Reproductive number for epidemiology. Medical search. Frequent questions

Egypt is among the five countries reporting the highest number of cases in Africa with a total of 17 265 cases as of 25 May 2020 (3). (who.int)
2020) to calculate the basic reproductive number in Egypt (12). (who.int)
2020) to March, after which it gradually increased during April calculate the basic reproductive number in Egypt ( 12 ). (who.int)
Weimer and graduate student DJ Darwin R. Bandoy initially analyzed the genomes of 150 SARS-CoV-2 strains, mostly from outbreaks in Asia prior to March 1, 2020, as well as epidemiology and transmission information for those outbreaks. (eurekalert.org)
The daily number of confirmed cases in Korea increased rapidly after a large-scale cluster of COVID-19 cases occurred in mid-February at the Sincheonji Church in Daegu, reaching 909 newly confirmed cases per day on February 29, 2020. (e-epih.org)
After February 29, 2020 the number of new cases has decreased, but small and large outbreaks are still being reported nationwide, and the total number of new cases outside of Daegu has increased as the immigration of COVID-19 from foreign countries increases [ 1 ]. (e-epih.org)

Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically influential infectious diseases in the industry of swine cultivation. (cdc.gov)
Christophe Fraser is a professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the Big Data Institute, part of the Nuffield Department of Medicine at the University of Oxford. (wikipedia.org)
He converted to infectious disease epidemiology in 1998, based first at the University of Oxford then at Imperial College London, where he became Chair of Theoretical Epidemiology and served as deputy director of the MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling under director Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist). (wikipedia.org)
In 2022 he was appointed Moh Family Foundation Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology as part of the University of Oxford's newly created Pandemic Sciences Institute. (wikipedia.org)
Fraser's publications include "Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable", 2004, which argued that in addition to the basic reproduction number R 0 {\displaystyle R_{0}} a second key parameter of an infectious disease is the proportion of transmission that occurs before the onset of symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
Wastewater-based epidemiology uses concentrations of infectious disease targets in wastewater to understand disease occurrence in communities. (nature.com)
The reproduction number (R) is defined as the average number of infected people generated during the infectious period of an infected patient. (e-epih.org)
Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology. (ox.ac.uk)
The synthesis of seasonal infectious disease epidemiology attempted by this paper highlights the need for further empirical and theoretical work. (ox.ac.uk)

We characterized isolates from porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus epidemics in Vietnam and China in 2007. (cdc.gov)
Pathologically dissected specimens from pigs infected by porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome viruses. (cdc.gov)
PRRS is an acronym (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome) for a viral disease characterized by two overlapping clinical presentations, reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals, and respiratory disease in pigs of any age. (iastate.edu)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) occurs in all age groups. (iastate.edu)
It was referred to as swine mystery disease (SMD) or swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) before porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) became the generally agreed-upon name. (iastate.edu)
The type 2 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has spread throughout countries of southeast Asia, where it has caused severe economic losses. (biomedcentral.com)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by reproductive failure in sows and respiratory symptoms in piglets and growing pigs. (biomedcentral.com)

The incidence proportions, case fatality rates (CFR), growth rates, doubling time (Td), basic reproductive number (R0) and Herd Immunity Threshold (HIT) were calculated weekly and reviewed. (who.int)
All interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence and incidence of infection must act through the reproductive number. (bmj.com)

