Replication upon dna dna single stranded. Medical search. Frequent questions

We find that this type of non-canonical fork convergence in fission yeast is prone to trigger deletions between repetitive DNA sequences via a mechanism we call Inter-Fork Strand Annealing (IFSA) that depends on the recombination proteins Rad52, Exo1 and Mus81, and is countered by the FANCM-related DNA helicase Fml1. (elifesciences.org)
The duplication of chromosomes and the regulation of their replication and repair requires dozens of proteins acting together to maintain the duplex DNA genome. (rockefeller.edu)
Viruses are composed of small amounts of DNA or RNA, encapsulated by a protein coat, and may be enclosed in an envelope made of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. (biopharminternational.com)
A single virion is a completely developed virus particle made of 1-50% nucleic acid and 50-99% proteins or glycoproteins and lipids. (biopharminternational.com)
31). Vif targets APOBEC3G for proteasomal degradation by binding a complex of 3 human proteins called Cullin5, Elongin B, and Elongin C. The phosphorylation of a single amino acid (Ser 144) in Vif regulates this binding. (natap.org)
Although the exact mechanism by which TRIM5a proteins inhibit retroviral replication is yet unknown, they block an early step of post-entry infection, likely uncoating of the incoming virus. (natap.org)
Single strand annealing proteins (SSAPs) like Redβ initiate homologous recombination by annealing complementary DNA strands. (nature.com)
By mechanism, DNA annealing proteins are divided into ATPases capable of strand invasion (RecA, RAD51) and single strand annealing proteins (SSAPs) that do not utilize ATP 4 . (nature.com)
As opposed to single strand (ss) DNA binding proteins such as SSB and RPA, which protect and occlude ssDNA from recombination, RAD52/Redβ SSAPs promote recombination and share several biochemical similarities. (nature.com)
They are weak ssDNA binding proteins with no affinity for double-stranded (ds) DNA. (nature.com)
and the contribution of chromatin-modifying proteins to replication and repair. (usc.edu)
Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
To determine how Rad1-Rad10 catalyzes inter-strand crosslink repair (ICLR), we examined sensitivity to ICLs from yeast deleted for SAW1 and SLX4, which encode proteins that interact physically with Rad1-Rad10 and bind stalled replication forks. (nih.gov)
The larger Rep proteins, Rep78 and Rep68, assemble into stable, hexameric oligomers on specific secondary structures on the 3' and 5' termini of the single stranded viral DNA. (utoledo.edu)
The smaller replication proteins, Rep40 and Rep52, require ATP to bind DNA, show no sequence specificity in DNA binding and lack the N-terminal nuclease domains. (utoledo.edu)
Our studies are aimed at understanding how these proteins assemble on DNA structures and the specificity of their interaction with DNA. (utoledo.edu)
We have previously determined the structure of various domains within this family and characterized how these proteins heterodimerize, how they bind to DNA but the catalytic reaction remains elusive and what determines the preferential heterodimer formation is also not known. (uu.nl)
These studies elucidate the structure-function relationship of these DNA repair proteins. (uu.nl)
Glass or quartz nanopipettes have found increasing use as tools for studying the biophysical properties of DNA and proteins, and as sensor devices. (imperial.ac.uk)
There are plenty of hypotheses about the mechanics of DNA replication, but until now the process could not be studied using a defined system with pure proteins. (scienceblog.com)
For example, scientists know some inheritable information, known as epigenetic information , is not encoded in the DNA, but instead lies in modifications to proteins associated with the DNA. (scienceblog.com)
Scientists already know the replication fork is assembled as a complex of numerous proteins that unwinds and separates the DNA into two individual strands. (scienceblog.com)
His fields of research comprise RNA-mediated gene silencing processes with a focus on epigenetic phenomena, including studies on RNA-directed DNA methylation, the characterization of virus silencing suppressor proteins, the development of plant bioreactor platforms and viroid research. (degruyter.com)
Viroids are non-encapsidated, single-stranded (ss), 250-400 nucleotide (nt)-long circular RNA molecules that do not encode proteins (1, 2). (degruyter.com)
DNA/RNA-binding repeats in PUR-alpha/beta/gamma and in hypothetical proteins from spirochetes and the Bacteroides-Cytophaga-Flexibacter bacteria. (embl-heidelberg.de)
He aims to further understand which regions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins are essential for repairing DNA damage and preventing tumour formation. (againstbreastcancer.org.uk)
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two proteins that play a critical role in this process, but scientists do not understand exactly how these proteins repair DNA at the molecular level. (againstbreastcancer.org.uk)
The protein PCNA, which clamps onto DNA, also helps cells resolve replication stress by serving as a platform for repair proteins. (rupress.org)
Researchers have discovered numerous proteins that are involved in replication stress, and Hoffmann et al. (rupress.org)
When the researchers used mass spectrometry to identify the proteins that accumulate at damaged DNA undergoing replication in Xenopus egg extracts, they found one that hadn't turned up in previous studies: the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAIP. (rupress.org)
To find out how it gets into position at the sites of DNA damage, the researchers removed different sections of TRAIP and tested the truncated proteins' ability to home in on the lesions. (rupress.org)
Here, we report that telomere length is determined by the balance between telomere elongation, which is mediated by telomerase, and telomere trimming, which is controlled by XRCC3 and Nbs1, homologous recombination proteins that generate single-stranded C-rich telomeric DNA and double-stranded telomeric circular DNA (T-circles), respectively. (sens.org)
AAV is a nonhuman pathogen of the Parvoviridae family possessing a single-stranded DNA genome (4.7 kb) with two open reading frames, rep (for replication) and cap (encodes capsid proteins), flanked by two symmetric inverted terminal repeats. (molvis.org)
Single strand binding proteins do what? (flashcardmachine.com)
Proteins were known to be composed of 20 distinct amino acids whereas DNA is composed of only 4 nucleotides. (proprofs.com)
Different proteins were known to have unique sequences, whereas it was thought that all DNA molecules have the same sequence. (proprofs.com)
In the early twentieth century, it was believed that proteins might carry genetic information because proteins were known to be composed of 20 distinct amino acids, whereas DNA is composed of only 4 nucleotides. (proprofs.com)
Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)

