• In 2004 and 2005, Hwang Woo-suk, a professor at Seoul National University, published two separate articles in the journal Science claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, embryonic stem cells from a cloned human blastocyst using SCNT techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1] Therapeutic cloning, on the other hand, creates human embryos merely as a source of embryonic stem cells. (reasons.org)
  • Embryonic stem cells come from human embryos that are three to five days old. (healthline.com)
  • However, in recent years, there has been controversy surrounding the way human embryonic stem cells are obtained. (healthline.com)
  • Two commonly discussed types of human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and (more recently) pluripotent stem cell induction. (wikipedia.org)
  • these are the "holy grail" that would be useful for therapeutic or reproductive cloning. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • What deserves greater attention, however, is therapeutic cloning, a (potential) cloning application considered far more important to the biomedical and scientific communities and one far more ethically challenging. (reasons.org)
  • Crudely put, therapeutic cloning looks to generate human embryos solely for the body parts they can provide. (reasons.org)
  • Otherwise, such a treaty would not recognize the inherent human nature of the early human embryo or fetus until after birth , and thus cloning them and using them for research - both "therapeutic" and "reproductive" -- would not be banned, and women undergoing "infertility treatments" could surely be put in danger. (lifeissues.net)
  • With the cloning of a sheep known as Dolly in 1996 by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic. (wikipedia.org)
  • In January 2008, Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this experiment, the researchers developed a protocol for using SCNT in human cells, which differs slightly from the one used in other organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indeed, if passed, Hatch/Feinstein/Kerry would explicitly legalize doing in humans the very cloning procedure -- somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -- that was used to make Dolly the sheep . (lifeissues.net)
  • Comment: Indeed, if passed, "total cloning bans" H.R. 534, H.R. 234, H.R. 916, and S. 245 would not ban anything either - not even the SCNT cloning technique that was used to make Dolly the sheep. (lifeissues.net)
  • In the case of Hua Hua and Zhong Zhong, researchers used modern technology developed only in the last couple of years to enhance the technique used to clone Dolly, which is called somatic cell transfer, or SCNT. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • The SCNT technique has worked to create about 20 different animals including frogs, mice, rabbits, pigs, cows and even dogs, but there have been 'numerous attempts to clone non-human primate species, but they all failed,' said Mumming Poo, an author on the paper. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • Again, Saunders is referring to SCNT as "THE" cloning procedure, when there are many other ways to clone a human being as well, and he is scientifically mis-defining the product of SCNT (i.e., the cloned human embryo). (lifeissues.net)
  • In this case, each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • This involves fertilizing an embryo in a laboratory instead of inside the female body. (healthline.com)
  • Opponents believe that an embryo is a living human being. (healthline.com)
  • The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • But it is perhaps not auspicious to quote him for purposes of the scientific debates on human cloning, because Ramsey agreed with and supported the scientific myth of the "pre-embryo" 47 made famous by Jesuit Richard McCormick and frog embryologist Clifford Grobstein. (lifeissues.net)
  • Thus, while Ramsey agreed that there is a human being present immediately at fertilization, he did not agree that it was also a human embryo or a human person - the classic "pre-embryo" argument. (lifeissues.net)
  • The human embryo did not begin until after 14-days, thus the above quote from Saunders would not apply. (lifeissues.net)
  • Perhaps Ramsey would give other extraordinarily powerful arguments as to why human cloning is unethical, but he obviously would not be able to base it on his unscientific "pre-embryo" position. (lifeissues.net)
  • 6. " ... any living human embryo has the inherent 'potential' to develop into a healthy baby . (lifeissues.net)
  • Originally the relevant philosophical term was "potency" (or inherent power or capacity conveyed by a specific nature) was used to apply to an already existing substance - such as a new living human embryo. (lifeissues.net)
  • In that sense, the human embryo would not be even a human being yet, much less a human person. (lifeissues.net)
  • Thus if by "potential" one means "potency" - i.e., that the early human embryo already exists with a human nature that is already there, and has its own inherent power or capacity (provided by that human nature) to simply grow bigger and bigger through all the usual developmental stages through birth, then such a statement stands as accurate - both scientifically and philosophically. (lifeissues.net)
  • That is, it would be acknowledging that the human embryo and the human " baby " are the same human being and human person throughout all of his/her development. (lifeissues.net)
  • On the other hand, if by "potential" one means that the human embryo is not a human being or human person yet , but might be later once it has been born (i.e., a "baby"), then that statement is both scientifically and philosophically incorrect. (lifeissues.net)
  • Particularly valuable animals could be cloned from adult cells without the uncertainties of crossing them with other animals or tinkering with embryos. (newscientist.com)
