• The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To facilitate discussion, it was agreed to distinguish between human cloning for reproductive purposes, that is to produce a human individual, and human cloning for nonreproductive purposes, that is to produce embryos for basic and applied research. (who.int)
  • Some countries have proposed a total ban on any research involving the cloning of human embryos. (who.int)
  • Several participants reported interest among the scientific and medical communities of their countries and regions in the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques to produce cloned human embryos for time-limited basic research on ageing and genetic diseases. (who.int)
  • A year ago, we showed that you could do it with cells from embryos," says Wilmut. (newscientist.com)
  • Particularly valuable animals could be cloned from adult cells without the uncertainties of crossing them with other animals or tinkering with embryos. (newscientist.com)
  • More importantly, biotechnologists will for the first time be able to manipulate the genes of cells from farm animals directly before growing them into embryos. (newscientist.com)
  • But scientists have not managed to isolate such cells from farm animals, and must rely instead on injecting genes randomly into early embryos. (newscientist.com)
  • Pro-cloning forces have been working hard to convince state governments to pass constitutional amendments enshrining a "right" to clone and to destroy embryos for research. (flfamily.org)
  • The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
  • Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)
  • And now Washington joins the infamous list with Senate Bill 5594, a thoroughly disingenuous piece of legislation that purports to outlaw the cloning of human beings, but by manipulating language and redefining terms, actually permits human cloning and gestation of the resulting cloned embryos through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)
  • Citizens disagree about whether we should destroy human embryos for their stem cells-and if so, which embryos, with whose money, under what regulatory guidelines. (eppc.org)
  • The holy grail of regenerative medicine-whatever one's ethical beliefs about destroying embryos-is to "reprogram" regular cells from one's own body so that individuals can be the source of their own rejection-proof therapies. (eppc.org)
  • That is to say, we risk turning developed cells into developing embryos, and thus risk engaging in the very activities of embryo destruction and human cloning that we seek to avoid. (eppc.org)
  • Far more controversial-and for good reason-are stem cells derived from destroyed human embryos. (eppc.org)
  • The recent desperation to clone human embryos may be seriously undermining accepted ethical principles of medical research, with potentially profound wider consequences. (lifeissues.net)
  • However some believe that there are a variety of advantages in being able to clone agricultural animals by splitting early embryos. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • In embryos, cells derived from a fertilised egg divide repeatedly to produce tissues for the developing foetus. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • In the laboratory, cells have been taken from human embryos (normally obtained via an abortion) or from foetal blood cells in umbilical cord. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
  • The efficiency of cloning, defined as the proportion of transferred embryos that result in viable offspring, is approximately 2 to 3% for all species. (sibi.org)
  • I've been working with mammalian embryos for over 40 years, with some work in my lab specifically focusing on various methods of cloning cattle and other livestock species. (wptv.com)
  • Sometimes the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer still produces abnormal embryos, most of which die. (wptv.com)
  • First, while stem-cell experimentation could involve the creation of embryos with the express purpose of destroying them, this is not the only means available for obtaining embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Thus, there is broad halakhic (Jewish legal) agreement that stem cell research is permitted on "excess" embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Most (but not all) authorities would forbid the creation of embryos with the express purpose of killing them in the pursuit of stem cell research. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • The controversy over stem cell research is focused specifically on the use of stem cells taken from embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Stem cells may be derived from adult tissues but the most potent are extracted from developing human embryos. (edu.au)
  • In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
  • But European countries, along with Brazil and South Africa, had lobbied for a partial one: they wished to exempt therapeutic cloning research. (org.in)
  • The Interacademy Panel on International Issues (IAP), a global network of science academies, made a strong case for therapeutic cloning in its presentation. (org.in)
  • Back in 2001, China officially declared its support for therapeutic cloning and called for a legal framework to properly monitor research. (org.in)