Collapsed forks can be rescued by homologous recombination, which restarts replication. (elifesciences.org)
This so-called recombination-dependent replication (RDR) helps ensure that DNA is fully replicated prior to sister chromatid segregation, thereby avoiding mitotic catastrophes. (elifesciences.org)
Furthermore, PARP-1 abrogation leads to increased DNA resection tracks and an increase of homologous recombination in cellulo. (nature.com)
In contrast to the RNA-directed DNA synthesis by telomerase, ALT relies on recombination and replication of telomere DNA to extend telomeres. (massgeneral.org)
Dr. Zou and his team postulated that such cancer cell lines were those without active telomerase, relying instead on the ALT pathway, which lengthens telomeres through recombination with telomeric DNA sequences from the same or other chromosomes. (massgeneral.org)
RPA functions as a DNA repair protein that promotes DNA recombination, and the ALT pathway is known to be a process that is dependent on recombination. (massgeneral.org)
Studies the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, recombination, and repair. (rockefeller.edu)
O'Donnell's laboratory studies these DNA metabolic mechanisms with the goal of understanding how the protein gears of DNA duplication act together with signal processes that function with repair and recombination factors to ensure genomic integrity. (rockefeller.edu)
Mutations of the C-terminal domain were evaluated using both single- and double stranded (ss and ds) substrates in recombination assays. (nature.com)
Break-induced RNA-DNA hybrids (BIRDHs) in homologous recombination: friend or foe? (us.es)
During DNA replication, recombination and DNA repair, double-stranded DNA frequently forms three- or four-way junctions, bubbles, flaps or broken ends with single-stranded extensions. (uu.nl)
This function is vital for the processes of replication, transcription, and recombination. (embl.de)
Sequence-specific protein recognition of single-stranded nucleic acids is critical for many fundamental cellular processes, such as DNA replication, DNA repair, transcription, translation, recombination, apoptosis and telomere maintenance. (rcsb.org)

