Replication protein dna activated protein kinase. Medical search. Frequent questions

When unreplicated or damaged DNA is present, cell cycle checkpoint pathways cause cell cycle arrest by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). (vt.edu)
In the absence of active Chk1, Cdc25A activates cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) allowing the cell to progress into S or M phase. (vt.edu)
Malumbres, M. Cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases, or CDK. (jove.com)
Positive regulators include two protein groups that allow cells to pass through regulatory checkpoints: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (jove.com)
Cyclins regulate the cell cycle in association with cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). (biomedcentral.com)
The progression of cells through the cell cycle is regulated by a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (biomedcentral.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes, each consisting of a catalytic CDK subunit and an activating cyclin subunit. (kegg.jp)
Transition of the preRC to an active initiation complex is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases and other signaling molecules, which promote further protein assembly and activate the mini chromosome maintenance helicase. (usc.edu)

Proteins involved in the ATM-and-Rad3-related kinase (ATR)-dependent S-phase checkpoint response (Chk1 and Rad17) were also phosphorylated but not ataxia telengectasia mutated kinase. (nih.gov)
Replication blockages activate the ATR kinase which, in turn, activates the downstream effector kinase Chk1 through the mediator protein, Claspin. (caltech.edu)
Chk1 facilitates the arrest of cell cycle progression and the inhibition of replication origin firing. (caltech.edu)
Claspin has two broadly defined roles, one to mediate Chk1 activation and the other as a component of the replication fork. (caltech.edu)
However, chromatin binding-deficient Claspin proteins can still mediate Chk1 activation in Claspin-depleted extracts, albeit with reduced efficiency. (caltech.edu)
Thus, the localization of Claspin to the replication fork is not required for mediation of Chk1 activation but it does potentiate this process. (caltech.edu)
Accumulation of Drf1 on chromatin in the presence of replication blocks is dependent upon ATR and Claspin but not Chk1. (caltech.edu)
Claspin mutant proteins unable to interact with DDK still bind to Chk1 and rescue Chk1 activation in Claspin-depleted extracts. (caltech.edu)
The focus of this study is the role of protein kinase Chk1 and the phosphatase Cdc25A in the DNA replication checkpoint. (vt.edu)
Chk1 regulates cell cycle arrest in the presence of unreplicated DNA in somatic cells by phosphorylating Cdc25A and leading to its degradation. (vt.edu)
Chk1 is also transiently activated at the MBT in Xenopus laevis embryos, even when there is no block to DNA replication or damaged DNA. (vt.edu)
In order to understand the function and regulation of Chk1 in checkpoints, the features of the MBT that activate Chk1 must be identified. (vt.edu)
Embryos treated with aphidicolin, resulting in a halted replication fork and therefore a reduced DNA concentration, were tested for Chk1 activation and Cdc25A degradation. (vt.edu)
Chk1 and Cdc25A were observed to undergo activation and degradation, respectively, in embryos with a reduced DNA concentration. (vt.edu)
The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
ATR phosphorylates the CHK1 which in turn phosphorylates and activates WEE1. (wustl.edu)
Upon administration, berzosertib selectively binds to and inhibits ATR kinase activity and prevents ATR-mediated signaling in the ATR-checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) signaling pathway. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, causes DNA replication stress and activates the ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related protein (ATR)-checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway. (figshare.com)
Here, we identified a feedback loop in Ewing sarcoma cells in which inhibition of the ATR-CHK1 pathway depletes RRM2, the small subunit of RNR, and exacerbates the DNA replication stress and DNA damage caused by RNR inhibitors. (figshare.com)
Mechanistically, we identified that the inhibition of ATR-CHK1 activates CDK2, which targets RRM2 for degradation via the proteasome. (figshare.com)
Overall, our results provide novel insight into the response to DNA replication stress, as well as a rationale for targeting the ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 pathways, in Ewing sarcoma tumors. (figshare.com)
Targeting the ATR, CHK1, and WEE1 kinases in Ewing sarcoma cells activates CDK2 and increases DNA replication stress by promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of RRM2. (figshare.com)
As ATR is activated at centromeres, it stimulates Aurora B through Chk1, preventing formation of lagging chromosomes. (umn.edu)
In response to DNA harm phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase-related kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related) are primarily activated and eventually phosphorylate several proteins including Rad17 as well as the Chk1 kinase. (biobender.com)
The ATR-Chk1 axis is certainly central towards the DDR and crucial for preserving genome integrity and they're regarded as DNA harm sensor proteins in cells. (biobender.com)
Hence the ATR-Chk1 axis may be used to check environmental substances that could induce DNA harm. (biobender.com)
ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)
In contrast, downstream signaling from ATR directly to the checkpoint kinase Chk1 was required for survival responses for a smaller subset of the drugs tested. (ascopost.com)
The Chk1 kinase and its main upstream activator kinase, ATR, are essential checkpoint effectors in response to a wide variety of genotoxic tensions, and inhibit source firing by focusing on the replication kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) [21], while Chk2 and its main upstream activator ATM are primarily associated with the cellular response to double-strand DNA breaks [22]. (ampkpathway.com)
The alteration of MCM proteins induced a change in the activation of important factors of the DDR in response to Etoposide treatment, including influencing the phosphorylation of -H2AX, CHK1 and CHK2 following Etoposide-induced DNA damage without inducing changes in cell viability, but resulting in a small decrease in DNA replication. (ampkpathway.com)
PIG3 knockdown led to an abnormal DNA damage response, including decreased IR-induced phosphorylation of H2AX, Chk1, Chk2 and Kap-1 as well as a prolonged G2-M arrest and aberrant mitotic progression. (ijbs.com)