  • But it is sad that a consensus could not be achieved, since a partial ban excluding therapeutic cloning was unacceptable to the US. (org.in)
  • It would have been more prudent to ban just reproductive cloning -- so halting a brave new world -- and move ahead on therapeutic cloning, to check if it worked or not. (org.in)
  • The heated debate in our society over reproductive cloning, as well as therapeutic cloning to obtain embryonic stem cells, has been fueled by misconceptions and hyperbole on both sides. (flfamily.org)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
  • This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
  • This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • DNA cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. (mystudywriters.com)
  • Therapeutic cloning, sometimes referred to as embryo cloning, is the production of human stem cells for use in research. (mystudywriters.com)
  • Therapeutic cloning can be used for parts of the body containing the same set of cells. (mystudywriters.com)
  • If the cloned human organism is to be experimented upon and destroyed, the process is often called "therapeutic cloning. (cbc-network.org)
  • In conclusion, PRRSV nsp11 promotes PRRSV infection in MARC-145 cells and siRNAs targeting nsp11 may be a potential therapeutic strategy to control PRRSV in future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But adult stem cells also raise some interesting ethical dilemmas alongside their great therapeutic promise. (eppc.org)
  • Finally, and inexorably, a true professional scientist poses clearly challenging questions to his research colleagues, and to the scientific enterprise in general, about the dubious "scientific" justification for the current rush to clone human beings - for both "therapeutic" and for "reproductive" purposes. (lifeissues.net)
  • But he is equally concerned about the unethical aspects inherent in the rush to perform " therapeutic " human cloning research, including the abuses to all vulnerable human patients who would be required to participate in clinical trials. (lifeissues.net)
  • If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
  • It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
  • A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
  • Their ability to replicate and generate specialised cells and tissue holds the promise to treat degenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, diabetes, leukaemia and spinal chord injury. (org.in)
  • Similarly, there was interest in using the procedure to produce cloned tissue and organs for possible future transplantation in the nuclear donor and perhaps other tissue- compatible recipients. (who.int)
  • She is the first mammal ever created from the non-reproductive tissue of an adult animal. (newscientist.com)
  • If the same could be achieved in humans, it would mean that each of us could have clones of ourselves made from our own tissue. (newscientist.com)
  • Mammary glands are rich in these cells, which are more adaptable than other tissue. (newscientist.com)
  • Fetal Tissue Research: Antiquated and Unethical? (flfamily.org)
  • Policymakers have the opportunity to hear expert witnesses attest to amazing scientific advancements and discoveries using ethical alternatives to fetal tissue. (flfamily.org)
  • One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)
  • There are however a lot of risks such as the fetal tissue dying, or tissue rejection if you actually create an organ. (mystudywriters.com)
  • No person shall, for the purposes of a reproductive technology procedure, keep or use any fetal ovarian, or fetal testicular, tissue. (familyclic.hk)
  • The supernatants were collected by centrifugation, and the viral titers were detected by 50 % tissue culture infected dose (TCID50) assay using the method of Reed-Muench in the MARC-145 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mass of undifferentiated tissue can be divided into individual cells without damage, and then left to grow into more masses of tissue, similar to an embryo inside a seed. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • It is known that in simpler organisms the differentiation process is less inflexible, and that damage to the body can be overcome due to cells re-growing lost tissue. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. (wptv.com)
  • XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • For instance, it may be possible one day to produce cardiac tissue to repair a heart damaged in a heart attack, nerve tissue to repair spinal cord injuries and cell therapies to treat people suffering from Alzheimer's or ALS. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • GRTL successfully lobbied the Georgia General Assembly on HB 197 in 2006, which created a 24-hour waiting period for all women seeking an abortion, tightened parental notification regulations, mandated that all women seeking abortion be offered the chance to view an ultrasound, and mandated all women seeking abortion be informed about fetal pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • High abortion and fetal mortality rates are commonly observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • this prompts anti-abortion sympathisers to oppose all forms of cloning research. (org.in)