  • Tragically, however, in order to harvest stem cells from human embryos, the embryos must be destroyed. (reasons.org)
  • Recent and ongoing research suggests an alternative approach that can achieve the same goal (repair of damaged or diseased organs) without destroying human embryos. (reasons.org)
  • This means that hundreds of human embryos would die to achieve a single live human clone birth. (reasons.org)
  • The main issue as to whether or not human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington D. C. There Dr. Jerry Hall experimented with the possibility of human cloning and began this moral and ethical debate. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Shannon Brownlee of U. S. News & World Report writes, "Hall and other scientists split single humans embryos into identical copies, a technology that opens a Pandora's box of ethical questions and has sparked a storm of controversy around the world" (24). (benjaminbarber.org)
  • They attempted to create seventeen human embryos in a laboratory dish and when it had grown enough, separated them into forty-eight individual cells. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Two of the separated cells survived for a few days in the lab developed into new human embryos smaller than the head of a pin and consisting of thirty-two cells each (Brownlee 24). (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Cloning embryos is different from the genetic process of in vitro fertilization, but still holds many similarities with it. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • Those two factors make attempts to clone humans for reproductive purposes ethically troubling. (reasons.org)
  • Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering in an article in The American Naturalist in 1966 and again, the following year, in The Washington Post. (wikipedia.org)
  • A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
  • 5. Most countries in the African Region have no specific regulations and policies governing genetic manipulations for assisted conception, treatment and research. (who.int)
  • The researchers then used these cells as the source of genetic material to clone pigs with organs that lacked the sugar groups responsible for HAR. (reasons.org)
  • CNN)For the first time, scientists say they created cloned primates using the same complicated cloning technique that made Dolly the sheep in 1996. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • Animals - most notably Dolly the sheep in 1996 - have already been cloned as part of scientific experiments to develop genetically modified livestock. (ndriromaric.com)
  • When scientists made Dolly the sheep, years after she was born they used the same cell cluster to make four other sheep clones. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • Speed while performing the procedure helped, they learned, and scientists discovered clones created out of cells from fetal tissue did better than when they used adult cells. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • While they succeeded in obtaining cloned macaques, the numbers are too low to make many conclusions, except that it remains a very inefficient and hazardous procedure,' said Robin Lovell-Badge, an embryologist and head of the Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics at the Francis Crick Institute. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • 7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)
  • General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
  • It's given name is the "Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003," the stated purpose of which, supposedly, is to "prohibit human cloning and to protect important areas of medical research, including stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
  • We've no idea if this would work, and everyone involved thinks it would be unethical to try it in people. (newscientist.com)
  • The possibilities of human cloning have raised controversies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3] An international research team genetically engineered pig cells that lacked a functional form of the gene that codes for a key enzyme involved in the production of the cell surface sugars that cause HAR. (reasons.org)
  • There are also ethical concerns about creating a human genetically identical to another person who currently exists, or has previously. (ndriromaric.com)
  • These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethical concerns relate to the risk of causing physical and psychological harm, lack of respect for ethical research standards, exploitation of the poor and conflict of interest if financial interests are involved. (who.int)
  • This technique is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • Pig organ size and physiology are comparable to that of humans. (reasons.org)
  • Because of their location in the swine genome and their implication in reproductive physiology, this gene cluster was characterized and evaluated for effects on reproductive traits in swine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given this fanfare, the debate has tended to focus on reproductive cloning-the use of cloning to generate a human being-and its bizarre societal and familial side effects. (reasons.org)