The likelihood of spread and persistence of infection depends upon the basic reproductive number, whereas the endemic prevalence of infection depends upon the way in which heterogeneity in risk focuses the density dependent constraints limiting the spread of infection. (bmj.com)
The key parameters determining the reproductive number and the relevance of risk behaviours depend upon the biology of the particular infection. (bmj.com)
A fundamental parameter determining the success of any organism is the basic reproductive number, R 0 , which, in the case of an STI, measures the potential for spread of infection and is defined as the number of new infections caused on average when an infection enters an entirely susceptible population. (bmj.com)
As the infection spreads, the population is no longer entirely susceptible so contacts are wasted on those infected or immune, and the reproductive number is reduced to an effective reproductive number, R t . (bmj.com)
Likewise, the chance of an infection failing to invade a susceptible population is the inverse of the basic reproductive number. (bmj.com)
In some cases, infection is manifested as an epidemic of respiratory disease or reproductive failure but in other outbreaks, infection may spread slowly. (iastate.edu)
Epidemiology and Infection. (who.int)
But the classic equation makes an assumption that everyone is equally susceptible to infection and has the same chance of bumping into every other person, like molecules of gas in a bag, said Justin Lessler, associate professor of epidemiology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (nylxs.com)
Important model outputs include estimates (via sampling) of the count of undiagnosed infectives, the count of individuals at different stages of the natural history of frankly and pauci-symptomatic infection, the current force of infection, effective reproductive number, and current and cumulative infection prevalence. (preprints.org)

METHODS: To better understand the epidemiology of SARS-Cov-2 variants in Colombia, we used 14,049 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the 32 states of Colombia. (bvsalud.org)

While global health research often emphasises infrastructure and systematic factors as key impediments to women's SRHR in war and postwar contexts, reports from different armed conflicts indicate that women's reproduction may be controlled both by state and other armed actors, limiting women's choices and access to maternal and reproductive health care even when these are available. (lu.se)
Our pilot epidemiology study showed a positive association between PFBS exposure and risk of PIH which is the leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. (duke.edu)
Within the reproductive epidemiology group I work on a number of projects, including how the organisation of healthcare influences safety during childbirth, and maternal and infant outcomes. (ki.se)
WHO Programme to Map the Best Reproductive Health Practices : How effective is antenatal care in preventing maternal mortality and serious morbidity? (who.int)
We conducted two reproductive age mortality surveys to analyse the epidemiology of maternal mortality in Zimbabwe and analysed the changes in the causes of deaths between 2007-08 and 2018-19. (biomedcentral.com)

We show that the effective reproduction number oscillated drastically throughout the first two years of the pandemic, with Mu showing the highest transmissibility (Re and growth rate estimation). (bvsalud.org)
Characterisation of the severity profile of human infections with influenza viruses of animal origin is a part of pandemic risk assessment, and an important part of the assessment of disease epidemiology. (flutrackers.com)

This cross-sectional study used data from 2012 to 2016 to measure the association between weather and the number of shootings in Chicago. (biomedcentral.com)
The number of shootings per day was obtained via the Chicago Tribune (2012-2016). (biomedcentral.com)
2016 ). The authors found that as temperature increased, the number of daily shootings in Chicago also increased, and rain significantly decreased the number of firearm related injuries and crime. (biomedcentral.com)

It should be noted that the Central-West region of Brazil is one of the regions with the lowest number of cases, but the states of this region together have the highest mortality rate of COVID-19 in the country. (bvsalud.org)

The availability of accessible, objective, and precise diagnostics is critical for delivery of adequate female reproductive care. (nae.edu)
The Pregnancy and Female Reproduction Group uses molecular genetics, bioinformatics, cell culture, and animal models to the molecular mechanisms governing female reproductive tract function during pregnancy. (nih.gov)

Eastern tent caterpillars (ETC) were identified as the cause of foal loss during the mare reproductive loss syndrome outbreaks in 1999-2001. (thehorse.com)

An abortigenic disease known as mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS ) significantly impacted the horse industry in the Ohio Valley in late April and early May, 2001 and 2002. (thehorse.com)

estimateR: an R package to estimate and monitor the effective reproductive number. (cdc.gov)
Data were arranged into pairs of infector-infectee, and two main libraries of R software were used to estimate reproductive number (R t ). (elsevierpure.com)
We performed Bayesian phylodynamic analyses to estimate the time of variants' introduction, their respective effective reproductive number, and effective population size, and the impact of disease control measures. (bvsalud.org)
To estimate time-variant reproductive number (R t ) of coronavirus disease 19 based on either number of daily confirmed cases or their onset date to monitor effectiveness of quarantine policies. (e-epih.org)