  • She has published articles mainly on reproductive ethics (abortion, cloning, and stem cell research) and end-of-life ethics in journals such as Journal of Medical Ethics , American Journal of Bioethics , Journal of Applied Philosophy , Journal of Social Philosophy , and Hypatia . (apaonline.org)
  • The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)
  • your supposed cloning ban actually authorizes human cloning, implantation, and gestation through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)
  • That is what New Jersey legislators did when they passed and then Governor James McGreevey signed S-1909 last year, a law that was sold to the public as outlawing human cloning but which actually permits the creation of cloned human life, and its implantation and gestation up to and including the very moment prior to the emergence of the cloned baby from the birth canal. (cbc-network.org)
  • There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with different menstrual periods for mode of delivery, ectopic pregnancy, early miscarriage, late miscarriage, week of gestation of delivery, fetal weight and fetal length in patients after fresh embryo transfer with antagonist regimen. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the normal course of gestation, these cells will divide and split off from one another to become every cell in the human body, forming the various organs and tissues. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • MARC-145 cells, derived from a monkey fibroblast cell line MA-104 [ 11 ], and 293T cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium (Gibco) plus 10 % heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Hyclone). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The organisms were serially passaged in Trypticase-yeast extract-maltose medium with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) but no agar. (docksci.com)
  • Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)
  • The difference with Dolly is that all her DNA originated in a cell from the udder of an adult sheep. (newscientist.com)
  • Dolly was the only lamb born from 277 fusions of oocytes with udder cells. (newscientist.com)
  • Reproductive cloning was how Dolly came to earth: the nucleus of a donor adult cell is placed in an egg cell without nucleus. (mystudywriters.com)
  • There were hundreds of failed clones, several dead fetuses and horribly deformed animals before the scientists had Dolly. (mystudywriters.com)
  • Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
  • It's been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep , the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. (wptv.com)
  • Dolly was an exact genetic copy of that sheep - a clone. (wptv.com)
  • In fact, one of the coauthors of the paper announcing Dolly worked in our laboratory for three years prior to going to Scotland to help create the famous clone. (wptv.com)
  • Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. (wptv.com)
  • In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
  • Dolly was the culmination of hundreds of cloning experiments that, for example, showed diploid embryonic and fetal cells could be parents of offspring. (wptv.com)
  • Dolly demonstrated that adult somatic cells also could be used as parents. (wptv.com)
  • By my calculations, Dolly was the single success from 277 tries at somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
  • This examine revealed that arginine supplementation to underfed ewes ameliorated fetal IUGR by bettering metabolic homeostasis of fetal endocrinology, increasing the supply of amino acids in tissues and affecting the expression of somatotropic axis genes. (microsoft-certification-test.com)
  • The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)
  • Nor do only the cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become the later adult and none of the cells from the inner cell mass become part of the placenta, umbilical cord, etc. (lifeissues.net)
  • After growing and dividing for a week or so in a laboratory culture dish, the fused cell forms an early embryo called a blastocyst, which Wilmut's team implants into a surrogate mother. (newscientist.com)
  • In the first 4 - 5 days after fertilization, the early-stage embryo (or blastocyst) is comprised of about 150 cells, within which there is a region called the Inner Cell Mass containing the stem cells. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
  • However, by the time the fertilized egg divides into 8 or 16 cells something changes and each respective cell, if separated, no longer has the potential to create a fetus. (jcpa.org)
  • The latest experiments have also produced three lambs from the cells of a sheep fetus aborted after 26 days, and four from a nine-day-old embryo. (newscientist.com)
  • But there was no way to easily know all the characteristics of the animal that would result from a cloned embryo or fetus. (wptv.com)
  • … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • In the absence of aromatase, androgens cannot be converted to estrone, estradiol or estriol, and large quantities of androstenedione and testosterone are transferred to the maternal and fetal circulation, resulting in masculinization of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia of the female fetus. (health.am)
  • Detection of mutations in this gene has confirmed the fundamental role of aromatase for the fetal-placental unit and for sexual differentiation of the female fetus. (health.am)