  • Bizarre ideas about cloning lie in many science fiction books and scare the public with their unbelievable possibilities. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • The authors of the paper say they have no intention of trying and they believe their results should spark a wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • AKRs are tissue-specific hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that interconvert weak steroid hormones to their more potent counterparts and regulate processes involved in development, homeostasis and reproduction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the possibility of cloning humans had been the subject of speculation for much of the 20th century, scientists and policymakers began to take the prospect seriously in 1969. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society than it was twenty years ago. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • It is not known when or how cloning humans really became a possibility, but it is known that there are two possible ways that we can clone humans. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • There it was concluded that cloning is not something that can be done as of now, but it is quite a possibility for the future. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Many nations outlawed it, while a few scientists promised to make a clone within the next few years. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2011, scientists at the New York Stem Cell Foundation announced that they had succeeded in generating embryonic stem cell lines, but their process involved leaving the oocyte's nucleus in place, resulting in triploid cells, which would not be useful for cloning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists in 1999 created Tetra, a rhesus monkey, but used what researchers consider a simpler cloning method that produces a more limited number of off spring. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • With this birth, these scientists have broken a barrier and that means the technique could, in theory, be applied to humans. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • These scientists experimented eagerly in aims of learning how to clone human. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Common answers to the puzzling questions about humans and cloning are still trying to be answered today, and scientists and the public are eager to learn all they can about cloning. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • We face a problem today even greater than the one in this book and it involves the duplication of human beings in a society that has always been known for its diversity. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • One such approach, called "xenotransplantation" (the transplantation of living cells, tissues, and organs from one species to another species), turns to pigs as a source of organs for human transplants. (reasons.org)
  • The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • She is the first mammal ever created from the non-reproductive tissue of an adult animal. (newscientist.com)
  • If the same could be achieved in humans, it would mean that each of us could have clones of ourselves made from our own tissue. (newscientist.com)
  • But if, as seems likely, the Roslin team has succeeded in making an entire animal from adult tissue, it might be possible to do the same for humans. (newscientist.com)
  • HAR occurs because the sugar groups on the surface of pig and human cells differ. (reasons.org)
  • However, more research is needed to help understand the potential uses of amniotic fluid stem cells. (healthline.com)
  • It is a method that involves the production of a group of identical cells or organisms that all derive from a single individual (Grolier 220). (benjaminbarber.org)
  • The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being and cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • This could conflict with long-standing religious and societal values about human dignity and infringe on the principles of individual freedom, identity and autonomy, according to the US National Human Genome Research Institute. (ndriromaric.com)
  • In his speech on "Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten Thousand Years" at the Ciba Foundation Symposium on Man and his Future in 1963, he said: It is extremely hopeful that some human cell lines can be grown on a medium of precisely known chemical composition. (wikipedia.org)
  • For each clone, the Roslin researchers combine material from two sources. (newscientist.com)
  • Another Nobel Laureate, James D. Watson, publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in his Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971. (wikipedia.org)
  • This experiment opened the possibilities of cloning to society and, even though it was unsuccessful, led people to ask themselves what they would do if cloning were to happen. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • related research and developments should therefore be carefully monitored and assessed, and the rights and dignity of patients respected. (who.int)
  • a) It would seem that Saunders uses the "potential" argument here quite appropriately, but it is critical that the term be understood properly in order to deflect any misunderstandings or misinterpretations - especially if the term were to be used in any U. N. treaty on human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
  • If the term "potential" were to be incorporated into a U. N. treaty on human cloning, it would be necessary to clarify its use as referring to an already existing human being/person. (lifeissues.net)
  • This would have been the first major breakthrough in human cloning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many sources state that cloning is just simply an extension of in vitro fertilization, but the root of cloning goes further than that. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • a) Note, again, the reference to only sexual human reproduction - "the moment of conception" - i.e., fertilization. (lifeissues.net)
  • In fact, the research team oversaw the birth of four normal, healthy piglets with organs suitable for human transplants. (reasons.org)
  • There were an alarming number of miscarriages and abnormalities with the technique," says Roger Gosden, a reproductive biologist at the Leeds General Infirmary. (newscientist.com)