Mathematical models for dengue fever epidemiology: A 10-year systematic review. (cdc.gov)
Quantifying TB transmission: a systematic review of reproduction number and serial interval estimates for tuberculosis. (who.int)
A systematic review of COVID-19 epidemiology based on current evidence. (who.int)

We studied the distribution of biofilm production by host and non-host factors, among UPEC antibiotic resistant and sensitive cystitis isolates, from reproductive age women. (clinmedjournals.org)
However, despite this staggering statistic, very few studies have investigated the relationship between biofilm production and host factors such age group and hospitalization status, and non-host factors, including recurrence of UTI, phylogenetic group distribution, and antibiotic susceptibility, among urinary E. coli isolates from reproductive age women. (clinmedjournals.org)

Women's sexual and reproductive health in war and conflict : are we seeing the full picture? (lu.se)
It is well established that women's sexual and reproductive health (SRHR) is negatively affected by war. (lu.se)
Adding feminist perspectives on war to global health research explanations of how war affects women's sexual and reproductive health might then contribute to further understanding the complexity of the different gendered effects war and armed conflicts have on women's sexual and reproductive health. (lu.se)
Armed Conflicts}}, language = {{eng}}, month = {{12}}, number = {{1}}, publisher = {{Co-Action Publishing}}, series = {{Global Health Action}}, title = {{Women's sexual and reproductive health in war and conflict : are we seeing the full picture? (lu.se)
The term PAC was first used in 1991 and referred to an approach to break the cycle of unwanted pregnancy and improve women's sexual as well as reproductive health [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A model being continuously regrounded by empirical data in this way can provide a consistent, integrated depiction of the evolving underlying epidemiology and acute care demand, offer the ability to project forward such a depiction in a fashion suitable for triggering the deployment of acute care surge capacity or public health measures, support quantative evaluation of tradeoffs associated with prospective interventions in light of the latest estimates of the underlying epidemiology. (preprints.org)

Nishiura H, Chowell G, Safan M, Castillo-Chavez C. Pros and cons of estimating the reproduction number from early epidemic growth rate of influenza A (H1N1) 2009. (who.int)

As a sexual and reproductive health epidemiologist , I have carried out research on contraception and abortion in countries throughout the world, including in the U.S., over the past 20 years. (nostraightnews.com)
Epidemiologist working with questions related to reproductive and breast cancer epidemiology. (ki.se)

Reproductive impairment or failure, more obvious in sows or gilts, also affects some boars. (iastate.edu)

In addition, it is important to examine and trace disparities in sexual reproductive health access and uptake within different types of wars, recognising gendered differences in war and postwar contexts. (lu.se)
We describe an effective, simple, inexpensive, in-home tool for individual monitoring and diagnosis of reproductive health. (nae.edu)
The merger of classical epidemiology with genomics provides a tool public health authorities could use to predict the course of pandemics, whether of coronavirus, influenza or some new pathogen. (eurekalert.org)
Such exposure has been linked to a number of adverse health conditions including cancer and abnormal reproductive development (USEPA, 2014). (duke.edu)
Available data including our unpublished data suggest that widespread exposure to PFBS may adversely affect human health including reproductive health. (duke.edu)
Injuries, especially burns, are a major public health problem for women of reproductive age. (dovepress.com)
My research career to date falls under the overarching theme of women's health, including: social inequalities in health, social determinants of health, life course epidemiology, reproductive epidemiology and cancer epidemiology. (ki.se)
Remember, though, that any questions you have about your reproductive health are best discussed with your health care professional, who can guide you with accurate information and empower you to make the best-informed decisions for yourself and your family. (forbes.com)
Following a brief description of model design, we describe how the machine learning algorithm of particle filtering is used to continually reground estimates of dynamic model state, support probabilistic model projection of epidemiology and health system capacity utilization and service demand and probabilistically evaluate trade-offs between potential intervention scenarios. (preprints.org)

Mouse reproductive physiology differs from humans in key ways, including that mice do not have menopause. (technologynetworks.com)