Rep, replication initiation protein. (cdc.gov)
The processes that maintain telomeres employ replication protein A (RPA), a single-stranded DNA binding protein. (massgeneral.org)
In resting cells, APOBEC3G is found in a small protein complex and blocks HIV replication. (natap.org)
Details of the mechanisms through which the HIV Vif protein targets APOBEC for degradation, thereby allowing HIV replication, were presented by Mehle and coworkers (abstr. (natap.org)
The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
Recently we have implemented an in vitro assay that functionally resembles the DNA repair reaction and assays to study protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. (uu.nl)
Surprisingly, despite anticipated defects in DNA binding or RAD51-mediated DNA strand exchange, the BRCA2 R3052W protein mislocalizes to the cytoplasm precluding its ability to perform any DNA repair functions. (frontiersin.org)
(A) BRCA2 protein schematic depicting domain organization: N-terminus, BRC repeats DNA binding domain (DBD), and C-terminal domain (CTD). (frontiersin.org)
Twinkle ( T7 gp4-like protein with intramitochondrial nucleoid localization, also known as C10orf2, PEO1, SCA8, ATXN8, IOSCA, PEOA3 or SANDO) is a homohexameric DNA helicases which unwinds short stretches of double-stranded DNA in the 5' to 3' direction and, along with mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein and mtDNA polymerase gamma, is thought to play a key role in mtDNA replication. (nih.gov)
This phenomenon, termed nucleotide shuffling, may be of general importance in protein recognition of single-stranded nucleic acids. (rcsb.org)
The emerging replication fork looks much like a zipper opening, with a protein complex in the role of a zipper slider and the two strands of the separating DNA molecule appearing like the two rows of teeth of the open zipper. (scienceblog.com)
Pur-alpha is a highly conserved, sequence-specific DNA- and RNA-binding protein involved in diverse cellular and viral functions including transcription, replication, and cell growth. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Pur-alpha can influence viral interaction through functional associations, for example with the Tat protein and TAR RNA of HIV-1, and with large T-antigen and DNA regulatory regions of JC virus. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Association of human Pur alpha with the retinoblastoma protein, Rb,regulates binding to the single-stranded DNA Pur alpha recognitionelement. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The retinoblastoma protein, Rb, is detected in extracts of monkey CV-1cells complexed with Pur alpha, a sequence-specific single-strandedDNA-binding protein implicated in control of gene transcription and DNAreplication. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Inthe absence of DNA, glutathione S-transferase-Pur alpha binds to p56RB, anNH2-terminal-truncated Rb protein purified from Escherichia coli,containing the T-antigen binding domain, to form multimeric complexes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Sequence of cDNA comprising the human pur gene and sequence-specificsingle-stranded-DNA-binding properties of the encoded protein. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein, E. coli is available at Gentaur for Next week delivery. (telospub.com)
have identified a protein that helps cells relieve this form of stress and continue DNA duplication ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
The long stretches of single-stranded DNA at stalled forks attract the protein RPA ( 3 ). (rupress.org)
The protein also amassed at DNA lesions that the researchers created in human cells. (rupress.org)
In eukaryotes, the enzyme responsible for unzipping DNA duplex during replication was originally identified as the minichromosome maintenance protein complex (MCM) genes from wine brewing yeast by our collaborator Professor TYE Bik-Kwoon at Cornell University in 1983. (sflorg.com)
Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
It exhibits potent antiviral activity against VIF PROTEIN deficient HIV-1 through the creation of hypermutations in the VIRAL DNA. (bvsalud.org)
The RECQL4 protein helps stabilize genetic information in the body's cells and plays a role in replicating and repairing DNA. (medlineplus.gov)

Genomic features of gemycircularviruses HV-GcV1 and HV-GcV2 and of a novel circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus, HV-CV1, including hairpin structure and predicted open reading frames. (cdc.gov)
Problems that arise during DNA replication can drive genomic alterations that are instrumental in the development of cancers and many human genetic disorders. (elifesciences.org)
Strikingly, some of these cells display selective template-DNA strand segregation during mitosis in the muscle fibre in vivo, as well as in culture independent of their niche, indicating that genomic DNA strands are nonequivalent. (nih.gov)
The cellular response to DNA damage involves an intricate network of enzymes responsible for sensing, signaling, and repairing damaged DNA, as well as the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints that collectively maintain genomic integrity 2 . (nature.com)
These subunits synthesize viral genomic negative-strand DNA, complementary positive-strand RNA, and capped polyadenylated mRNAs. (medscape.com)
In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
Perturbation in the replication-stress response (RSR) and DNA-damage response (DDR) causes genomic instability. (us.es)
Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)

A viral polymerase complex composed of polymerase basic subunit 1, polymerase basic subunit 2, and polymerase acidic subunit synthesizes negative-strand viral RNA, capped polyadenylated mRNAs, and complementary positive-strand RNA. (medscape.com)
Tunability of DNA polymerase stability during eukaryotic DNA replication. (rockefeller.edu)
Its principle is based on the use of DNA polymerase which is an in vitro replication of specific DNA sequences. (intechopen.com)
The replisome contains activities that separate the strands and hold them apart for synthesis by the replisome version of DNA polymerase, called DNA polymerase III in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recall that the replisome contains a DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dimer with two core complexes that can catalyze polymerization. (blogspot.com)
Each primer is extended from its 3′ end by DNA polymerase I to form an Okazaki fragment, as shown in the Figure. (blogspot.com)
The use of short RNA primers gets around the limitation imposed by the mechanism of DNA polymerase, namely, that it cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo . (blogspot.com)
The primers are synthesized by a DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme called primase-the product of the dna G gene in E. coli . (blogspot.com)
The primosome, along with DNA polymerase III, is part of the replisome. (blogspot.com)
DNA polymerase III catalyzes synthesis of DNA in the 5′ → 3′ direction by extending each short RNA primer. (blogspot.com)
The steps are carried out by the combined action of DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase. (blogspot.com)
DNA Polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment is available at Gentaur for Next week delivery. (telospub.com)
A proteolytic product of E. coli DNA Polymerase I Biomolecule/Target: Alternates names: DNA Polymerase I,DNA Polymerase I, Large Fragment,Klenow Fragment,DNA. (telospub.com)
DNA Polymerase copies template in what direction? (flashcardmachine.com)
DNA polymerase has what kind of proofreading function? (flashcardmachine.com)
polymerase involved, and this in- macromolecules including DNA, 2012) . (who.int)
By performing polymerase chain reaction and DNA enzyme immunoassay, HCV-RNA was detected with subsequent genotyping. (who.int)