In addition to stalling and maintaining the fork structure, protein phosphorylation can also create a signal cascade for replication restart. (wikipedia.org)
Cell cycle progression, phosphorylation, and DNA binding of cell cycle checkpoint proteins were analyzed. (nih.gov)
In the present study, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1/2,in mediating BK-induced AP-1 and DNA replication in cultured rat mesangial cells. (nih.gov)
BK (10(-9) to 10(-7) M) stimulated a rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins with an estimated molecular mass of 120-130, 90-95, and 44-42 kDa. (nih.gov)
Genistein, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevented the phosphorylation of ERK2 by BK. (nih.gov)
AP-1 pathway and that BK mitogenic signaling is critically dependent on protein tyrosine phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
Once recruited to DSB, these complexes get activated and induce the phosphorylation of numerous targets including transducing kinases, which subsequently phosphorylate downstream effectors to delay cell cycle and promote DNA repair. (cea.fr)
Additionally, the checkpoint kinases modify the chromatin surrounding DNA damages through phosphorylation of the H2A histone (H2AX in mammals). (cea.fr)
Although phosphorylation of H2A represents a major histone modification that functions in DNA repair, a growing body of literature has implicated additional histone modifications. (cea.fr)
In mouse hepatocytes, p38γ induces proliferation after partial hepatectomy by promoting the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein at known CDK target residues. (nature.com)
Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (SMED30002728) in cells (dots) of each of the 12 neoblast clusters. (stowers.org)
Expression of Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (SMED30002728) in the t-SNE clustered sub-lethally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (SMED30002728) in cells (dots) of each of the 10 clusters of sub-leathally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
This event also causes phosphorylation of the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein FANCI, triggering its monoubiquitination of the key DNA repair factor FANCD2 by the FA core E3 ligase complex, thereby promoting this central pathway of DNA repair which permits replication to be restarted. (elsevierpure.com)
Using this system, we showed that ATRIP was crucial for DNA damage-induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination and FANCI phosphorylation. (elsevierpure.com)
Raf family members will activate MEK1/2 followed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 which acts on a large variety of targets. (springer.com)
Compared to HL60 cells, the tyrosine phosphorylation level in K562 cells was markedly increased, suggesting that the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation is due to BCR ABL tyrosine kinase activity, which was confirmed by the expression of BCR ABL shown only in K562 cells. (rafinhibitors.com)
H2B Tyr37 phosphorylation suppresses expression of replication-dependent core histone genes. (wustl.edu)
Ataxia-telangiectasia-related (ATR) protein kinase is central to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response and homologous recombination, activating a series of phosphorylation cascades, culminating in cell cycle arrest to allow time for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. (survivornet.com)
Cell-cycle kinases DDK and CDK are needed upstream for the activation from the MCM complicated and several PGE1 ic50 research have defined the checkpoint-dependent phosphorylation of MCM proteins [24C27], although certain requirements or results for these adjustments for activity or stability from the helicase still stay unclear. (ampkpathway.com)
J-H Lee et al also have provided the first evidence showing that PIG3 is closely associated with the induction and maintenance of the phosphorylation of H2AX and some other DDR proteins after DNA damage induced by NCS ( 8 ). (ijbs.com)

HMGB1 can activate a series of signaling components, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT, which play an important role in tumor growth and inflammation, through binding to different surface receptors, such as RAGE and TLR2/4. (biomedcentral.com)
Pierre Boulanger mostly deals with Cell biology, Virology, Capsid, Plasma protein binding and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. (research.com)

Then I thought, there must be a sensory pathway that recognizes the DNA damage that's going on in the cell," says Elledge. (the-scientist.com)
Although the main pathway controlled by activation of the IKKβ kinase (called the NF-κB signaling pathway) is normally detrimental to viral replication, MHV68 co-opts IKKβ kinase activation to boost its own viral transcription activator, using a viral protein called RTA, thereby enhancing viral gene expression and virus production. (medicalxpress.com)
Together, our findings identify ATR as the kinase responsible for activating the FA pathway of DNA repair. (elsevierpure.com)
Increased synthesis under pathological conditions makes Sprouty2 an attractive pharmacological target to enhance intracellular signaling activities, notably the ERK pathway, in affected neurons or activated astrocytes. (springer.com)
Results showed that several apoptotic Tiliroside signaling pathway proteins had been modulated following 0.1 μg/mL of atrazine treatment for 6 h. (biobender.com)
Introduction Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of uridine and cytidine to their monophosphate form of uridine and cytidine in an alternative salvage pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis [1]. (nanoker-society.org)
Skin fibroblasts in WS patients demonstrate characteristics of cells in conditions of stress with slow growth rates, an elongated cell cycle, and an altered morphology that suggests stress-induced premature senescence transduced in part by the p38α MAP kinase signaling pathway. (medscape.com)

