AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleEukaryotic CellsCell Cycle ProteinsCDC2 Protein KinaseCyclin-Dependent KinasesMolecular Sequence DataMitosisCyclinsS PhaseG1 PhaseAmino Acid SequenceSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsCyclin BBase SequenceSchizosaccharomycesPhosphorylationCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Protein-Serine-Threonine KinasesModels, BiologicalDNA ReplicationNuclear ProteinsCell LineMutationCell Cycle CheckpointsDNA-Binding ProteinsHeLa CellsReplication Protein APlasmidsCell DivisionProtein BindingTranscription, GeneticDNACell NucleusDNA DamageDNA, ViralViral ProteinsEscherichia coliG2 PhaseRNA, ViralRNA, MessengerSequence Homology, Amino AcidCells, CulturedBacterial ProteinsDNA Replication TimingCloning, MolecularFungal ProteinsApoptosisDNA HelicasesTranscription FactorsProtein Structure, TertiaryBinding SitesKineticsCell Line, TumorSignal TransductionDNA RepairProtein BiosynthesisReplication Protein CEukaryotaCell ProliferationRecombinant Fusion ProteinsTime FactorsSequence AlignmentTransfectionRepliconProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenChromatinMenstrual CycleHydroxyureaEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2Retinoblastoma ProteinProtein KinasesGene Expression RegulationDNA, FungalNucleic Acid ConformationCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21DNA PrimersCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Genome, ViralCarrier ProteinsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4ERecombinant ProteinsGenes, cdcHistonesGene Expression Regulation, ViralPromoter Regions, GeneticFlow CytometryG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsInterphaseCricetinaeTumor Cells, CulturedDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseTumor Suppressor Protein p53Recombination, GeneticBlotting, WesternCytoplasmGenes, FungalModels, GeneticHIV-1
ChromosomesOrganismsNucleusInterphaseChromosomeCytoplasmBinary fissionChromosomalGenome replicationEukaryotesSynthesisChromatinInitiationDividesHelicaseMechanismsMitochondriaMoleculesProteinOrigin of ReplicatCytokinesisDouble strandedCheckpointMitoticGenetic materialOriginsNucleiMechanismArchaeaBacteriaBiologyProcessSister chromatidsForksForkProcessesMolecularUndergoesYeastReplicativeRound of DNA replicationGenomesMoleculeAnaphaseReplicatesFissionIdenticalProteins are requiredBindsProkaryotic cellsGenePlasmodiumOrganismAnother replicationInvolvesMeiosisStrandsOrganellesVirusesDivisionStrandCellular
Chromosomes32
Organisms18
  • DNA replication is a prerequisite for cell division in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (microbiologynote.com)
  • In well-developed organisms, there are two types of cell division observed, mitosis and meiosis. (vedantu.com)
  • For some single-celled organisms such as yeast, mitotic cell division is the only way they can reproduce. (vedantu.com)
  • Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
  • On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The amitotic or mitotic cell division is more atypical and diverse in the various groups of organisms such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.) and fungi. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The change of DNA between prokaryotic cells occurs in microorganisms and archaea, although it has been considered mainly in microscopic organisms. (differencey.com)
  • In microscopic organisms, the usual exchange occurs by three procedures. (differencey.com)
  • According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. (ivy-way.com)
  • Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. (ivy-way.com)
  • Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. (ivy-way.com)
  • RecQ helicases were originally discovered in E COLI and are highly conserved across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (lookformedical.com)
  • Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. (lookformedical.com)
  • In some organisms, such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. (easynotecards.com)
  • Mitosis is a critical cell division process in eukaryotic organisms in which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, each having the same genetic information as the parent cell. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • Mitochondria) is a double membranous organelle in cells of aerobic eukaryotic organisms. (protonstalk.com)
  • Cells are the basic components of living organisms. (nir1000.com)
Nucleus19
  • A cartoon of a section of chromatin in the nucleus with replication origins in three different states. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, histones bundle eukaryotic DNA firmly into the nucleus of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Within 2-4 hours the cell nucleus is reorganized, and by 8-10 hours new particles appear where the nucleus once was. (virology.ws)
  • This process is known to occur only in the cell nucleus, suggesting that some Pandoravirus transcription occurs in that organelle. (virology.ws)
  • Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Binary fission is different from mitosis because prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus like eukaryotes. (github.io)
  • Eukaryotic DNA has a precise cell nucleus throughout cell development, and subsequently DNA is appropriately organized like a chromosome. (differencey.com)