Replication fork activation is enabled by a single-stranded DNA gate in CMG helicase. (rockefeller.edu)
The products of six MCM genes, MCM2 to MCM7 (MCM2-7), form a six-subunit ring complex, serving as the catalytic core of the unzipping machine, the DNA replicative helicase. (sflorg.com)
Exhibits a Magnesium-dependent ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity that unwinds single- and double-stranded DNA in a 3'-5' direction. (lu.se)
The loss of helicase function may prevent normal DNA replication and repair, causing widespread damage to a person's genetic information over time. (medlineplus.gov)

Replication fork barriers are a commonly encountered problem, which can cause fork collapse and act as hotspots for replication termination. (elifesciences.org)
However, replication restart is relatively slow and, therefore, replication termination may frequently occur by an active fork converging on a collapsed fork. (elifesciences.org)
Regardless of its precise form, collapse renders the fork incompetent for further DNA synthesis. (elifesciences.org)
RDR can initiate from a collapsed fork where the DNA is either broken or remains intact. (elifesciences.org)
During DNA replication, the MCM complex is positioned at the fork where double-stranded DNA separates into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
Recently, the group identified the centromere as a natural fragile site in the genome, particularly when the replication fork is disrupted. (usc.edu)
During DNA replication, a molecular machine called a replisome forms at the replication fork where the two strands of DNA are separating. (blogspot.com)
Since the two strands of DNA are antiparallel, synthesis using one template strand occurs in the same direction as fork movement, but synthesis using the other template strand occurs in the direction opposite fork movement. (blogspot.com)
The new strand formed by polymerization in the same direction as fork movement is called the leading strand. (blogspot.com)
In contrast, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short pieces in the direction opposite fork movement. (blogspot.com)
This is accomplished by making short pieces of RNA at the replication fork. (blogspot.com)
As the replication fork progresses, the parental DNA is unwound, and more and more single-stranded DNA becomes exposed. (blogspot.com)
Since the replication fork advances at a rate of about 1000 nucleotides per second, one primer is synthesized for approximately every 1000 nucleotides that are incorporated. (blogspot.com)
For the first time, researchers in Michael O'Donnell 's Laboratory of DNA Replication have built a model that can enable scientists to study what happens at the "replication fork" - the point where the DNA molecule is split down the middle in order to create an exact copy of each side. (scienceblog.com)
In order to study the replication fork, O'Donnell and his laboratory needed to recreate the process in a simple model. (scienceblog.com)
Scientists also don't know what happens when the replication fork encounters an area of damaged DNA as it travels down the length of the molecule. (scienceblog.com)
I believe this new tool opens up replication-fork biology to biochemical study by our own and many other labs, providing a new tool to unravel some pressing questions in a number of fields of study, including epigenetics and DNA repair," O'Donnell says. (scienceblog.com)
Unwind the Helix ahead of the replication fork. (flashcardmachine.com)
formed by continuously copying the parent strand 3' to 5' toward the replication fork. (flashcardmachine.com)
discontinuous copying 3' to 5' away from the replication fork. (flashcardmachine.com)

It has a small (4500 nucleotides) genome that encoding four DNA helicases that are required for viral DNA replication and efficient packaging of single stranded DNA into virions. (utoledo.edu)
This limitation presents no difficulty for leading-strand synthesis since once DNA synthesis is under way nucleotides are continuously added to a growing chain. (blogspot.com)
In a test tube, they brought together a set of DNA building blocks known as nucleotides, a double-stranded molecule of DNA and the enzymes essential to the process. (scienceblog.com)
A cell may run short of nucleotides to plug into the new DNA strands, for example, or the replication machinery might run into a section of DNA that is damaged or tricky to copy. (rupress.org)
Typically, a computer-controlled robot uses techniques borrowed from photolithography to create strands of synthetic DNA by linking nucleotides in the appropriate sequences. (technologyreview.com)
Next, free-floating nucleotides - the DNA letters A, C, T, and G - match up with their complements in the separated strands, yielding two identical copies of the original double helix. (technologyreview.com)
Which type of bonds link the individual nucleotides together in DNA? (proprofs.com)
1. Is electrophilic or can be metabolical y activated to electrophiles does not alter the linear sequence of nucleotides (or bases) in the DNA, 2. (who.int)