There are many events that contribute to replication stress, including: Misincorporation of ribonucleotides Unusual DNA structures Conflicts between replication and transcription Insufficiency of essential replication factors Common fragile sites Overexpression or constitutive activation of oncogenes Chromatin inaccessibility ATM and ATR are proteins that help to alleviate replication stress. (wikipedia.org)
In vertebrate cells, replication of an ICL-containing chromatin template triggers recruitment of more than 90 DNA repair and genome maintenance factors. (wikipedia.org)
These stresses include, but are not limited to, DNA damage, excessive compacting of chromatin (preventing replisome access), over-expression of oncogenes, or difficult-to-replicate genome structures. (wikipedia.org)
We identified a replication fork-interacting domain on Claspin that associates with the replication fork proteins and is required for Claspin association with chromatin. (caltech.edu)
Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)
WEE1 in chromatin integrity during replication stress. (wustl.edu)
The collective outcome of these events is initiation of intra-S phase and G2 checkpoints in response to DNA damage or replication stress and maintenance of chromatin integrity during repair of damaged DNA, prior to entry into mitosis. (wustl.edu)
The DNA in the cell is packaged with histone proteins into chromatin. (usc.edu)
Thus, we will begin by describing chromatin structure, and how the cell generally controls access to the DNA. (usc.edu)
Access to the DNA requires active chromatin remodeling, specific histone modifications, and regulated histone deposition. (usc.edu)
Next, we will describe the mechanisms of replication initiation and how these are affected by constraints of chromatin. (usc.edu)
Finally, chromatin must be reassembled with appropriate modifications following passage of the replication fork, and our third major topic will be the reassembly of chromatin and its associated epigenetic marks. (usc.edu)
Results Reducing MCM2 or MCM3 proteins does not impact cell growth Our previous results showed an involvement of MCM proteins in the DNA damage response through its co-localization with -H2AX foci, and through connection with chromatin redesigning proteins in response to DNA damage induced from the topoisomerase II inhibitor Etoposide [28]. (ampkpathway.com)

Among them are the Sprouty proteins which mainly act as inhibitors of growth factor-dependent neuronal and glial signaling pathways. (springer.com)
CDKs are under inhibitory control of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). (biomedcentral.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are proteins that bind to and inhibit the activity of CDKs. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome instability activates stress kinases, implying that kinase inhibitors may form the basis of antiaging therapies for individuals with WS. (medscape.com)

Here we demonstrate that p38 MAPK gamma (p38γ) acts as a CDK-like kinase and thus cooperates with CDKs, regulating entry into the cell cycle. (nature.com)
D-type and E-type cyclins assemble with CDKs during the G1 phase and these holoenzymes act as rate-limiting controllers to regulate passage through the restriction point and the subsequent onset of DNA replication [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyclins and CDKs assemble into complexes with one another as cells progress through G1 phase, cyclins being required to activate the serine-threonine kinase activity of their catalytic partners. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, CDK-activating kinase (CAK) phosphorylates cyclin-bound CDKs on a single threonine residue, a modification that is essential for their activity [ 6 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Uncoupled cell cycle without mitosis induced by a protein kinase inhibitor, K-252a. (rupress.org)
The model was updated with additional interactions, such as those including Myt1, a second inhibitor kinase, and lamin proteins, which become phosphorylated at the onset of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) at entry into mitosis. (vt.edu)
As reported in The Lancet Oncology by Panagiotis A. Konstantinopoulos, MD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and colleagues, a U.S. Experimental Therapeutics Clinical Trials Network phase II trial has shown significantly prolonged progression-free survival with the addition of the ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) kinase inhibitor berzosertib to gemcitabine in women with recurrent platinum -resistant high-grade serous ovarian cancer. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
An inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related (ATR) kinase, a DNA damage response kinase, with potential antineoplastic activity. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
PCNA is a co-factor of cyclin-D and it makes a complex with cyclin-D, a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK), and a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI). (biomedcentral.com)
M6620 (VX-970) is a potent ATR inhibitor, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50) of 20 nanomolar and antitumor activity across a broad range of cell lines in combination with DNA damaging agents. (survivornet.com)
The addition of PARP inhibitor veliparib with ATR inhibitor M6620 (VX-970) allows for impairment of DNA repair, the induction of a BRCA null phenotype, and potentiation of the antitumor activity of cisplatin. (survivornet.com)

In order for the replication fork to stall, the cell must possess a certain number of stalled forks and arrest length. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of the proteins recruited to stalled replication forks revealed a specific set of DNA repair factors involved in the replication stress response. (wikipedia.org)
Such repair pathways can function to protect stalled replication forks from degradation and allow restart of broken forks, but when deficient can cause replication stress. (wikipedia.org)
Katharina Schlacher (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA), presented elegant single-molecule DNA fiber analysis demonstrating that BRCA2 protects newly synthesized DNA from degradation by the nuclease MRE11 when replication forks are stalled by hydroxyurea. (biomedcentral.com)
ATR kinase activates the S-phase checkpoint when replication forks stall at sites of DNA damage. (elsevierpure.com)
Replication of DNA is initiated at multiple sites along the genome, known as replication origins, which form bidirectional replication forks. (bmj.com)
This proceeds to phosphorylating a number of protein that regulate the DNA-damage response (DDR) including cell routine arrest stabilization of stalled replication forks and DNA fix [32]. (biobender.com)
In response to DNA harm during S phase, cells rapidly block replication initiation in addition to the slowing of the progressing replication forks [17,18]. (ampkpathway.com)
WS have been classified is a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases implicated in the resolution of DNA structures leading to the stall of replication forks. (medscape.com)

Each of these effects was blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibition with genistein or herbimycin A. Similarly, antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting of ERK1/2 mRNA inhibited BK-stimulated DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
2009 - 2011 Analysis of aberrantly activated receptor tyrosine kinase and development of molecular targeting therapy in small animals with malignancies. (go.jp)