  • The real experts to ask about the accurate scientific facts of human embryology are the scientific experts in human embryology who are academically credentialed Ph.D. human embryologists - not the "experts" in cell biology, genetics, doctors, nurses, theologians, lawyers or politicians, secretaries, news journalists, etc. (lifeissues.net)
  • In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
  • This is junk biology since implanting isn't the act of asexual reproduction: SCNT cloning is. (cbc-network.org)
  • The authors reviewed the biology of three types of pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or ESCs, mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. (asu.edu)
  • Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive female reproductive tract tumors. (nature.com)
  • A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Wilmut and his colleagues fuse the empty oocyte with the donor cell by bringing them together and subjecting them to an electric current. (newscientist.com)
  • The dormancy of primordial oocytes may be required to reserve the non-growing oocyte pool for the long reproductive life in mammals. (go.jp)
  • As an important epigenetic modification, DNA methylation is involved in many biological processes such as animal cell differentiation, embryonic development, genomic imprinting and sex chromosome inactivation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
  • The researchers wanted to see whether "mature" cells that have differentiated to fulfil a specialised role (such as that of an udder cell or a fetal cell) could be returned to a primitive state from which they could grow into entire organisms. (newscientist.com)
  • First of all: how exactly can you clone living organisms? (mystudywriters.com)
  • The latter two monoclonal antibodies also mediated complementdependent killing of T. foetus and prevented of adherence of organisms to bovine vaginal epithelial cells. (docksci.com)
  • Great Iranian Muslim scholars netics, stem cell research, and organ trans- laid huge emphasis on teaching and practis- plantation are some of the medical issues ing ethics. (who.int)
  • In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
  • While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
  • Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
  • Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
  • In addition, specific proteins or biological substances can be added to these stem cell cultures to transform them in the laboratory into a large variety of specialized cell types, such as nerve, liver, muscle, bone, and blood cells. (jcpa.org)
  • In 2009, in a major reversal of U.S. policy, President Obama signed an executive order pledging to "vigorously support" embryonic stem cell research. (jcpa.org)
  • According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, one of the top ten issues that will come before state legislatures this year (2006) relates to rights of conscience in the biomedical field - stem cell experimentation and research. (consciencelaws.org)
  • Last year, states considered more than 170 bills on embryonic and adult stem cell research. (consciencelaws.org)
  • Should embryonic stem cell research be legal? (consciencelaws.org)
  • Should the state fund adult stem cell research instead? (consciencelaws.org)
  • In addition, Dolly's DNA may have come from a stem cell that had not yet matured into an udder cell. (newscientist.com)
  • Paul Wagle, M.A., discusses his experience with a life-saving adult stem cell treatment, and the importance of promoting ethical approaches to medical research. (flfamily.org)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
  • The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • The bill purports to promote stem-cell research, while outlawing the cloning of a human being. (cbc-network.org)
  • While stem-cell research holds enormous potential for treating or even curing some diseases, the cloning of a human being is morally and ethically unacceptable…Any attempt to clone a human being is in direct conflict with the public policies of this state. (cbc-network.org)
  • Research advocates attack President Bush for "banning stem cell research," while pro-life advocates lament a Republican administration and Congress that have banned nothing-not embryo destruction, not human cloning, not fetal farming, not genetic engineering. (eppc.org)
  • This is our sad state of stem cell affairs. (eppc.org)
  • But if we are to make wise policy the stem cell/cloning arena, we need to step back, sort out the various scientific alternatives and moral issues, and search for a way forward that all citizens can embrace. (eppc.org)
  • To this end, we offer a detailed analysis of the stem cell/cloning question-where is the science, what are the political alternatives, and what moral obligations should guide us? (eppc.org)
  • Last May, the House of Representatives passed a bill to create a cord blood stem cell bank, legislation that is likely to become law with virtually unanimous support. (eppc.org)
  • These moral perils are surely not a reason to oppose adult stem cell research, which deserves vigorous and expanded public support. (eppc.org)
  • Yet several pieces of significant legislation, such as SB 2063 (Jessica's Law) or SB 1965 (stem cell funding), have a good chance of passing this session. (nccivitas.org)