  • The DNA present in prokaryotes lacks a proper nucleus in the cell and is not properly organized. (differencey.com)
  • Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm. (ivy-way.com)
  • The eukaryotic cell consists of many different organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body. (scienceaid.co.uk)
  • Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after CoV infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. (bionity.com)
  • As scaffolding molecules, they significantly regulate the DNA packaging into the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. (aging-us.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells compact their large genome into highly ordered chromatin structures within the nucleus. (aging-us.com)
  • Ribosomes are found 1) attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum only 2) attached to the smooth endoplasmic r eticulum and in the cytoplasm 3) only in eukaryotic cells 4) only in the nucleus 5) in the cytoplasm only 18. (studyres.com)
  • How does each nucleus cycle independently? (iu.edu)
  • But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
  • The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell splits into two identical daughter nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
  • These processes ensure that the cell is adequately prepared for the subsequent stages of mitosis, where the nucleus and cytoplasm divide to generate two genetically identical daughter cells. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • Mitochondrial DNA differs from DNA found in the cell nucleus in that it does not possess the DNA repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations in nuclear DNA. (nir1000.com)
Interphase18
Chromosome13
  • A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
  • We have reconstituted chromatin replication with purified proteins, which is providing unprecedented insights into chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • We are using this to understand the mechanism of MCM helicase loading and activation, how the replisome is assembled and regulated by protein kinases and how the DNA replication machinery interfaces with other aspects of chromosome biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • In a chromosome with numerous replication sources, various bubbles of replication will emerge. (microbiologynote.com)
  • To initiate replication, three proteins, ORC, Cdc6 and Cdt1, co-assemble into a condensed liquid phase on chromosome surfaces to load the replicative helicase onto DNA. (tx.us)
  • In the early prophase, the cell initiates cell division by breaking down some cell components and building other components and then the chromosome division starts. (vedantu.com)
  • Telomere, a complex of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins, caps and protects every eukaryotic chromosome end against chromosomal fusion, recombination, and terminal DNA degradation ( Blackburn, 2001 ). (nature.com)
  • Telomerase can add telomeric repeats onto the chromosome ends, and prevents the replication-dependent loss of telomere and cellular senescence in highly proliferative cells of the germline and in the majority of cancers ( Blasco, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • Prokaryotic DNA should not have any cell nuclei throughout the cell's development, and DNA thereafter does not organize properly as a chromosome. (differencey.com)
  • Single eukaryotic chromosome that bundles the thick pressure stream, encircled at home within an atomic film and is straightforward rather than plump buildings. (differencey.com)
  • The chromosome is considered the basic unit of DNA replication. (scienceprimer.com)
  • A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. (lookformedical.com)
  • It was revealed as early as in the 1930s that the behavior of the whole chromosome and its fragments in cells varies. (actanaturae.ru)
Cytoplasm9
  • During the G2 phase, a structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells that coordinates the formation of microtubules, called a centrosome , allows cell division to proceed during reproduction. (coursehero.com)
  • These genomes share the structure of eukaryotic mRNA and so the viruses can use some host cell proteins during replication and gene expression which occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
  • Cell division can be defined as a process by which a cell distributes its genetic material and cytoplasm and gives rise to new daughter cells. (vedantu.com)
  • which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The capsid-coat protein serves multiple functions, including (1) protecting the viral RNA from degradation by environmental RNase, (2) determining host and tissue tropism by recognition of cell-specific cell-membrane receptors, (3) penetrating target cells and delivering the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm, and (4) selecting and packaging viral RNA. (medscape.com)
  • Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)
  • How do nuclei maintain independent cell cycle stages within a common cytoplasm? (iu.edu)
  • Cytokinesis then completes the process by dividing the cell's cytoplasm in two, producing two genetically identical daughter cells. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • Mitochondria was discovered by a Swiss anatomist and physiologist, Albert von Kölliker , in 1857 while studying the arrangement of granules in sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of the muscle cell). (protonstalk.com)
