular arena affected by these conflicts of interest is the university system, which since the 1950's has been the locus of federally funded research, particularly in the biomedical sciences. (rutgers.edu)
  • [8] Though initially charged with the academic education of its students, since the advent of the research university system, universities have also been expected to be producers of cutting edge technology as partners working in close relationship with or in easy transferability to industry. (rutgers.edu)
  • Includes presentations by research faculty in biochemistry, chemistry and departments across the university. (iup.edu)
  • Meanwhile, in addressing vivisectionists' arguments, Lederer talks about the American Medical Association (AMA) and Abraham Flexner's survey of medical education, Charles W. Eliot's reforms at Harvard Medical School, and the surge of research as the gold standard for creating medical knowledge. (notevenpast.org)
  • third, research that indicates medical treatment for gender dysphoria may result in permanent changes in the brain. (quadrant.org.au)
  • For performing human cloning: Punishment by confinement from 2 (two) to 5 (five) years and fine. (hinxtongroup.org)