  • On the other hand, several anti-life measures, such as an attempt to allocate $16 million for stem cell research (SB 1965), have also failed to get out of committee. (nccivitas.org)
  • What is the Jewish perspective on stem cell research? (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • A few years ago, in an article in the The Times of London newspaper, the author, Michael Gove, made the following statement: "Embryonic stem-cell experimentation involves not just the destruction of human life but the creation of life with the specific intent to destroy it. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • If embryonic stem-cell research offers real possibilities for future cures then, from a Jewish point of view, it may be pursued with caution, humility, and strict supervision. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • He told me that stem cell research carried the promise of a cure -- but that the Bush administration was blocking that research from happening. (ontheissues.org)
  • On the first day I enter the Oval Office, I will repeal the Bush restrictions on stem cell research. (ontheissues.org)
  • Anthony is the author of a book entitled "Cloning and Stem Cell Research" and has helped to edit a range of other publications in the field of bioethics. (blogspot.com)
  • Stem cell technology is the latest development in this controversial branch of science. (edu.au)
  • Embryonic stem cell technology is still at a preliminary research stage and announcements about its potential may be premature. (edu.au)
  • The ethical and legal controversies that were aroused in the ART debates during the 1980s have been re-ignited with the development of stem cell technology. (edu.au)
  • Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
  • How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
  • This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
  • In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)
  • Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)
  • Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad Stem Cell News! (cbc-network.org)
  • Hype over embryonic stem cell research has been maddening. (cbc-network.org)
  • Then there was the slush fund created by Proposition 71 to fund embryonic stem cell/human cloning research using borrowed money from the taxpayers in impecunious California. (cbc-network.org)
  • What are the chances that the prestigious Institute of Medicine will get an objective and balanced view of California's stem-cell program when it takes public testimony about the program at a hearing Tuesday in San Francisco? (cbc-network.org)
  • That's the estimation of the California Stem Cell Report. (cbc-network.org)
  • The insular character of the stem-cell research community always has made objective evaluations of CIRM difficult - most of the experts in the field are in a position to seek grants from the program or work with it on grant review. (cbc-network.org)
  • cloning non-human mammals, they have found, always generates higher incidence of foetal disorder. (org.in)
  • It had been thought that in mammals (including Man), the situation was somewhat different and that it was very difficult to persuade nuclei from differentiated cells to divide again, when inserted into other cells. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • However, with the advent of techniques including nutritional and temperature conditioning of cells taken from the body of higher animals, it has proved possible to clone mammals, e.g. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Although some of the practical difficulties of cloning whole mammals have been overcome, there is little likelihood of applying this cloning technique to humans. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
  • The second way to reproduce is a strictly human invention - known as "asexual" reproduction - or more commonly, cloning. (cbc-network.org)
  • Cloning of a human being" means asexual reproduction by implanting or attempting to implant the product of nuclear transplantation [e.g., an embryo] into a uterus or substitute for a uterus with the purpose of producing a human being. (cbc-network.org)
  • Originally the term clone was used to cover plant material simply derived from asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction - tubers, plantlets, offsets etc. and cuttings, grafts etc. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Amoeba reproduces solely by asexual reproduction to produce genetically identical offspring, and some animals alternate between sexual and asexual stages which result in clones being formed. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the genome-wide histone modification landscapes of mouse in vivo germ cells and in vitro PGCLCs have been profiled and several germline-specific properties of epigenetic reprogramming have been revealed, the study of genome-scale chromatin states in human FGCs is still challenging, due to the scarcity of materials and technical difficulties. (nature.com)
  • 2004). In vivo and in vitro differentiation of male germ cells in the mouse. (edu.au)
  • Among the factors thought to contribute to the greater success in cloning cattle are the relatively late embryonic genome activation specific for this species [16 -18] and the optimization of reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer, brought about by the cattle industry [19]. (sibi.org)