Binary fission6
  • Malaria parasites replicate inside the cells of their human host via 'schizogony', which is fundamentally different from conventional binary fission - the replication mode used by most cells from human cells to yeast cells. (europa.eu)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Bacterial cell division happens through binary fission or budding. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes (which include bacteria) undergo a type of cell division known as binary fission. (github.io)
  • Binary fission occurs primarily in prokaryotes (bacteria), while mitosis only occurs in eukaryotes (e.g., plant and animal cells). (github.io)
  • Mitochondria, one of the major organelles in eukaryotic cells, divide by binary fission. (github.io)
Chromosomal4
  • DNA replication in eukaryotic cells initiates from a large number of chromosomal sites known as origins. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Together, John's work has led to a deeper understanding of how chromosomal DNA replication is controlled. (royalsociety.org)
  • Telomeres, guanine-rich tandem DNA repeats of the chromosomal end, provide chromosomal stability, and cellular replication causes their loss. (nature.com)
  • The replication of eukaryotic DNA from chromosomal DNA is important for the duplication of a cell and is essential for the support of the eukaryotic genome. (differencey.com)
Genome replication4
  • In schizogony a single parasite first generates many nuclei via independent, asynchronous rounds of genome replication, prior to cytokinesis which is the physical division of the cell. (europa.eu)
  • Aim 1: detailed characterisation, at the whole-cell level, of the asynchronous genome replication that occurs in schizogony and gametogenesis. (europa.eu)
  • Shortening of the 5'-terminus of the daughter strand, caused by the removal of the terminal RNA-primer and the subsequent incomplete replication of linear DNA molecules, is observed during the genome replication occurring upon cell fission. (actanaturae.ru)
  • Inactivated by PKR/EIF2AK2- and WEE1-mediated phosphorylation upon DNA damage to stop cell cycle and genome replication at the G2 checkpoint thus facilitating DNA repair. (arigobio.cn)
Eukaryotes9
  • DNA replication in prokaryotes takes place at a single origin of replication, whereas in eukaryotes it takes place at multiple origins of replication. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Before the nuclear division in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA replication takes place. (microbiologynote.com)
  • In eukaryotes, two identical sister chromatids are now ready for cell division. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • [1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
  • [20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two types of cells, for which animals are called prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (differencey.com)
  • In prokaryotes, only two proteins are required to begin replication, although eukaryotes benefit from constructs made up of completely different protein subunits. (differencey.com)
  • Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. (ivy-way.com)
  • Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)
Synthesis9
  • During the synthesis phase (S-phase) of the eukaryotic cell cycle, DNA replication occurs. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle and occurs in preparation for mitosis and meiosis. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • On the leading strand, the synthesis of additional nucleotides is continuous and occurs one after the other in a 5' to 3' direction. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)
  • Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • This process occurs concomitantly with the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, caused by the expression of viral proteases. (bionity.com)
  • DNA replication involves the unwinding of the DNA molecule, followed by the synthesis of a complementary strand for each original DNA strand. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • Synthesis of many amino acids like glutamic acid and aspartic acid occurs in the mitochondrion. (protonstalk.com)
Chromatin5
Initiation11
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • The pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly or the DNA replication licensing is the first step in DNA replication initiation, characterized by the sequential recruitment of ORCs, Cdc6, Cdt1 and MCMs to the DNA replication origins to form the pre-RC at the end of mitosis ( Bell and Dutta 2002 ). (intechopen.com)
  • These initiation events do not occur synchronously but, rather, occur throughout the S phase in a cell cycle in a reasonably precise pattern. (crick.ac.uk)
  • DNA polymerase III is responsible for both the initiation and the elongation phases of DNA replication in prokaryotes. (microbiologynote.com)
  • There are three stages of DNA replication: initiation, elongation, and termination. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Cyc activity is common in cancer, and regulation of replication initiation is necessary for genomic health, how these pathways conspire to drive genomic instability in cancer remain. (tx.us)