His lab studies how the replisome interacts with DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint machinery, how initiation of replication is directed by nucleosomes, and how replication forks perform nucleosome inheritance, the process by which nucleosomes (the fundamental structural unit of chromosomal DNA) are passed down from parental to daughter DNA during replication. (rockefeller.edu)
DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
The pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly or the DNA replication licensing is the first step in DNA replication initiation, characterized by the sequential recruitment of ORCs, Cdc6, Cdt1 and MCMs to the DNA replication origins to form the pre-RC at the end of mitosis ( Bell and Dutta 2002 ). (intechopen.com)
However, on the lagging strand, the synthesis of each Okazaki fragment requires a new initiation event. (blogspot.com)
The human Pur factor binds strongly to a sequence element repeated withinzones of initiation of DNA replication in several eukaryotic cells. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Scientists from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), The University of Hong Kong (HKU) and Institut Curie, France have jointly uncovered a new mechanism of the human MCM2-7 complex in regulating replication initiation, which can be used as a novel and effective anticancer strategy with the potential for selective killing of cancer cells. (sflorg.com)
Furthermore, when this initial open structure is disturbed, MCM2-7 DHs can no longer assemble onto DNA, leading to a complete suppression of DNA replication initiation. (sflorg.com)

Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at multiple origin sites along each chromosome and terminates when replication forks (RFs) from adjacent origins converge. (elifesciences.org)
Replication stress refers to the various impediments that can slow or stall replication forks. (rupress.org)
Because stalled forks can lead to DNA double-strand breaks and genome instability, cells take a series of measures to clear the obstacles and restart replication ( 2 ). (rupress.org)

Yeast Rad1-Rad10 (XPF-ERCC1 in mammals) incises UV, oxidation, and cross-linking agent-induced DNA lesions, and contributes to multiple DNA repair pathways. (nih.gov)
This versatile pathway is able to detect and remove a variety of bulky DNA lesions induced by UV light and environmental carcinogens and thereby maintains genome integrity. (uu.nl)
Less RPA accumulated at DNA lesions after TRAIP depletion, the researchers found. (rupress.org)

Eukaryotic replisomes must deal with histones, which organize the DNA in eukaryotic cells. (rockefeller.edu)

Among a large reservoir of the assembled MCM2-7 DHs, only a subset of them will be finally selected and transformed into robust replicative helicases for DNA unwinding. (sflorg.com)
Helicases are enzymes that bind to DNA and temporarily unwind the two spiral strands (double helix) of the DNA molecule. (medlineplus.gov)

The dynamic turnover of PAR within seconds to minutes is executed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, the main PAR-degrading enzyme, which possesses both endoglycosidic and exoglycosidic activities, thereby enabling a new round of DNA damage signaling 14 . (nature.com)
The crystal structures of human topoisomerase I comprising the core and carboxyl-terminal domains in covalent and noncovalent complexes with 22-base pair DNA duplexes reveal an enzyme that 'clamps' around essentially B-form DNA. (embl.de)
The core domain and the first eight residues of the carboxyl-terminal domain of the enzyme, including the active-site nucleophile tyrosine-723, share significant structural similarity with the bacteriophage family of DNA integrases. (embl.de)
Each strand relies on a different enzyme, and, using the new yeast-based model, the researchers were able to explore how these two very different enzymes attach to the DNA in order to replicate it. (scienceblog.com)
During replication, an enzyme unzips the DNA, separating it into two strands. (technologyreview.com)

Replication and transcription occur in the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
Thogotoviruses undergo replication and transcription within the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
Genome instability is a feature of cancer cells, transcription being an important source of DNA damage. (us.es)
The team also found that the MCM2-7 DHs are loaded onto DNA at tens of thousands of sites across the human genome, which are mutually exclusive with loci of active transcription. (sflorg.com)
The flow of genetic information in cells is that DNA is first transcribed into RNA through a process called transcription. (proprofs.com)
Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)

We found that reprogramming of differentiated cells induces T-circle and single-stranded C-rich telomeric DNA accumulation, indicating the activation of telomere trimming pathways that compensate telomerase-dependent telomere elongation in hiPSCs. (sens.org)
Excessive telomere elongation compromises telomere stability and promotes the formation of partially single-stranded telomeric DNA circles (C-circles) in hESCs, suggesting heightened sensitivity of stem cells to replication stress at overly long telomeres. (sens.org)
Pot1 binds to single-stranded telomere DNA and is conserved from fission yeast to humans. (bvsalud.org)

DNA polymerases catalyze chain elongation exclusively in the 5′ → 3′ direction. (blogspot.com)
Eukaryotic DNA polymerases? (flashcardmachine.com)
The replication process requires the DNA duplex to be first melted and then separated into two single-stranded templates for DNA polymerases to synthesize as complement strands. (sflorg.com)
RNA polymerases read the codes from specific areas of the DNA and transcribe the information into a mRNA copy of the DNA. (cdc.gov)