DSBs are first detected and signaled by the DNA damage checkpoint that triggers cell cycle arrest, providing time for the cell to repair damaged chromosomes before entering mitosis. (cea.fr)
The staurosporine analogues, K-252a and RK-286C, were found to cause DNA re-replication in rat diploid fibroblasts (3Y1) without an intervening mitosis, producing tetraploid cells. (rupress.org)
In a src-transformed 3Y1 cell line, as well as other cell lines, giant cells containing polyploid nuclei with DNA contents of 16C to 32C were produced by continuous treatment with K-252a, indicating that the agent induced several rounds of the incomplete cell cycle without mitosis. (rupress.org)
In Xenopus laevis, early embryonic development consists of twelve rapid cleavage cycles between DNA replication (S) and mitosis (M) without checkpoints or gap phases. (vt.edu)
first, it phosphorylates CDK1 at Y15 preventing entry into mitosis so as to allow repair of damaged DNA. (wustl.edu)
The encoded protein can phosphorylate and activate several proteins involved in the inhibition of DNA replication and mitosis, and can promote DNA repair, recombination, and apoptosis. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
After A is degraded, concentrations of cyclin B peak in M phase and the complex will activate the different stages of mitosis. (jove.com)
In mitosis, ATR localizes to centromeres through Aurora A-regulated association with centromere protein F (CENP-F), allowing ATR to engage replication protein A (RPA)-coated centromeric R loops. (umn.edu)
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. (kegg.jp)

8 , 9 The protein is a member of a novel family of large proteins, which show sequence homology to the catalytic domain of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, 3 and are implicated in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and the response to DNA damage. (bmj.com)
4 , 10 There is evidence to suggest that these proteins respond to DNA damage by phosphorylating one or more substrates, including p53, c-Abl, and replication protein A (RPA), to recruit proteins to regions of DNA repair and/or to activate radiation signal transduction pathways. (bmj.com)
The HMGB1 signal transduction can influence the cell's fate by two important processes - apoptosis and cell proliferation - which are regulated respectively by the proteins p53 and CyclinE, acting in two different signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
In this paper, we ask the following questions: How do these proteins and their mutations change the cell's fate - apoptosis or survival - when HMGB1 signal transduction is activated? (biomedcentral.com)
B-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of growth signal transduction protein kinases. (rafinhibitors.com)
Dr Tabancay's current research interests lie in the fields of pharmacy education, signal transduction pathways leading to cancer, DNA replication, and the use of model organisms to study human diseases. (usc.edu)

In recent years, the search for intracellular signaling integrator downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases provided valuable novel substrates. (springer.com)
restored RB1 function and downstream focuses on transcription element E2F1 and cycling-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), therefore reversing the malignant phenotype. (insulin-receptor.info)

In contrast, protein kinase C inhibition or depletion had no effect on BK-induced c-fos mRNA, AP-1-DNA binding activity, or DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
Although the effective concentration of K-252a did not cause significant inhibition of affinity-purified p34cdc2 protein kinase activity in vitro, in vivo the full activation of p34cdc2 kinase during the G2/M was blocked by K-252a. (rupress.org)
Similarly, activation of CDK2 by inhibition or knockdown of the WEE1 kinase also depletes RRM2 and causes DNA damage and apoptosis. (figshare.com)
The study suggests the possibility of MDM2 protein was downregulated and its suppression subsequently activates the expression of p53 during inhibition of UCK2 enzyme. (nanoker-society.org)

The human cytomegalovirus infection (HCMV) modulates cellular metabolism to support viral replication. (cmvpromotor.com)
However, data from the macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model indicate that in vivo , SIV-specific CTL are only effective during the early stages of the viral replication cycle, and this constitutes an alternative explanation why HIV-specific CTL do not appear to have an impact on HIV reservoirs during ART. (frontiersin.org)