  • Assembly of the CMG (CDC-45-MCM-2-7-GINS) helicase is the key regulated step during eukaryotic DNA replication initiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings identify DNSN-1 as a missing link in our understanding of DNA replication initiation, suggesting that initiation defects underlie the human disease syndrome that results from DONSON mutations. (bvsalud.org)
  • CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS (CMG) helicase assembly is the central event in eukaryotic replication initiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results unify our understanding of eukaryotic replication initiation, implicate defective CMG assembly in microcephalic dwarfism, and illustrate how in silico protein-protein interaction screening accelerates mechanistic discovery. (bvsalud.org)
Divides6
Helicase4
  • DNA helicase, by severing hydrogen bonds between the nucleic acid's nitrogenous bases, unwinds the DNA at the replication origin. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA helicase and SSBs work together at both replication origins to unwind and stabilise the two templates. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA replication begins with the enzyme DNA helicase 'unzipping' a section of the double-stranded DNA. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • In summary, our work provides fundamental insights into DDK structure, control and selective activation of the MCM2-7 helicase during DNA replication. (imperial.ac.uk)
Mechanisms5
  • We use a variety of human cell models to understand how the deregulation of normal replication control mechanisms leads to genomic instability and whether this plays a role in cancer biology. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • While the contribution of these mechanisms to cell and tissue identity is widely accepted, their role in physiological and pathological contexts within tissues is just beginning to be appreciated. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In this paper we do not distinguish between the various conditions and mechanisms that contribute to inhibition of RB division, abnormalities in RB size, or different numbers of host cell inclusions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the considerable stability of the nucleosome, eukaryotic cells employ a staggering array of interconnected molecular mechanisms that locally modify the electrostatic interaction between the highly basic histones and the negatively charged DNA molecules. (aging-us.com)
Mitochondria17
  • Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)
  • Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
  • The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
  • A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondria (and chloroplasts) emerged from endosymbiotic prokaryotic bacteria about 2 billion years ago when a bacterium fused with the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell. (protonstalk.com)
  • This is evident in the similarities between mitochondria and prokaryotic cells. (protonstalk.com)
  • Mitochondria are considered the "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells. (nir1000.com)
  • Mitochondria produce the energy required to perform processes such as cell division, growth, and cell death. (nir1000.com)
  • Mitochondria are found in both animal and plant cells. (nir1000.com)
  • The number of mitochondria within a cell varies depending on the type and function of the cell. (nir1000.com)
  • As mentioned, red blood cells do not contain mitochondria at all. (nir1000.com)
  • The absence of mitochondria and other organelles in red blood cells leaves room for the millions of hemoglobin molecules needed in order to transport oxygen throughout the body. (nir1000.com)
  • Muscle cells, on the other hand, may contain thousands of mitochondria needed to provide the energy required for muscle activity. (nir1000.com)
  • Mitochondria are also abundant in fat cells and liver cells. (nir1000.com)
  • Mitochondria are semi-autonomous in that they are only partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow. (nir1000.com)
  • Prior to replication, mitochondria merge together in a process called fusion. (nir1000.com)
Molecules7
  • All eukaryotic DNA molecules are double-stranded and linear. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA replication is a semi-conservative process , and the two daughter molecules contain exact copies of the genetic material in the parent molecule. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • PALM of single molecules in living cells has the potential to reveal new concepts in cell biology, providing insights into stochastic variation in cellular states. (uea.ac.uk)
  • With PALM, one literally observes and 'counts' individual molecules in cells one-by-one and this allows the recording of images with a resolution higher than that determined by the diffraction of light (the so-called super-resolution microscopy). (uea.ac.uk)
  • Endocytosis is a fundamental process involved in trafficking of various extracellular and transmembrane molecules from the cell surface to its interior. (mdpi.com)
  • In eukaryotic cells, transcription factors are necessary for transcription to occur and there are different kinds of RNA polymerase molecules that transcribe the DNA based on the kind of genes. (btmshoppee.com)
  • It accumulates energy, nutrients, and necessary molecules for DNA replication and cell division. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