WASp modulates RPA function on single-stranded DNA in response to replication stress and DNA damage. (us.es)
Absence of TRAIP from cells compromises the response to replication stress. (rupress.org)
We've identified a new factor that has an important role in the response to replication stress," says Mailand. (rupress.org)

The lab's findings also provide insights into how replisomes achieve the asymmetric inheritance needed for development, and how they participate in DNA damage checkpoint control pathways. (rockefeller.edu)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)

TRAIP depletion also boosted the number of chromosome abnormalities and left cells more vulnerable to a DNA-damaging compound. (rupress.org)
In cells, to initiate DNA replication, MCM2-7 complex must be first assembled into a head-to-head double hexamer (DH) encircling duplex DNA at thousands of places along each chromosome. (sflorg.com)

One of these is responsible for synthesis of the leading strand, and the other is responsible for synthesis of the lagging strand. (blogspot.com)
It is clear that lagging-strand synthesis is discontinuous, but it is not obvious how synthesis of each Okazaki fragment is initiated. (blogspot.com)
Synthesis of the leading strand also begins with an RNA primer, but only one primer is required to initiate synthesis of the entire strand. (blogspot.com)
About once every second, primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA primer using this single-stranded DNA as a template. (blogspot.com)
The reaction proceeds in three steps: removal of the RNA primer, synthesis of replacement DNA, and sealing of the adjacent DNA fragments. (blogspot.com)
Fluoroquinolones are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit DNA synthesis. (goldbio.com)
DNA Synthesis occurs during what phase of Mitosis? (flashcardmachine.com)
RNA and use it to synthesis DNA by reverse transcriptase. (flashcardmachine.com)

Fission yeast is a single-celled organism with chromosomes very similar to those in humans, and uses the same genes to maintain those chromosomes. (usc.edu)
Fission yeast is a simple, single-celled organism with chromosomes very similar to those in humans, and has proven to be an important model for cell division. (usc.edu)
Each cell carries roughly 2 meters of DNA organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes. (sflorg.com)

At least in plants, DNA regions that become de novo methylated can be defined by homologous RNA molecules in a process termed RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). (degruyter.com)

Finally, we show that template DNA cosegregates with Numb in label-retaining cells that express the self-renewal marker Pax7. (nih.gov)
It was also recently shown that PARP-1 is a sensor of unligated Okazaki fragments during DNA replication 16 and cells deficient in ribonucleotide excision repair are sensitized to PARP inhibition 17 . (nature.com)
And indeed the team found that in cells that use the ALT pathway, RPA binds persistently to telomeres, not detaching after replication. (massgeneral.org)
The team employs strategies such as super resolution microscopy to observe individual replisomes in real time during DNA replication in living cells, and cryo-electron microscopy of DNA-replisome and other replisome-associated complexes. (rockefeller.edu)
Before cells divide, their DNA must be precisely copied in a process called replication. (sciencedaily.com)
Exciting insights into several innate mechanisms by which human cells resist HIV infection and replication were made in the recent past, and were discussed at CROI. (natap.org)
In these target cells deamination occurs, causing G-to-A mutations (and less often C-to-T mutations) when the dU is copied on the next DNA strand. (natap.org)
For example, HIV-1 enters the cells of Old World monkeys but the rhesus monkey version of TRIM5a blocks viral replication much more efficiently than by human TRIM5a. (natap.org)
In living cells the genome is constantly being damaged by environmental agents, oxidative stress and replication errors 1 . (nature.com)
Saw1, Slx1, and Slx4 are critical for replication-coupled ICLR in mus81 deficient cells. (nih.gov)
Overexpression of R3052W in DLD1 parental BRCA2 wild-type cells confers sensitivity to MMC DNA damage. (frontiersin.org)
Human cells make new copies of their DNA billions of times each day, a crucial process upon which life itself depends. (scienceblog.com)
However, scientists do not fully understand how cells unzip the double-stranded DNA molecule before replicating both halves of it. (scienceblog.com)
Cancer is mainly a genetic disease caused by changes (mutations), that build up over time in our cells' DNA. (againstbreastcancer.org.uk)
Damage to our DNA happens all the time, but our cells have repair mechanisms to fix this. (againstbreastcancer.org.uk)
Cells that are copying their DNA in preparation for division can undergo replication stress. (rupress.org)
used siRNA to deplete TRAIP in cells exposed to agents that induce replication stress. (rupress.org)
The cells also contained less single-stranded DNA and showed fewer signs of ATR activation. (rupress.org)
Cells remained longer in G2 and sometimes got stuck in that stage, suggesting that they couldn't complete DNA duplication. (rupress.org)
Inhibit DNA gyrase in bacterial cells. (flashcardmachine.com)
The cell then divides into two "daughter" cells, and each gets its own copy of the DNA. (technologyreview.com)