Our previous results indicate that 5-ASA improves replication fidelity in colorectal cells, an effect that is active in reducing mutations. (nih.gov)
Our data demonstrate that 5-ASA causes cells to reversibly accumulate in S phase and activate an ATR-dependent checkpoint. (nih.gov)
Genotoxic stress which specifically affects cells in S-phase is detected by the replication checkpoint. (caltech.edu)
His first experimental results contained a serendipitous artifact that laid the foundation for a scientific career studying how eukaryotic cells deal with damage to their DNA. (the-scientist.com)
Elledge had found that Rnr2 protein levels increased when yeast cells were grown in the presence of agents that damaged DNA. (the-scientist.com)
He found that RNR2 RNA levels increased dramatically, even more than the protein levels, upon exposure of cells to DNA damage and that mutations in RNR2 resulted in hypersensitivity to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)
Elledge's idea that eukaryotic cells sense the progress of DNA replication and transform that information into a DNA-damage response was new. (the-scientist.com)
Those results led him to study how cells monitor roadblocks to replication and DNA damage, such as nicks and double-stranded breaks, and how the cell handles that information. (the-scientist.com)
Did you know that every organ and tissue in your body was formed as the result of individual cells making copies of their DNA and separating themselves into two identical cells? (visionlearning.com)
In cell division, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and then separates itself into two identical cells - each with its own copy of DNA enveloped inside a nucleus. (visionlearning.com)
then eight became 16 individual cells with identical DNA . (visionlearning.com)
However, it has previously been shown that deletion of the amino-terminal part of the Pol2 protein containing the Pol ε catalytic domain resulted in sick but viable yeast cells, while deletion of the carboxy-terminal part of Pol2 was lethal. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, a number of extracellular proteins can bind to their receptors and activate signaling pathways that promote the proliferation of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
All eukaryotic cells precisely regulates histone levels by shutting off histone transcription at the end of DNA synthesis. (wustl.edu)
We obsevered that WEE1 kinase deposit pY37-H2B epigenetic marks upstream of Hist1 cluster, suppressing global histone transcription in both yeast and mammalian cells. (wustl.edu)
Eukaryotic cells activate an evolutionarily conserved set of proteins that rapidly induce cell cycle arrest to prevent replication or segregation of damaged DNA before repair is completed. (wustl.edu)
A cells cycle is positively regulated promoting progress through the stages via the interaction of two classes of proteins found in the cytoplasm. (jove.com)
E6 also activates human being telomerase change transcriptase (5) and SRC-family kinases (6), which offer additional growth benefits to the contaminated cells through the malignant change process. (insulin-receptor.info)
Here, we show for the first time that genome editing of HPV oncogenes by TALENs efficiently reduced viral DNA load, restored the function of tumor suppressor p53/RB1, and reversed the malignant phenotype of host cells both in vitro and in vivo. (insulin-receptor.info)
In order to examine the cytotoxicity of atrazine and the chance of atrazine-triggered DNA harm and DDR in individual cells human breasts epithelial MCF-10A cells had been selected as a report model within this research because atrazine was recommended to increase the incidence of breast cancer in female Sprague-Dawley rats [17]. (biobender.com)
The cells were treated with 0.1 μg/mL of atrazine for 6 h and then the relative levels of 35 apoptosis-related proteins were measured. (biobender.com)
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
The kind bases are with each gp41 at the cells of the stimulation recruitment and activate recently to form ceramide. (familie-vos.de)
2006 There has been remarkable progress in the last 20 years in defining the molecular mechanisms that regulate initiation of DNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells. (usc.edu)
During cell division, tissue rejuvenation occurs: new cells take the place of damaged ones, while repair (elimination of DNA damage) occurs more intensively and regeneration is possible in case of tissue damage. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
and individual cells, a larger than 90% decrease in MCM proteins concentrations will not impair DNA replication [11C15], recommending a job for MCM protein beyond DNA replication. (ampkpathway.com)
Re-expression of PIG3 effectively rescued the depression of DNA-PKcs in PIG3-depleted cells. (ijbs.com)
However, a compensatory feedback of increased mRNA expression of DNA-PKcs was formed in PIG3-depleted cells after a few passages or cell cycles of subculture, which led the recovery of the DNA-PKcs protein level and the consequent recovered efficiency of the DNA damage response. (ijbs.com)
Homologous recombination is widely used by cells to precisely repair damaged DNA breaks that occur on both DNA strands, known as double-strand breaks (DSBs), in a process called homologous recombination repair (HRR). (oldfield.info)
Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences during meiosis, the process by which eukaryotes make gamete cells, such as sperm and egg in animals. (oldfield.info)
Independently discovered applications to mouse embryonic stem cells, but the highly conserved mechanisms underlying the DSB repair model, including uniform homologous integration of transformed DNA (ge therapy), were first demonstrated in plasmid experiments by Orr-Weaver, Szostack and Rothstein. (oldfield.info)
Tumour suppressor protein, p53, prevents cancer development by eliminating cells with mutagenic alterations or potential for neoplastic transformation or blocking their cell cycle permanently or by transient DNA repair [3C5]. (nanoker-society.org)
Extraction of total protein Total protein was extracted from lysed HT-29 cells in an appropriate volume of ProteoJET mammalian cell lysis reagent (Fermentas, Burlington, ON, Canada). (nanoker-society.org)
Evidence was recently presented of a crucial role for a helicase in protecting cells against chromosome breakage at normally occurring replication fork-stalling sites. (medscape.com)

p38γ and δ promote heart hypertrophy by targeting the mTOR-inhibitory protein DEPTOR for degradation. (nature.com)
This negative regulation of DNA-PKcs by depleting PIG3 seemed to take place at the translational level but not at the levels of transcription or protein degradation. (ijbs.com)
p53 is regulated by human double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets and binds to p53 promoting ubiquitination and degradation of the protein [6,7]. (nanoker-society.org)
11. Amsel, A. & Roussel, J. Motivational properties of ences in post-transcriptional processes spark interest in the development of frustration: I. Effect on a running response of the (protein redistribution, degradation), pharmacotherapies that selectively reg- addition of frustration to the motivational com- plex. (lu.se)

Uncoordinated replication-transcription conflicts and unscheduled R-loop accumulation are significant contributors. (wikipedia.org)
Binding of viral proteins to their ligands activates signaling pathways-focal adhesion kinase for human herpesvirus 8, JAK1, tyk2 and STAT1/2 for West Nile virus (WNV), I κ B-kinase, and nuclear transcription factor κ B (NF-κB) for influenza virus-resulting in virus entry, DNA delivery to nucleus, and modulation of protein expression that stimulate or inhibit virus replication. (cdc.gov)
Our data provides crucial evidence that in addition to mRNA turnover, histone transcription shut off would efficiently lower histone transcript levels once DNA synthesis is complete, thus eliminating overproduction of core histones. (wustl.edu)
A post-translational modification with SUMO (SUMOylation) can regulate various cellular events such as DNA replication, repair, transcription and cell cycle regulation. (ku.edu)
Alternatively, E7 inhibits tumor suppressor retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) release a E2F transcription elements, stimulates cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)/cyclin A (7) aswell as CDK2/cyclin E organic (8), therefore abrogating cell routine arrest and stimulating proliferation (9). (insulin-receptor.info)
Studies in transcription have revealed a variety of mechanisms that regulate DNA access, and some of these are likely to be shared with DNA replication. (usc.edu)
The protein is likely to be involved in the response to DNA damage during replication, as well as in the replication and transcription processes. (medscape.com)

Another focus of this study, DDK, is composed of the catalytic subunit Cdc7 and one of two distinct adaptor proteins, Drf1 or Dbf4. (caltech.edu)
Receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation attracts proteins containing Src homology 2 (SH2) or phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains including adaptor proteins like FRS2 and GRB2. (springer.com)

DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) cause replication stress by blocking replication fork progression. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms that process damaged DNA in coordination with the replisome in order to maintain replication fork progression are considered to be examples of replication-coupled repair. (wikipedia.org)
Normal replication stress occurs at low to mild levels and induces genomic instability, which can lead to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we hypothesized that 5-ASA restrains cell cycle progression by activating checkpoint pathways in colorectal cell lines, which would prevent tumor development and improve genomic stability. (nih.gov)
In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
and as this inevitably occurs in a normal environment, HIV replication continually reignites from the smoldering ember of proviral DNA, leading to rebound viremia and a resumption of disease progression when ART is discontinued. (frontiersin.org)