Protein12
  • The N-terminus of the protein contains a replication factory-targeting sequence that is used to recruit it to sites of DNA replication known as replication factories. (wikipedia.org)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • The ORC-Cdc6 complex (product 1) assembles in step 1 around origin DNA and with the help of another replication initiator protein, Cdt1, it recruits the Mcm2-7 hexamer to the origin in step 2. (nature.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A single-stranded DNA-binding protein that is found in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A ubiquitously expressed telomere-binding protein that is present at TELOMERES throughout the cell cycle. (lookformedical.com)
  • Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (hTopBP1) plays an important role in DNA replication and the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) and its orthologs play important roles in DNA replication and checkpoint control [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), also known as p34Cdc2 (cell division control protein kinase 2) depends on cyclin A and B and is triggered by a positive feedback loop at the end of G2 phase, which is the key event that initiates mitotic entry. (arigobio.cn)
  • The matrix has protein particles, ribosomes, RNA, DNA (mitochondrial DNA or mDNA), and some enzymes for the Krebs or TCA cycle. (protonstalk.com)
  • Moreover, a D614G mutation in the spike protein did not appear to affect SARS-CoV-2 cell tropism. (cdc.gov)
Origin of Replicat2
  • To address this, we harnessed an in vitro single-molecule approach to interrogate a chromatinized origin of replication. (bvsalud.org)
  • We find that ORC binds the origin of replication with similar efficiency independently of whether the origin is chromatinized, despite ORC mobility being reduced by the presence of nucleosomes. (bvsalud.org)
Cytokinesis3
Double stranded1
  • Bacteria are microorganisms that have circular double-stranded DNA and (except for mycoplasmas) cell walls. (msdmanuals.com)
Checkpoint9
  • His laboratory also contributed to understanding how replication origins are regulated by checkpoint kinases in response to DNA damage. (royalsociety.org)
  • Before proceeding forward to anaphase, the cell will check if all kinetochores are properly attached to microtubules and it is called spindle checkpoint. (vedantu.com)
  • The spindle checkpoint ensures that the sister chromatids are split equally into two daughter cells. (vedantu.com)
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • In addition, we investigated several cell cycle-related proteins and found that co-knockdown of hTopBP1 and hMYH significantly diminished cell cycle arrest due to compromised checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, we suggest that the interaction between hMYH and hTopBP1 is crucial for activation of the ATR-mediated cell cycle checkpoint. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of ATR phosphorylates a number of downstream proteins that coordinate the cell cycle checkpoint. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle? (easynotecards.com)
Mitotic5
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • In the following, we will learn about the mitotic process of cell division. (vedantu.com)
  • The mitotic spindle grows between the centrosomes of the cell as they move towards different poles. (vedantu.com)
  • The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Destruction of cyclin B during metaphase results in inactivation of Cdk1, allowing mitotic exit and cell division. (arigobio.cn)
Genetic material4
  • During the S phase, the replication of the cell's genetic material, DNA, occurs. (coursehero.com)
  • Cell division is the process in which a cell duplicates itself by dividing its genetic material. (vedantu.com)
  • A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • It is an integral part of any living bodies and surrounded by a cell membrane and contains genetic material as well as organelles that conduct particular functions. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
Origins4
  • John Diffley is known for his elegant use of genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology to elaborate the events that occur at origins of eukaryotic DNA replication throughout the cell cycle. (royalsociety.org)
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (nature.com)
  • Replication of DNA is initiated at multiple sites along the genome, known as replication origins, which form bidirectional replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Endosymbiosis is a theory that explains the origins of organelles in eukarotic cells. (scienceaid.co.uk)
Nuclei2
  • Timecourses have been conducted to quantify the number and type of replicating nuclei, together with other cell-biological features, in P. falciparum parasites across the course of both erythrocytic schizogony and gametogenesis. (europa.eu)
  • Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. (easynotecards.com)
Mechanism7
  • It was known that DNA replication occurred through the breakage of the double DNA strand, but the enzyme responsible for ligating the strands back together, and mechanism of action, was unknown until Lehman, Gellert, Richardson, and Hurwitz laboratories, made significant contributions to the discovery of DNA ligase in 1967. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication share a similar underlying mechanism, there are notable distinctions due to the larger size and more complex structure of eukaryotic DNA. (microbiologynote.com)