  • Our further study indicates that DMH1 suppressed the migration and invasion of chemoresistant prostate cancer cells in vitro, and attenuated chemoresistant prostate tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that miR-31 was downregulated in KFr13Tx cells, and that re-introduction of miR31 re-sensitized them to PTX both in vitro and in vivo . (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, co-treatment of KFr13Tx cells with MET inhibitors sensitized the tumor cells to PTX both in vitro and in vivo . (nature.com)
  • Here we use nucleosome occupancy and methylation sequencing method to analyze both the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA methylome at a series of crucial time points during fetal germ cell development in both human and mouse. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, we find that the distal NDRs are enriched specifically for binding motifs of the pluripotency and germ cell master regulators such as NANOG, SOX17, AP2γ and OCT4 in human FGCs, indicating the existence of a delicate regulatory balance between pluripotency-related genes and germ cell-specific genes in human FGCs, and the functional significance of these genes for germ cell development in vivo . (nature.com)
  • Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
  • B19 is the primary etiologic agent causing TAC in patients with chronic hemolytic anemias (e.g., sickle cell disease, hemoglobin SC disease, hereditary spherocytosis, alpha-thalassemia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia) (22,23). (cdc.gov)
  • This review describes current considerations in the use of hydroxyurea for the management of sickle cell disease in the context of clinical severity. (cdc.gov)
  • No ethical problems were envisaged with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques which would lead directly to cloned differentiated cells or tissues such as skin, for future use by the nuclear donor. (who.int)
  • Today, we can derive stem cells from a range of adult and newborn tissues: liver cells, kidney cells, brain cells, fat cells, and umbilical cord blood. (eppc.org)
  • We observed an altered expression of genes associated to inflammation, growth and apoptosis in placentas of cloned sheep, which possible contribute to the placental dysfunction and fetal overgrowth observed in these pregnancies. (microsoft-certification-test.com)
  • On this research, we characterised the changes in granulosa cells gene expression throughout the identical heifers approaching puberty following ovarian stimulation. (microsoft-certification-test.com)
  • Ovarian tumors include luteoma of pregnancy, arrhenoblastoma, hilar-cell tumor, masculinizing ovarian stromal cell tumor, and Krukenberg tumor. (health.am)
  • We investigated the mechanism of chemoresistance by analysis of microRNAs using the ovarian cancer cell line KFr13 and its PTX-resistant derivative (KFr13Tx). (nature.com)
  • Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among malignancies of the female reproductive system, resulting in ∼ 125 000 deaths annually. (nature.com)
  • Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This picture shows a mammalian egg cell, held by a blunt pipette on the left hand side, with genetic material being introduced via a narrow pipette on the right hand side. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
  • Excessive androgen production can be traced back to the mother, placenta or the fetal adrenal gland. (health.am)
  • Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To assess differences in semen shedding of distinct PCV2 strains, 15 Landrace boars were segregated early weaned from a farm free of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza virus (SIV) and brought to an isolation facility at Iowa State University. (thepigsite.com)
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces one of most important devastating disease of swine worldwide, and the current methods poorly control it. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The rapidly emerging "regenerative" field of medicine is relying heavily on the use of ethically obtained stem cells. (flfamily.org)
  • Ethically, since eventually all such "research" will be applied to people, he cautions against the abuse of women "egg" donors, and against the premature use of vulnerable sick human patients for testing supposedly "patient-specific" stem cells in supposed "therapies", pointing to the obvious violations of standard international research ethics guidelines such clinical trials would necessarily entail. (lifeissues.net)
  • But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
  • In 2015, biologist Helena D. Zomer and colleagues published the review article "Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: General Insights and Clinical Perspectives" or "Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells" in Stem Cells and Cloning: Advances and Applications. (asu.edu)
  • Pluripotent stem cells are a special cell type that can give rise to other types of cells and are essential for development. (asu.edu)
  • She was special as she was the first sheep to be cloned entirely by humans. (mystudywriters.com)
  • The cloning of this sheep raised a lot of questions. (mystudywriters.com)
  • She lived to six and a half years, when she was eventually put down after a contagious disease spread through her flock, infecting cloned and normally reproduced sheep alike. (wptv.com)