Additionally, in mice, they have successfully manipulated several key genes associated with these variants to extend their reproductive lifespan. (technologynetworks.com)

This can be thought of in terms of the reproductive number, because the reproductive number is the ratio of "births" of new infections to the "deaths" of old infections. (bmj.com)
CFR = total number of deaths up to certain date/total spread by coughing or sneezing from an infected individ- number of diagnosed cases up to certain date ual ( 1 ). (who.int)
Goiás was the most affected state of this region, with the highest number of deaths in the area. (bvsalud.org)

The aim of this study was to map out some epidemiological aspects of intentional and unintentional injuries among Iranian women of reproductive age using a national registry. (dovepress.com)
Standard epidemiological theory and concepts such as the basic reproductive number R0 no longer apply, and the implications for interventions that themselves may be periodic, such as pulse vaccination, have not been formally examined. (ox.ac.uk)

The most recent data indicate that the number median serial interval was estimated at 4.6 days. (who.int)
Estimates of the incubation period, serial interval and reproduction number for COVID-19 were obtained and compared. (who.int)
The calculated incubation period was similar over the study period and in different settings, whereas estimates of the serial interval and effective reproduction number were setting-specific. (who.int)

Thus the chance of elimination is the inverse of the effective reproductive number. (bmj.com)
Estimates of the effective reproduction number varied with the setting and the underlying model assumptions. (who.int)
Effective reproduction numbers are commonly overestimated early in a disease outbreak. (who.int)
The daily percent change (DPC) and the effective reproductive number (Rt) were estimated. (bvsalud.org)
For example, the effective reproductive number, Re of New Zealand's largest cluster decreased from 7 to 0.2 within the first week of lockdown. (publichealthscotland.scot)
Interventions that keep people inside, such as air-conditioning and summer programs for students, might be effective in reducing the number of shootings in Chicago. (biomedcentral.com)
Effective human-to-human transmission requires that the pathogen's basic reproductive number, R(0), should exceed one, where R(0) is the average number of secondary infections arising from one infected individual in a completely susceptible population. (nih.gov)

The average basic reproductive number and doubling time were estimated to be 3.28 (5) and 2.5 days (6) respectively. (who.int)
The average time 1) is the rate at which the number of cases basic reproductive number and doubling time were es- increases timated to be 3.28 ( 5 ) and 2.5 days ( 6 ) respectively. (who.int)
The herd-immunity threshold is mathematically dependent on the infectiousness of the virus, or how many individuals each infected person goes on to infect called the basic reproductive number, or R0. (nylxs.com)
This analysis is extended to provide the first global estimates of two other metrics of transmission intensity for P. falciparum that underpin contemporary questions in malaria control: the entomological inoculation rate (PfEIR) and the basic reproductive number (PfR). (columbia.edu)
Results: In line with observations from the Americas and elsewhere, the single-wave Cabo Verdean ZIKV epidemic was characterized by a basic reproductive number of 1.85 (95% CI, 1.5 - 2.2), with overall the attack rate of 51.1% (range 42.1 - 61.1) and observation rate of 2.7% (range 2.29 - 3.33). (ox.ac.uk)
The ability of a virus such as HIV to grow and persist within an individual is dependent on the average number of subsequently infected cells resulting from viruses released from a single infected cell, also known as the Basic Reproductive Number or $R_0$ (similar to $R_0$ in epidemiology). (edu.au)

The relation between a mathematical theory describing STI epidemiology and the taxonomy of "phases" is explored in this review of the transmission dynamics of STIs. (bmj.com)