  • 1) Understand the molecular language of initiator liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)Replication initiator factors have intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that drive DNA-dependent LLPS but the mechanism underlying this is unknown. (tx.us)
  • The inheritance of the histone H3 variant CENP-A in nucleosomes at centromeres following DNA replication is mediated by an epigenetic mechanism. (uea.ac.uk)
  • As stem cells have elongated proliferative capacity, they should have a mechanism that maintains telomere length through many cell divisions. (nature.com)
  • This form of division is termed closed mitosis, and it is considered to be the most ancient mechanism of eukaryotic cell division. (iu.edu)
  • The ultimate goal is to generate two genetically identical daughter cells, a crucial mechanism that drives multicellular animals' development, tissue repair, and cellular reproduction. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
Archaea2
  • DNA replication in prokaryotes, such as bacteria and archaea, is the process by which the genome is copied so that a daughter cell can be created. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Cells can be prokaryotic (like bacteria and archaea) or eukaryotic (like plants, mammals, fungi, and protists), and they are in charge of all necessary processes for an organism's existence and reproduction. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
Bacteria2
  • However, thus far, its use has been limited to studies in bacteria or to processes occurring near the surface of eukaryotic cells. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Bacteria are particularly efficient in developing resistance because of their ability to multiply very rapidly and because they can easily transfer their resistance genes (by normal replication and conjugation). (biomedcentral.com)
Biology4
  • To do this, we use a variety of approaches including genetics, cell biology and biochemistry. (crick.ac.uk)
  • Cell Biology looks at cell's structure, function and chemistry. (scienceaid.co.uk)
  • In addition research into animal viruses has made an important contribution to our understanding of viruses in general, their replication, molecular biology , evolution and interaction with the host. (bionity.com)
  • The molecular replicative machinery utilized by the Plasmodium parasite, as well as whether the parasite uses local and global checkpoints to control the timing of DNA replication and nuclear division, remain a major gap of knowledge in the biology of the parasite. (iu.edu)
Process17
  • LIG1 encodes DNA ligase I, which functions in DNA replication and the base excision repair process. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Errors in this process can cause the mutations leading a cell down the path to cancer. (crick.ac.uk)
  • 1. Describe the process of DNA replication based on Chargaff rules. (ppt-online.org)
  • 2. Know and understand the process of DNA replication. (ppt-online.org)
  • During what process does replication take place in a eukaryotic cell? (ppt-online.org)
  • DNA replication is the biological process whereby two identical copies of DNA are synthesised from a single DNA molecule . (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA replication is defined as the process a DNA molecule undergoes to make a complete and identical copy of itself, readying a cell for cell division. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • To understand the process of epigenetic inheritance, or propagation of histones and histone variants, as nucleosomes are disassembled and reassembled in living eukaryotic cells, we have explored the feasibility of exploiting photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM). (uea.ac.uk)
  • In a eukaryotic cell, division for sexual reproduction or vegetative growth occurs through a process involving the replication of DNA, followed by two rounds of division without an intervening round of DNA replication. (vedantu.com)
  • The regulation of telomere length and telomerase activity is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly linked to cell cycle regulation in human stem cells. (nature.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Differential centrifugation is a process that breaks open a cell and it is homogenised and centrifuged. (scienceaid.co.uk)
  • Exocytosis is a process by which cells 1) pass substances out of the cell through the membrane by diffusion 2) release substances directly into the extracellular fluid through a pore 3) release substances directly into the extracellular fluid through a pit 4) pass substances out of the cell in vesicles 5) identify substances in the environment 3. (studyres.com)
  • Some cells replicate faster and others slower, and the entire process can be interrupted. (visionlearning.com)
  • This process is critical for growth, tissue healing, and asexual reproduction because it ensures that an organism's cell count is maintained and that damaged or dead cells are replaced with new ones. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
Sister chromatids2
  • The cell replicates its DNA, forming sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