  • These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
  • The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
  • increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
  • 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
  • ON NOVEMBER 6, 2003, the legal committee of the UN General Assembly decided that a vote to ban research on the reproductive cloning of human beings need not be taken up till the end of 2005. (org.in)
  • The Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction organized a second interregional and interdisciplinary meeting on cloning (Geneva, 24 October 1997), in conjunction with a regular session of its Scientific and Ethical Review Group. (who.int)
  • CLI's Vice President and Research Director, Dr. David Prentice, recently joined Molly Smith, host of From the Median, to explain the science, history, and politics of stem cells. (flfamily.org)
  • This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)
  • This isn't used at all to create cloned human beings, it's just for the research because Stem cells are quite important. (mystudywriters.com)
  • Stem cells aren't specified yet so they can chance into any kind of cell depending on what scientists want to research on. (mystudywriters.com)
  • The benefits of cloning (parts of) humans being that we wouldn't need any more donors, or we could do research on organs without having to use humans themselves. (mystudywriters.com)
  • It is the policy of Washington state that research involving the derivation and use of human embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germ cells, and human adult stem cells from any source, including somatic cell nuclear transplantation , is permitted upon full consideration of the ethical and medical implications of this research. (cbc-network.org)
  • But they are also less equipped to produce every cell type of the body and less able to reproduce themselves indefinitely, which makes them less appealing to scientists interested in basic research. (eppc.org)
  • Before leaving office, President Clinton sought to get around the existing law without actually changing it, by funding research on embryonic stem cells so long as the actual embryo destruction was paid for with private dollars. (eppc.org)
  • And he also agrees that if we don't find global agreement on human cloning, "we can probably expect dire consequences for the future of biomedical research and its impact on society at large. (lifeissues.net)
  • As he has questioned the HFEA before, would not the use of vulnerable human patients in clinical trials be premature, dangerous, and unethical given the already acquired knowledge in the research community that such supposed "patient-specific" stem cells would most probably cause serious immune rejection reactions in these patients? (lifeissues.net)
  • So far the reprogramming of somatic cells shows very low rates of efficiency (~0.0006-1%) that have not improved in the last two decades of continuous research. (sibi.org)
  • In a meeting in Washington (3 December 2001) the researcher Tanja Dominko presented the results of monkey cloning (Macacus rhesus) when she worked at the Regional Center of Research in Primates of Beaverton, Oregon (USA). (sibi.org)
  • Because the early stem cells have the ability to become any one of the hundreds of different kinds of human cells, scientists are working on research using these cells with the aim of creating therapies to treat a variety of diseases. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
  • The basic techniques of of the implanted nucleus, when it fully cloning have been known for some time, and develops. (who.int)
  • The nucleus of a body cell from the DNA donor is removed, and put into the place formerly occupied by the egg's nucleus. (cbc-network.org)
  • Experiments on amphibian eggs (frog spawn) have proved that it is relatively easy to transfer a new nucleus (from a body cell) into an egg cell which will then usually develop normally according to the genetic information in the transplanted nucleus. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)
  • In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. (wptv.com)
  • Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, in cattle, average cloning efficiency is higher than in other species, ranging from 5 to 20% [10 -15]. (sibi.org)
  • Nonetheless, trichomoniasis is now recognized as one of the most common infections causing reproductive inefficiency in beef cattle and occasionally dairy herds (14). (docksci.com)
  • It can cause severe reproductive failure in sows and respiratory distress in young growing pigs [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Swine farmers with PRV-infected pigs can incur substantial economic costs from reproductive losses in sows and from weight loss in infected adults ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This raises another question, how would you treat the clones? (mystudywriters.com)
  • In addition, the possibility of reprogramming adult stem cells back to a "pluripotent" (or embryonic-like) state raises the biological prospect of going back too far. (eppc.org)
  • The primary cloning technique is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT). (cbc-network.org)