The age at which women go through menopause is critical for fertility and impacts healthy ageing in women, but reproductive ageing has been difficult for scientists to study and insights into the underlying biology are limited. (technologynetworks.com)
Now, scientists have identified nearly 300 gene variations that influence reproductive lifespan in women. (technologynetworks.com)
About half of these women (76,474) were in the reproductive age group. (dovepress.com)
In addition to the increased risk of developing endometrial cancer that is observed in women who use unopposed estrogen therapy or tamoxifen, a number of additional risk factors have been identified, and most appear to be related to estrogenic effects. (cancer.gov)
Endometriosis is estimated to affect about 10% of women of reproductive age, and an unknown number of gender-diverse people. (cmaj.ca)
Currently, the 10thEdition of the ICD (ICD-10) is used to classify diseases and causes of death in the general population, including women of reproductive ages (WRAs) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, responses to NPIs may be different across different populations within a country with a large number of migrants, such as Oman. (elsevierpure.com)
Background: Transmission intensity affects almost all aspects of malaria epidemiology and the impact of malaria on human populations. (columbia.edu)

The ease of transmission of a virus is set by the value R, or reproductive number, where R is the average number of new infections caused by each infected person. (eurekalert.org)
The decline in transmission of HIV in thc AIDS cohort from 1985 onwards was probably a result of the decrease in sexual activity in the studied population and more specifically the decrease in the number of partners with whom anogenital intercourse was performed . (man2manalliance.org)

Fraser's 2007 analysis "Estimating Individual and Household Reproduction Numbers in an Emerging Epidemic" first defined an estimator for the instantaneous (time-varying) reproduction number R ( t ) {\displaystyle R(t)} that was subsequently widely used. (wikipedia.org)
This study investigated the different responses to NPIs, and assessed the use of the time-varying reproduction number (R t ) to monitor them. (elsevierpure.com)
Fifty-two studies estimated the reproduction number. (who.int)
Although reproduction number estimates ranged from 0.3 to 14.8, in 33 studies (63%), they fell between 2 and 3. (who.int)
This time-varying R value is known as an instantaneous reproduction number or time-variant reproductive number (R t ). (e-epih.org)

Epidemiology of the Zika Virus Outbreak in the Cabo Verde Islands, West Africa. (ox.ac.uk)

Our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathology, bacteriology, immunology, toxicology, and clinical aspects of MRLS has come through scientific research conducted over the last nine years. (thehorse.com)
We review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of endometriosis, based on the best available evidence and clinical guidelines ( Box 1 ). (cmaj.ca)

Their findings identify new genetic variations linked to reproductive lifespan, increasing the number known from 56 to 290. (technologynetworks.com)
McKeigue, professor of genetic epidemiology and statistical genetics at the University of Edinburgh, in Scotland. (nylxs.com)

Over the last two decades, the number of couples experiencing fertility problems has risen significantly. (healthy.net)

Between May 5 and June 15, the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center (LDDC) diagnosed 13 foal loss cases caused by mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) in Central Kentucky. (thehorse.com)
Among these factors are obesity, a high-fat diet, and reproductive factors such as nulliparity, polycystic ovary syndrome, early menarche, and late menopause. (cancer.gov)
For instance, Down's syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome on pair number 21 and for that reason is also called trisomy 21. (healthy.net)

Scientists calculate the herd threshold using that number and an equation formulated almost 100 years ago by two pioneering Scottish epidemiologists. (nylxs.com)

However, an increase in R(0), even when insufficient to generate an epidemic, nonetheless increases the number of subsequently infected individuals. (nih.gov)

Female mice with more of the CHEK1 protein are born with more eggs and they take longer to deplete naturally, so reproductive lifespan is extended. (technologynetworks.com)
to another chromosome during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) in a parent or very early in fetal development. (medlineplus.gov)

Organisms1

Diseases2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

Health Care17

Geographicals1

20206

Infectious9

Porcine7

Incidence2

Infection9

Methods1

Maternal5

Pandemic2

20163

Mortality1

Female reproductive2

Outbreaks1

20011

Estimate4

Systematic review3

Isolates2

Women's sexual5

Acute care1

Epidemic growth1

Epidemiologist2

Sows1

Health9

Humans1

Variants1

Deaths3

Epidemiological2

Serial interval3

Effective7

Basic6

Mathematical1

Women6

Populations2

Transmission2

Reproduction5

Outbreak1

Clinical2

Genetic2

Significantly1

Syndrome3

Calculate1

Subsequently infected1

Eggs2