  • In this stage, the sister chromatids separate from each other and move towards the opposite poles of the cell. (vedantu.com)
Forks4
  • Due to the presence of just one replication origin in bacterial DNA, only two replication forks are generated during replication. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Both of these replication forks can move in either direction. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The controlled assembly of replication forks is critical for genome stability. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • During ATR signaling in response to DNA damage, Rad17 forms a complex with 9-1-1 and loads onto stalled replication forks [ 4 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Fork4
  • The Y-shaped structure so formed is known as a replication fork. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The junction between the now unwound single strands of DNA and the intact double helix is called a replication fork . (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • The replication fork moves along the parental DNA strand so that there is a continuous unwinding of the parental strands. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • DNA replication occurs in reverse headings between the two new strands in the replication fork, however all DNA polymerases join DNA within the 5 ′ to 3 ′ course for the incorporated strand that is not far back. (differencey.com)
Processes1
  • The amount of DNA in all eukaryotic DNA is better maintained than in the other processes and is consistently higher than zero. (differencey.com)
Molecular3
  • Whilst this developmental cycle is reasonably well characterized morphologically, the molecular and cellular signals that trigger the differentiation of EB-to-RB and RB-to-EB are unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In depth knowledge of the molecular basis of the viral cycle is needed to control viral pathogenesis and disease spreading. (bionity.com)
  • The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
Undergoes2
Yeast2
  • Using this approach, CENP-ACnp1 levels at fission yeast (S. pombe) centromeres were followed as they change during the cell cycle. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Laue, Ernest D. / Quantitative single-molecule microscopy reveals that CENP-A Cnp1 deposition occurs during G2 in fission yeast . (uea.ac.uk)
Replicative4
  • d) investigation of cell-cycle checkpoints and replicative responses to the changing environment in the human host and to antimalarial drugs. (europa.eu)
  • In S. cerevisiae , origin licensing occurs by the assembly during G1 phase of a pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) at each potential origin. (nature.com)
  • Thus, even in stem cells, except for embryonal stem cells and cancer stem cells, telomere shortening occurs during replicative ageing, possibly at a slower rate than that in normal somatic cells. (nature.com)
  • A critical length of telomere repeats is required to ensure proper telomere function and avoid the activation of DNA damage pathways that result in replicative senescence or cell death. (nature.com)
Round of DNA replication2
Genomes1
  • Eukaroyotic genomes are so large that replication must occur simutaniously on many parts of the strand to ensure that it is complete. (ppt-online.org)
Molecule1
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
Anaphase1
  • Crossing-over can occur between homologues during 1) anaphase I 2) metaphase I 3) prophase II 4) metaphase II 5) pr ophase I 4. (studyres.com)
Replicates1
  • During the asexual stage of the life cycle, Plasmodium falciparum replicates via schizogony, a division mode that can be divided into a growth phase and a budding phase. (iu.edu)
Fission1
  • therefore, these cells have an unlimited fission potential. (actanaturae.ru)
Identical1
  • DNA replication guarantees that each daughter cell inherits an identical set of genetic information from its parent cells. (microbiologynote.com)
Proteins are required1
Binds1
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (nature.com)
Prokaryotic cells1
Gene3
  • The LIG1 gene encodes a, 120kDa enzyme, 919 residues long, known as DNA ligase I. The DNA ligase I polypeptide contains an N-terminal replication factory-targeting sequence (RFTS), followed by a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and three functional domains. (wikipedia.org)
  • An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. (lookformedical.com)
  • Even though sickle-cell anemia is usually fatal to homozygous individuals, the disease persists because 1) a combination of all of the above 2) the disease is carried on a dominant allele 3) individuals with one allele for sickle-cell anemia ar e r esistant to malar ia 4) none of the above 5) gene therapy has alleviated the condition 15. (studyres.com)
Plasmodium4
  • Remarkably little is known about Plasmodium cell cycles, despite a wealth of knowledge on the subject in human cells. (europa.eu)
  • This project will reveal, with unprecedented resolution, how DNA replication is organised in Plasmodium and how it can be affected by changing conditions in the human host and exposure to antimalarial drugs. (europa.eu)
  • To do this, I have developed a method for labelling nascent DNA replication, which was not hitherto possible in Plasmodium. (europa.eu)