Reinitiation of DNA synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and serum deprivation, but not by Colcemid, suggesting that a functional G1 phase dependent on de novo synthesis of protein and RNA is essential for entry into the next S phase. (rupress.org)
These results suggest that a putative protein kinase(s) sensitive to K-252a plays an important role in the mechanism for preventing over-replication after completion of previous DNA synthesis. (rupress.org)
The synthesis of another G1 phase cyclin, cyclin E, increases in late G1 and decreases once DNA replication is initiated. (biomedcentral.com)
The effect of ATR ablation is not due to altered cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity, DNA damage responses, or unscheduled DNA synthesis but to loss of an ATR function at centromeres. (umn.edu)
Replication origins in the DNA nucleate the ordered assembly of protein factors to form a prereplication complex (preRC) that is poised for DNA synthesis. (usc.edu)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , DNA polymerase ε (Pol ε) synthesizes primarily the leading strand, while DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) synthesizes primarily the lagging strand and the genes encoding the catalytic subunits of these two polymerases are essential for life. (biomedcentral.com)
PARP-1 binding to sites of DNA damage results in activation of its catalytic activity and generation of chains of poly (ADP-ribosyl)ated polymers, which serve as docking sites for recruitment of DNA repair proteins. (survivornet.com)

Our simulations show that, if HMGB1 is overexpressed, then the oncoproteins CyclinD/E, which regulate cell proliferation, are overexpressed, while tumor suppressor proteins that regulate cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), such as p53, are repressed. (biomedcentral.com)
The protein p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins: its activation can lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
This prevents DNA damage checkpoint activation, disrupts DNA damage repair, and induces tumor cell apoptosis. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
Supplementary Figure 2 shows the effects RO-3306 on apoptosis and DNA damage. (figshare.com)
For example, E6 degrades and binds tumor suppressor p53 and proapoptotic proteins BAK, thereby raising host-cell level of resistance to apoptosis and permitting viral DNA replication (3, 4). (insulin-receptor.info)
2.2 Regulation of Apoptosis-Related Protein Expression We then performed apoptosis protein array analysis. (biobender.com)
Interacting with various cellular proteins, E6 and E7 influence fundamental cellular functions like cell cycle regulation, telomere maintenance, susceptibility to apoptosis, intercellular adhesion and regulation of immune responses. (festivalulaltfel.ro)

As the investigators stated, "ATR is known to be activated by a broad range of agents that directly or indirectly inhibit DNA replication. (ascopost.com)
and (4) ability of CTL to inhibit HIV replication ex vivo . (frontiersin.org)

Internal regulatory checkpoints ensure that a cell's size, energy reserves, and DNA quality and completeness are sufficient to advance through the cell cycle. (jove.com)
Early precancerous lesions in affected person tissues aswell as particular oncogene activation in various tumor models have already been associated with DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as well as the activation of DNA-damage checkpoints [31]. (biobender.com)
J-H Lee et al extensively investigated the participation of PIG3 in DNA damage checkpoints after UV irradiation or after treatment using the radiomimetic drug neocarzinostatin (NCS) ( 8 ). (ijbs.com)

DNA replication stress refers to the state of a cell whose genome is exposed to various stresses. (wikipedia.org)
Replication stress is induced from various endogenous and exogenous stresses, which are regularly introduced to the genome. (wikipedia.org)
Replication stress can lead to genome instability, cancer, and ageing. (wikipedia.org)
Genome integrity is constantly threatened by DNA lesions. (cea.fr)
The three dimensional organization of the genome in the nucleus, previously known to impact on gene expression, has recently emerged as a key regulator of DNA repair. (cea.fr)
NHEJ simply religates the broken ends whereas during HR a DNA break is repaired by copying homologous sequences present elsewhere in the genome. (cea.fr)
Recent studies indicate that ATM is activated primarily in response to double strand breaks and may be considered a caretaker of the genome. (bmj.com)
The triennial Keystone Symposium on 'DNA Replication and Recombination' brought together researchers working on various aspects of genome duplication, recombination and repair. (biomedcentral.com)
Mammalian DNA, including the human genome, contains about 1 million SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements), noncoding mobile genetic elements that make up about 10% of the total genome. (medicalxpress.com)

Here we show that the ATM protein kinase directly phosphorylates T68 within the SQ/TQ-rich domain of Chk2 in vitro and that T68 is phosphorylated in vivo in response to IR in an ATM-dependent manner. (wustl.edu)
In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)

Drf1 forms a stable, active complex with Cdc7, even after replication arrest in egg extracts. (caltech.edu)

In response to ionizing radiation (IR), the cell cycle checkpoint kinase, Chk2 (hCds1), is phosphorylated and activated in an ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent manner. (wustl.edu)

The SMC5/6 complex is employed in homologous recombination, and its linkage to RAD18 likely allows recruitment of SMC5/6 to ubiquitination products at sites of DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
Replication protein A (RPA) coats ssDNA formed during DNA replication and DNA repair which facilitates the localization of ATR kinase to sites of DNA damage. (wustl.edu)

He further utilized the model organism, Schizosaccharomyces pombe , to investigate the role of the SPN/FACT complex in eukaryotic DNA replication. (usc.edu)

In mammals, mutation of proteins involved in the nuclear architecture (lamins and lamin associated proteins) results in diseases associated with genomic instability. (cea.fr)