  • Dr Zhavoronkov, whose Hong Kong-based firm develops drugs to treat age-related illnesses, believes the technique will become available to humans within the lifetime of today's kids. (ndriromaric.com)
  • Public health law issues range from narrow questions of legal interpretation to complex matters involving public health policy, social justice and ethics. (studylib.net)
  • It is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of 2023. (wikipedia.org)
  • Public health law is a field that focuses legal practice, scholarship and advocacy on issues involving the government's legal authorities and duties "to ensure the conditions for people to be healthy," 1 and how to balance these authorities and duties with "individual rights to autonomy, privacy, liberty, property and other legally protected interests. (studylib.net)
  • J. B. S. Haldane was the first to introduce the idea of human cloning, for which he used the terms "clone" and "cloning", which had been used in agriculture since the early 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • While I have to agree with the author's concerns (we'll call him Kettle) about the use of waffling and fake science in the supposed cloning "bans" proposed by the Pots, if truth be told, there's enough concern to go around for both the Pots and the Kettles. (lifeissues.net)
  • Though the science of cloning presents opportunity to exploit and devalue human life, it may, on the other hand, provide the means to alleviate significant human suffering in a way that upholds the sanctity of human life. (reasons.org)
  • Dr Harold Katcherr, chief scientific officer at Yuvan Research, which led the study, told The Guardian: 'The real point of our experiments is not so much to extend lifespan, but to extend youthspan, to rejuvenate people, to make their golden years really potentially golden years, instead of years of pain and decrepitude. (ndriromaric.com)
  • But Dr Zhavoronkov, who was born in Latvia but now works in Hong Kong, believes creating 'many' clones of people is the most likely method for boosting life expectancy among people. (ndriromaric.com)
  • She is not the result of mating between a ewe and a ram but was cloned from a single cell taken from the udder of a six-year-old ewe. (newscientist.com)
  • All humans start out as only one cell. (healthline.com)
  • The research was published in the journal Cell on Wednesday. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • Further investigations are necessary to identify these mutations and understand how these AKR1C genes affect these important reproductive traits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The chief one is hyper-acute rejection (HAR)-the rejection of pig organs by the human recipient. (reasons.org)
  • For performing human cloning: Punishment by confinement from 2 (two) to 5 (five) years and fine. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • Although we cannot clone a human yet, this experiment occurred almost two years ago and triggered almost an ethical emergency. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Perhaps the first step will be the production of a clone from a single fertilized egg, as in Brave New World. (wikipedia.org)
  • Still, I want to see those references - every single one of them - from published peer-reviewed scientific textbooks in human embryology, and in accord with the international nomenclature. (lifeissues.net)
  • 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
  • But one researcher in the anti-ageing field believe we could get there - or at least extend human lives beyond the current biological boundaries - without any miracle pill or injection. (ndriromaric.com)
  • To date, all animal clones have experienced severe health problems in utero, at the time of birth and throughout life. (reasons.org)
  • Dr Katcher said if larger animal trials show the same results, the approach could be tested in humans. (ndriromaric.com)
  • 3 The resolution recognizes the need to respect the freedom of ethical scientific research and to ensure access to the benefits of its application. (who.int)
  • The scientific community expects the same for human clones. (reasons.org)
  • This is due to the scientific difficulties, such as a high rate of death and bodily deformities among cloned animals. (ndriromaric.com)
  • Last year they used the same reproductive technology to create the world's first cloned lambs (Nature, vol 380, p 64). (newscientist.com)
  • The study involved giving rates infusions of a purified and concentrated form of blood plasma, called E5, taken from younger animals to see whether it prolonged their lives. (ndriromaric.com)
  • Aldo-keto reductases interconvert weak androgens, estrogens, progestins, mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids to their more potent counterparts by catalyzing the reduction and oxidation of keto- and hydroxysteroids, respectively, thereby regulating a wide range of physiological processes involved in development, homeostasis and reproduction [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The birth of these clones also brings up ethical issues. (cmaaa.co.za)
  • Comment: If by "waffling" Kettle means that one knowingly supports a fake ban on human cloning (see conclusion of article), then there is a whole lot of waffling going on - on both sides of the aisles. (lifeissues.net)
  • article: Now, he's done it again by signing up as a co-sponsor (along with Senators Orin Hatch and Dianne Feinstein) of what could be called the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimization Act of 2003 (S. 303) . (lifeissues.net)
  • The cloning "bans" being supported in his article could likewise be called "the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimazation Acts of 2003" (e.g. (lifeissues.net)
  • article: But, S. 303 does not outlaw the act of human cloning at all . (lifeissues.net)