  • What evolutionary advantage does asynchronous mitosis bring to Plasmodium spp asexual replication? (iu.edu)
Organism5
  • For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction - an entire new organism is created. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. (ivy-way.com)
  • During mitosis the DNA in the cell is divided so that each daughter cells receives a complete copy of the organism's genome. (scienceprimer.com)
  • Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate. (lookformedical.com)
Another replication1
  • Replication stops when the leading strand of one replication bubble collides with the trailing strand of another replication bubble. (microbiologynote.com)
Involves1
  • The chlamydial developmental cycle involves the alternation between the metabolically inert elementary body (EB) and the replicating reticulate body (RB). (biomedcentral.com)
Meiosis4
  • Our experts at Vedantu have covered everything about cell division for Class 11 students, be it different types of mitosis, meiosis, or any other forms of cell division that you would need to know about. (vedantu.com)
  • In meiosis, the daughter cells will only have half of the genetic information of the original cell. (vedantu.com)
  • Eukaryotic cell divisions can be classified as mitosis (equational division) and meiosis (reductional division). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The third main form of cell division is meiosis. (github.io)
Strands4
  • The two unwound strands that will be used as replication templates are stabilised by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Similar to prokaryotic DNA replication, both the leading and lagging strands are generated. (microbiologynote.com)
  • DNA replication is referred to as semi-conservative as one of the two strands is conserved/retained from one generation to the next, while the other strand is brand new. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
  • It is important to note that this separation of the parental DNA strands occurs along a small section at a time. (atarsurvivalguide.com)
Organelles3
  • The cell ensures that it has adequate resources and components necessary for cell division, such as sufficient organelles and proteins involved in mitosis. (bloggerscafe.com.au)
  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that perform essential cell functions. (nir1000.com)
  • These organelles generate power by converting energy into forms that are usable by the cell. (nir1000.com)
Viruses8
  • Pandoravirus DNA and virions are synthesized and assembled simultaneously, in contrast to eukaryotic DNA viruses and phages which fill pre-formed capsids with DNA. (virology.ws)
  • Unlike many viruses they do not have any polymerase in the virus particle as the genome can be read directly as mRNA when it first enters the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
  • Bacteriophages, bacterial viruses unable to infect eukaryotic cells, constitute a serious alternative to antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We evaluated cell lines commonly used to isolate viruses and diagnose related diseases for their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • We analyzed MDCK cells, which are most commonly used for surveillance and study of influenza viruses, and found that they were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • Isolating and propagating viruses from clinical specimens in cell cultures or embryonated chicken eggs is widely used to identify multiple viruses and produce vaccines, mostly under Biosafety Level 2 containment. (cdc.gov)
  • We conducted this study to determine whether cell lines and eggs commonly used to isolate and propagate influenza viruses, poliovirus, and other human viruses can support productive replication of SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • Our study provides additional information on the risk of inadvertently propagating SARS-CoV-2 in cell lines and substrates when isolating, identifying, propagating, or producing vaccines for other viruses. (cdc.gov)
Division19
Strand1
  • In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replications, one old and one new strand are present in the daughter cell, making them semi-conservative DNA replications. (microbiologynote.com)
Cellular6
  • In somatic cells, the activity of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that can elongate telomeric repeats, is usually diminished after birth so that the telomere length is gradually shortened with cell divisions, and triggers cellular senescence. (nature.com)
  • Some of the simplest models in ARB are the Metabolic-Replication, or (M,R)--systems introduced by Robert Rosen in 1957-1958 as abstract, relational models of cellular and organismal organization. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enables cells to communicate and respond to external environments, maintain cellular homeostasis, and transduce signals. (mdpi.com)
  • At this point in the cycle the cell has two complete copies of its DNA and enough cellular material to support two cells. (scienceprimer.com)
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for proteins that are involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, which occur in cellular respiration. (nir1000.com)
  • Several of the steps in cellular respiration, including the Citric Acid Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes. (nir1000.com)