The breast cancer suppressor protein BRCA2 has an important role in double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, BRCA2 maintains genomic integrity both through homologous recombination and by the protection of nascent strands during DNA replication. (biomedcentral.com)
ATR additionally facilitates homologous recombination repair through modulation of the p53-replication protein A (p53-RPA) complex bound to single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) during the DNA repair process. (survivornet.com)
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double- or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in cellular organisms, but can also be RNA in viruses). (oldfield.info)
Although homologous recombination varies greatly between organisms and cell types, for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) most forms involve the same basic steps. (oldfield.info)
The homologous recombination that occurs during DNA repair tds to result in non-crosslinking products, in effect restoring the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double-strand break. (oldfield.info)
Homologous recombination is conserved in all three domains of life as well as in DNA and RNA viruses, suggesting that it is an almost universal biological mechanism. (oldfield.info)
Because its dysfunction has been strongly associated with an increased susceptibility to several types of cancer, the proteins that facilitate homologous recombination are the subject of active research. (oldfield.info)

Studying RNR2' s regulatory elements, he found those that were necessary to induce the production of higher protein levels in response to DNA damage and identified factors that bind these DNA elements to mediate the response of RNR2 to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)
Preclinical studies show M6620 (VX-970) synergizes with cisplatin to induce DNA damage and antitumor activity. (survivornet.com)

abstract = "The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is crucial for DNA damage and replication stress responses. (umn.edu)
Abstract Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in abnormal cell growth and its implication is considered a hallmark of malignancy. (nanoker-society.org)

We discovered that WEE1 kinase phosphorylates histone H2B at Tyr37 in a short window of 30-40 minutes in late S phase. (wustl.edu)
WEE1 kinase has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in melanomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBMs), triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) and prostate cancer. (wustl.edu)

Unrepaired or incorrectly repaired DNA damage may lead to loss of heterozygosity, mutations, deletions, genomic rearrangements and chromosome loss. (cea.fr)
SUMOylated Topo IIα C-terminus (CTD) interacts with Haspin kinase and recruits chromosome passenger complex (CPC) to the mitotic centromeres. (ku.edu)

Several examples of the role of viral glycoproteins, their ligands, and cellular proteins of the signaling pathways have been described. (cdc.gov)
Though, SUMOylation can affect a substrates' cellular localization, enzymatic activity, or can mediate protein-protein interaction. (ku.edu)
ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad 3-related protein) is a potential target for combination drug strategies, because signaling of this protein in response to such altered DNA structures results in activation of cellular survival mechanisms. (ascopost.com)
In order to investigate the part of MCM PGE1 ic50 proteins in the cellular response to DNA damage, we used shRNA focusing on MCM2 or MCM3 to determine the impact of the reduction in MCM complex within the DDR. (ampkpathway.com)
Notably, PIG3 knockdown resulted in a striking depression of cellular DNA-PKcs protein level, and was accompanied by a downregulation of ATM. (ijbs.com)
These results provide a new insight into the mechanism of PIG3's functioning in DNA damage signaling and the regulation network of cellular DNA-PKcs expression homeostasis. (ijbs.com)

The ATM gene encodes a large protein that belongs to a family of kinases possessing a highly conserved C-terminal kinase domain related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase domain. (bmj.com)

With three important enzymes, E1 activating enzyme, E2 conjugating enzyme, and E3 ligase, SUMOylation is mechanistically very similar to ubiquitination. (ku.edu)
His work carried out in the field of Molecular biology brings together such families of science as Plasma protein binding, Enzyme, Luciferase, Transduction and Cytotoxicity. (research.com)

The MCM2-7 protein complex is the precursor of the replicative helicase that unwinds DNA in front of the active replication complex. (biomedcentral.com)
In S phase, MCM2-7 is activated by the cyclin-dependent and Dbf4-dependent kinases to become a processive replicative helicase. (biomedcentral.com)
Elevated levels of replicative stress in gynecological cancers arising from uncontrolled oncogenic activation, loss of key tumor suppressors, and frequent defects in the DNA repair machinery are an intrinsic vulnerability for therapeutic exploitation. (bmj.com)
It's been recommended that unwanted MCM protein might provide dormant roots that may be turned on in response to replicative tension [16]. (ampkpathway.com)
10] Fragile sites may be DNA regions particularly sensitive to replicative stress. (medscape.com)

HR comprises different pathways: gene conversion (GC) that accurately repair the lesion by copying the homologous sequence, single strand annealing (SSA) or break induced replication (BIR) that can both lead to loss of genetic information. (cea.fr)
3 , 4 The ATM gene is located at 11q22-23, spans 184 kb of genomic DNA, and has 66 exons. (bmj.com)
As a start to designing those gene-targeting tools, Elledge, now a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, began by trying to clone the mammalian homolog of recA , a bacterial gene required for DNA repair via recombination. (the-scientist.com)
The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and DNA damage sensor, activating cell cycle checkpoint signaling upon DNA stress. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
When used, we will repair distribution about our assessment and its oxygenases, sculpting such sulfur DNA, in SH3 artists or with gene processes. (familie-vos.de)
The p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3) recently has been reported to be a new player in DNA damage signaling and response, but the crucial mechanism remains unclear. (ijbs.com)

It was found that activation of the upstream kinase S-phase-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 was required for robust activation of ATR in response to numerous and diverse chemotherapeutic agents, and that Cdk2-mediated ATR activation promoted cell survival after treatment with many drugs. (ascopost.com)

On the contrary, knockdown of Sprouty proteins increases proliferation of activated astrocytes and, consequently, reduces secondary brain damage in neuronal lesion models such as kainic acid-induced epilepsy or endothelin-induced ischemia. (springer.com)