30) presented evidence that APOBEC3G blocks viral replication by an additional mechanism. (natap.org)
We continue investigate the effects of this mechano-structural DNA transition on DNA ejection dynamics from viruses and viral replication. (lu.se)

The R3H motif: a domain that binds single-stranded nucleic acids. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Theprotein binds preferentially to the purine-rich single strand of thiselement, PUR. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Enemark and his colleagues have produced the first atomic resolution image of the MCM complex bound to single-strand DNA and the molecules that fuel replication. (sciencedaily.com)
This raised the possibilities that small molecules might be developed to enhance the capability of human TRIM5a _to block HIV replication. (natap.org)
Viroids are pathogenic circular, non-coding, single-stranded RNA molecules. (degruyter.com)
The arrays were provided by chemical-engineering professor Anthony Guiseppi-Elie and doctoral candidate G. Scott Taylor, both from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, VA. On each array were 16 dots, each containing a larger number of single-stranded DNA molecules aligned in upright positions, standing in rows like soldiers. (technologyreview.com)
Capsid deformation leads to displacement of water molecules hydrating the DNA and interhelical sliding, occurring with compression of the packaged DNA strands. (lu.se)

Based on the crystal structure in this research, we propose that a rotary mechanism drives the transformation to initiate DNA replication," said Eric Enemark, Ph.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Structural Biology. (sciencedaily.com)
The same mechanism may also explain how DNA replication begins, Enemark said. (sciencedaily.com)
The overall mechanism of DNA replication is called semidiscontinuous to emphasize the different mechanisms for replicating each strand. (blogspot.com)
Some of the most effective cancer treatments work by causing DNA damage and this research aims to increase our understanding of the DNA damage repair mechanism at the molecular level. (againstbreastcancer.org.uk)
The atomic-resolution cryo-EM structures enabled direct visualization of the initial DNA melting, which is crucial for us to understand the molecular mechanism of DNA replication,' said Dr DANG Shangyu, Assistant Professor of Division of Life Science, HKUST, 'This study also demonstrates the importance of collaboration. (sflorg.com)
Others appear to act by a single complements material presented IARC Monographs Working Groups predominant mechanism. (who.int)

Prior to cell division, double-stranded DNA is encircled by two separate MCM complex enzymes. (sciencedaily.com)
eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzymes are primarily responsible for relaxing positively and/or negatively supercoiled DNA, except for reverse gyrase, which can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. (embl.de)
Unlike Topo IA enzymes, Topo IB enzymes do not require a single-stranded region of DNA or metal ions for their function. (embl.de)
This entry represents the C-terminal region of DNA topoisomerase I enzymes from eukaryotes (type IB enzymes). (embl.de)

The elements illustrated how the process works like a pulley system to "pull" a single strand of DNA through the MCM complex and unwind the DNA. (sciencedaily.com)

The viral nucleic acid can be single-or double-strand DNA or RNA. (biopharminternational.com)

Deoxycytidine (dC) within single stranded viral cDNA replication intermediates is deaminated by APOBEC3G to deoxyuridine (dU). (natap.org)

These RNA primers are complementary to the lagging strand template. (blogspot.com)
The complementary DNA in the solution had been chemically modified so that one end of each strand contained an extra chemical group that likes to stick to surfaces such as gold or silicon. (technologyreview.com)

Extracellular vesicle DNA from human melanoma tissues contains cancer-specific mutations. (gu.se)
These changes may result in the accumulation of DNA errors and cell death, although it is unclear exactly how RECQL4 gene mutations lead to the specific features of RAPADILINO syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)

Forsburg takes a holistic approach to studying how DNA replication stress contributes to genome stability. (usc.edu)

Based on the newly determined structure of the replication machinery, the researchers proposed that the MCM complexes begin to move in different directions, leading to separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)

By preventing the formation of single-stranded DNA, fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial replication. (goldbio.com)

PARP-1 is rapidly recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). (nature.com)

3 According to the latest draft on regulatory guidance from the European Agency for Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA), potential contaminants may be enveloped or nonenveloped, small or large, DNA or RNA, labile or resistant viruses. (biopharminternational.com)
July 31, 2019 A new study examines the evolutionary dynamics of circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses. (sciencedaily.com)
Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
either DNA or RNA viruses may have single or double strands of genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
Single-strand RNA viruses are further divided into those with (+) sense and (-) sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)
Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)

Thin-section specimens (C and D), fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, show numerous extracellular virions with slices through strands of viral nucleocapsids. (medscape.com)
Rep52 and Rep40 are implicated in packaging plus and minus single stranded DNA into virions. (utoledo.edu)