  • If the authors of this bill really meant what they appear to have written, their legislation would ban all human cloning, since as we have seen, biologically, a new human organism, that is, a new human being, comes into existence with the completion of SCNT. (cbc-network.org)
  • 체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)
  • HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
  • HN - 2008 BX - Granulosa Cells, Cumulus MH - Coronary Sinus UI - D054326 MN - A07.231.908.194.500 MS - A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. (bvsalud.org)
  • As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)
  • Viewed in this way, identical (non-fraternal) twins are fairly commonplace examples of a natural cloning process. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Since the growth involves nuclear division by mitosis and cell division, the resulting cells are identical. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. (wptv.com)
  • When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the four-cell stage is genetically identical. (wptv.com)
  • Even while clones are genetically identical, their phenotypes - the characteristics they express - will be different. (wptv.com)
  • There were an alarming number of miscarriages and abnormalities with the technique," says Roger Gosden, a reproductive biologist at the Leeds General Infirmary. (newscientist.com)
  • When investigating the causes of this failure via cellular and molecular analysis of 2-cell zygotes and the successive cell divisions (blastomeres), all kinds of abnormalities were found. (sibi.org)
  • It might be possible one day to reduce such incidence, but such cloning -- it is the stuff science fiction is made of -- leads straight to issues such as the limits of science, ethics and socio-legal implications. (org.in)
  • Essay on cloning and ethical issues that immediatly Subject : cloning and ethics come up when talking about it. (mystudywriters.com)
  • I have been writing and speaking on issues in sexual and reproductive ethics, as well as other life issues, for years and relish the opportunity to educate young people ready to cast off the tired nostrums of the sexual revolution and the various promoters of the culture of death. (blogspot.com)
  • Anthony's enormous expertise on sexual and reproductive ethics and the whole range of life issues will be invaluable in SPUC's outreach to young people. (blogspot.com)
  • The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)
  • First, they extract immature, unfertilised egg cells called oocytes from the ovaries of ewes. (newscientist.com)
  • Wilmut says there were so many failures because it is difficult to ensure that the empty oocyst and the donor cell are at the same stage of the cell division cycle. (newscientist.com)
  • But we can only wonder about the ethical propriety of producing the first human child with this technique, knowing that the hoped-for newborn would be a reproductive experiment, one that may end initially in numerous fetal failures. (eppc.org)
  • Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
  • This policy is similar to that of other countries, including Israel, where scientists are funded by Government to study embryonic stem cells despite the aforementioned bioethical issue. (jcpa.org)
  • Adult stem cells are easier to control than embryonic stem cells and thus less likely to form tumors. (eppc.org)
  • Long before the controversy emerged over human embryonic stem cells, scientists and doctors began using first-generation stem cells from adult bone marrow. (eppc.org)
  • Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)
  • However, ethical problems were foreseen with the production by cloning of fully formed and functioning organs, as participants could not envisage how such organs could be made without first producing a cloned embryo and allowing it to grow, at least partially, through the fetal stage of development. (who.int)
  • Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
  • However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • it's highly variable, though, depending on the cell type used and the species. (wptv.com)
  • Now you may ask what this has to do with the whole "can we clone humans" and the ethical and moral issues. (mystudywriters.com)
  • Can we clone humans using the DNA cloning? (mystudywriters.com)
  • Reproductive Cloning could, theoretically, be used for cloning humans. (mystudywriters.com)
  • Review of Critical Article: Cobbe, 'Why the apparent haste to clone humans? (lifeissues.net)
  • See Neville Cobbe, "Why the apparent haste to clone humans? (lifeissues.net)
  • It has been discovered that plant cells which have apparently finished differentiation can be encouraged to revert to an unspecialised state called a callus , which can be caused to grow on special liquid/gel media. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of the current examine was to investigate the consequences of orally administered d-aspartate on the reproductive efficiency of roosters. (microsoft-certification-test.com)
  • Summary information is provided here on the outcome of the meetings held during the last three months of 1997, in which the ethical, scientific and social implications of cloning were discussed in relation to the potential biomedical applications of this technique in such areas of human health as reproductive health, xenotransplantation and medical genetics. (who.int)