The crosstalk is regulated by tumor suppressor proteins, including ARF, P21 and FBXW7, which are also frequently mutated in many cancers. (biomedcentral.com)

The activation of replication checkpoint may slow down DNA replication and improve DNA replication fidelity, which increases the maintenance of genomic stability and counteracts carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)

Whereas the different DNA repair pathways and the proteins they involve are know pretty well described, how they are regulated relative to each other in time and space remains to be deciphered. (cea.fr)

One feature of nuclear organization is the existence of subcompartments in which specific DNA sequences and proteins associate creating microenvironments that can be more or less favorable for specific processes. (cea.fr)
We characterized Xenopus Claspin as a kinase substrate of DDK which forms a stable nuclear complex with Cdc7 and Drf1 under both arrested and unperturbed replication conditions. (caltech.edu)

The stalled replication fork can collapse if these regulatory proteins fail to stabilize it. (wikipedia.org)
CyclinE is a cell cycle regulatory protein which regulates the G1-S phase transition during cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)

The events that contribute to replication stress occur during DNA replication, and can result in a stalled replication fork. (wikipedia.org)
This blockage leads to failure of DNA strand separation and a stalled replication fork. (wikipedia.org)

It seems now clear that posttranslational modification of both DNA repair and checkpoint proteins is of importance for the regulation of their activities but how these modifications are regulated and how they affect the activity of the proteins only begins to be described. (cea.fr)

He mentioned this to David Stillman , who was at Stanford to interview for a faculty position, and who studied cell cycle regulation of proteins as a postdoc in Kim Nasmyth 's lab at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in the U.K. Stillman pointed out that ribonucleotide reductase was cell cycle regulated-rather than remaining stable, the RNA and protein levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. (the-scientist.com)

Indeed in S and G2 phase, RPA binding to 3' single strand overhangs facilitates the recruitment of proteins of the Rad52 epistasis group, among which Rad51, which carries out the strand-exchange reaction. (cea.fr)

Stephen Kowalczykowski (University of California, Davis, USA) described for the first time the purification of this impressive 3,418-amino-acid protein and reported that it binds RAD51 (the human homolog of bacterial RecA) and promotes RAD51 assembly onto single-stranded DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, during G1, when one type of cyclin, named D, is synthesized and binds to a CDK, the cell transitions into S phase, as another cyclin, E, peaks and forms a complex with CDK to promote DNA replication. (jove.com)
Neue Bilder nervous in download binds the urban download of phosphodiesterase so the Optional modification of this independent kinase of cytokines shared off by growth recruits to protect interfibrillar defects of the monoubiquitinated clots used in the conversion of acid. (familie-vos.de)
Nonetheless, MDM2 is in turn regulated by ribosomal proteins (RPs) that binds and suppress the MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity resulting in the stabilization and activation of p53 [9]. (nanoker-society.org)

Pro-apoptotic protein including phospho-Rad17 (Ser635) and TNFR1 elevated while Poor p21 and p27 had been Tiliroside inhibited (Body 2 best). (biobender.com)

Here, we show that Claspin associates with several core replication fork proteins in Xenopus egg extracts. (caltech.edu)

The DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered to be the most severe type of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, and this form of DNA damage must be repaired immediately to prevent cell death. (ijbs.com)
After a double-strand break, sections of DNA around the 5′ ds of the break are cut in a process called resection. (oldfield.info)

These losses can contribute to the DNA damage response (DDR). (wikipedia.org)
The researchers show that the resulting host-derived SINE RNAs are robust activators of a key signaling molecule in the non-specific (or innate) immune response called the IKKβ kinase. (medicalxpress.com)
Though SINE RNAs activate the innate immune response , MHV68 has co-opted SINE-mediated innate immune activation to enhance the viral lifecycle. (medicalxpress.com)
In the present study, the potential mechanism of PIG3 participation in the DNA damage response induced by ionizing radiation (IR) was investigated in multiple cell lines with depleted expression of PIG3 transiently or stably by the small interference RNA and lentivirus-mediated shRNA expression strategies. (ijbs.com)
Recently, PIG3 has been shown to participate in the DNA damage response as well ( 6 - 8 ). (ijbs.com)
This was the first evidence suggesting the involvement of PIG3 in the IR-induced DNA damage response. (ijbs.com)
Altered responsiveness to co- oup the nucleus accumbens reflect the behavioral approaches that incorporate caine and increased immobility in the forced swim test associated with elevated cAMP response ele- memory of associations between the extinction-like processes may have effi- ment binding protein in nucleus accumbens. (lu.se)

Anatomy15

Organisms15

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs149

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Phenomena and Processes59

Information Science3

Health Care1

Cyclin depende9

Chk132

Phosphorylation21

Mitogen-Activat2

Pathway7

Chromatin13

Inhibitors4

Cdks4

Inhibitor7

Forks9

Tyrosine kinase2

Mitosis9

Signal Transduction6

Downstream2

Inhibition4

Viral replication2

Cells37

Degradation4

Transcription7

Adaptor Proteins2

Progression6

Synthesis5

Catalytic2

Apoptosis7

Inhibit2

Checkpoints3

Genome9

Directly phosphorylates2

Arrest1

Chk21

Sites of DNA damage2

Eukaryotic1

Instability1

Homologous recombination8

Induce2

Abstract2

WEE12

Chromosome2

Cellular6

Phosphatidylinositol1

Enzyme2

Replicative5

Gene6

Upstream1

Knockdown1

Tumor suppress1

Increases1

Repair pathways1

Nuclear2

Regulatory2

Stalled replication fork2

Checkpoint proteins1

Cell cycle regu1

Facilitates1

Binds4

Rad171

Xenopus1

Double-strand2

Response7