These studies can be expected to provide new insights into eukaryotic replication, repair, and epigenetic inheritance. (rockefeller.edu)
These processes have direct implications for the study of diseases, such as cancer, that can arise from DNA damage or problems with epigenetic inheritance. (scienceblog.com)

We can therefore amplify nucleotide sequences from infinitesimal amounts of DNA extract. (intechopen.com)
The recruitment of this machinery results in the production of viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that mediate RNA degradation and DNA methylation of cognate sequences. (degruyter.com)

Surprisingly, this antiviral activity is something new and is distinct from the G-to-A editing function described above, as HIV DNA reverse transcripts found do not contain frequent G-to-A changes. (natap.org)

Members of the Pospiviroidae family replicate in the nucleus through double-stranded RNA intermediates, attracting the host RNA silencing machinery. (degruyter.com)

Eukaryotic genomes are composed of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. (proprofs.com)

Indeed, if the sequence of interest is present in the DNA extract, it is possible to selectively replicate it (we speak of amplification) in very large numbers. (intechopen.com)
When a cell divides, it first needs to replicate its DNA. (technologyreview.com)

Upon activation, PARP-1 synthesizes a structurally complex polymer composed of ADP-ribose units that facilitates local chromatin relaxation and the recruitment of DNA repair factors. (nature.com)
Our results, therefore, place PARP-1 activation as a critical early event for DNA DSB repair activation and regulation of resection. (nature.com)
De Murcia and colleagues provided the first evidence implicating PARP-1 in DNA repair by demonstrating that PARP-1-deficient mice are highly sensitive to γ-irradiation 21 . (nature.com)
DNA repair system (4 steps! (flashcardmachine.com)
Participates in DNA replication and may participate in repair. (lu.se)
4. Induces epigenetic alterations usual y arises as the cell attempts to repair the DNA damage. (who.int)

The Forsburg lab uses a mixture of classical genetics, molecular biology, and state-of-the-art microscopy to investigate how defects in replication contribute to genome instability during normal cell growth and during the differentiation process of meiosis. (usc.edu)

The lab is applying biochemical approaches along with techniques such as single-molecule technology, super resolution microscopy and cryo-EM single-particle reconstruction to understand how the replisome functions with other factors. (rockefeller.edu)
Those strands are copied to produce a new DNA molecule. (sciencedaily.com)
The stochastic nature of single-molecule charge transport measurements requires collection of large data sets to capture the full complexity of a molecular system. (imperial.ac.uk)
Here we present such an approach based on multivariate pattern analysis and apply it to simulated and experimental single-molecule charge transport data. (imperial.ac.uk)

In terms of secondary structure, RNA and DNA are difficult to distinguish when only sequence information is available. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleosome-directed replication origin licensing independent of a consensus DNA sequence. (rockefeller.edu)
This method can generate tens of billions of copies of a particular DNA fragment (the sequence of interest, DNA of interest, or target DNA) from a DNA extract (DNA template). (intechopen.com)

This RNA overlaps a region that was predicted as being essential for replication of the plasmid. (wikipedia.org)

The complex has two sliding clamps that bind the complex to the strands of DNA so that DNA replication is highly processive. (blogspot.com)

Oddly, a Vif mutant that could not be phosphorylated at Ser 144 was defective in HIV replication but not in APOBEC3G degradation. (natap.org)

We are studying how genome integrity is preserved and the consequences of modifying the program of DNA replication. (umu.se)

These antibiotics prevent unwinding of double-stranded DNA by binding DNA gyrase or DNA topoisomerase. (goldbio.com)
DNA gyrase - only in? (flashcardmachine.com)

Solving the structures of replication machines is central to inform their molecular functions as seeing is believing. (sflorg.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms43

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs93

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes81

Information Science3

Health Care2

Proteins39

Recombination13

Protein25

Genomic8

Polymerase17

Helicase4

Fork20

Nucleotides8

Initiation7

Forks3

Lesions3

Eukaryotic cells1

Helicases2

Enzyme5

Transcription7

Telomere3

Polymerases4

Response to replication stress3

Pathways2

Chromosome2

Synthesis8

Chromosomes3

Homologous1

Cells21

Viral replication2

Binds2

Molecules5

Mechanism6

Enzymes4

Unwind1

Nucleic1

CDNA1

Complementary2

Mutations2

Stability1

Structure of the replication1

Inhibit1

Double-strand breaks1

Viruses9

Virions2

Epigenetic inheritance2

Sequences2

Antiviral activity1

Machinery1

Mitochondrial1

Replicate2

Repair6

Instability1

Molecule4

Sequence3

Essential for replication1

Bind1

Degradation1

Genome integrity1

Gyrase2

Molecular1