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Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic AcidBase SequenceDNA, SatelliteMolecular Sequence DataNucleic Acid RenaturationDNAEukaryotic CellsCentromereEvolution, MolecularNucleic Acid HybridizationCloning, MolecularPhylogenyEukaryotaSequence Analysis, DNADNA Transposable ElementsHeterochromatinDNA, PlantChromosomesSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidTandem Repeat SequencesGenome, PlantBlotting, SouthernSpecies SpecificityDNA Restriction EnzymesAmino Acid SequenceDNA ProbesRetroelementsGenomeGenome SizeChromosome MappingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceSequence AlignmentGenesDNA, FungalRecombination, GeneticPrimed In Situ LabelingInterspersed Repetitive SequencesEuchromatinMultigene FamilyModels, GeneticBiological EvolutionSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialCosmidsTelomereAlu ElementsProkaryotic CellsDNA FingerprintingPlantsDeoxyribonuclease HpaIIChromosomes, PlantBase CompositionTranscription, GeneticLong Interspersed Nucleotide Elementsbeta-LipotropinRestriction MappingDNA, RecombinantShort Interspersed Nucleotide ElementsGenome, FungalNucleic Acid DenaturationHymenopteraPolyploidyConserved SequenceGenome, InsectPolymerase Chain ReactionDNA, BacterialDNA, RibosomalZea maysY ChromosomeMutationChromatinGenomic LibraryDrosophila melanogasterChromosomes, HumanNucleic Acid ConformationSecale cerealeGenes, FungalGene LibraryDNA, ProtozoanGenetic VariationSequence Homology, Amino AcidArabidopsisCell NucleusArchaeaGenomicsDeoxyribonuclease EcoRIFungal ProteinsChromosomes, FungalRNADNA MethylationPlasmidsDNA PrimersSex ChromosomesDNA ReplicationDNA, IntergenicComputational BiologyChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneOpen Reading FramesEscherichia coli
SequencesGenomesProteinsChromosomeGenesMethylationPolymeraseSequenceGenomicEpigeneticChromosomesProkaryotesEvolutionaryHighly repetitiveSister chromatidProteinNucleusNucleosomeHistone modificationsRecombinationTransposonsStrandsDiploidSynthesisMoleculeGeneGeneticStructuralMechanismStrandCerevisiaeEvolutionRibosomalRepeatsCellularJunk DNANucleosomesSingle-strandedModificationsProkaryotic cellsSpeciesOrganismsOriginsDrosophilaForm
Sequences21
  • We find that this type of non-canonical fork convergence in fission yeast is prone to trigger deletions between repetitive DNA sequences via a mechanism we call Inter-Fork Strand Annealing (IFSA) that depends on the recombination proteins Rad52, Exo1 and Mus81, and is countered by the FANCM-related DNA helicase Fml1. (elifesciences.org)
  • Dulbecco also argued that such a project should be "an international undertaking, because the sequence of the human DNA is the reality of the species, and everything that happens in the world depends upon those sequences. (learner.org)
  • DNA methylation, particularly 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at CpG sequences, is widely conserved in eukaryotes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are repetitive DNA sequences invading the genomes of eukaryotes. (eimb.ru)
  • In eukaryotes, repetitive DNA sequences are transcriptionally silenced through histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3). (bvsalud.org)
  • Transposable elements, such as Long INterspersed Elements (LINEs), are DNA sequences that can replicate within genomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • repetitive sequences. (scirp.org)
  • Satellite DNA is a class of repetitive sequences that are organized in long arrays of tandemly repeated units in most eukaryotes. (figshare.com)
  • Long considered as selfish DNA, satellite sequences are now proposed to contribute to genome integrity. (figshare.com)
  • Gain or loss of chromosomal regions, which can result in genome instability and diseases such as cancer, are commonly instigated by repetitive DNA sequences as these are abundant in eukaryotes and often trigger chromosome restructuring. (utoronto.ca)
  • We have discovered how interactions between chromosomal complexes and inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins organize several chromosomal regions characterized by repetitive DNA sequences at the nuclear envelope in order to maintain silent chromatin, genome stability and cellular lifespan. (utoronto.ca)
  • The problem is solved in most eukaryotes by the addition of repeated sequences to the chromosome ends [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila's chromosome ends are capped by arrays of retrotransposons and the adjacent subtelomeric DNA consists of repetitive elements called telomere-associated sequences (TAS) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most of these sequences qualify as junk but they are littered with defective transposable elements that are already included in the calculation of junk DNA. (blogspot.com)
  • This annotation step is traditionally performed using alignment based methods, either in a de novo approach or by aligning the genome sequence to a species specific set of repetitive sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, Li (Bioinformatics 35:4408-4410, 2019) developed a novel software tool dna-brnn to annotate repetitive sequences using a recurrent neural network trained on sample annotations of repetitive elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alphoid repeats or human alpha satellites are a human specific subclass of satellite DNA, which are long sequences of non-coding DNA appearing in tandems, i.e. the repeat instances follow each other without long gaps. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dalíková M, Provazníková I, Provazník J , Grof-Tisza P, Pepi A, Nguyen P. (2023) The role of repetitive sequences in repatterning of major ribosomal DNA clusters in Lepidoptera. (jcu.cz)
  • The genomic data available nowadays has enabled the study of repetitive sequences and their relationship to viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among these repetitive sequences are the transposable elements (TEs), which are mobile genetic sequences present in plants and in all eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While many DNA sequences are not used to produce proteins, specific functions have been found for much of this supposed "junk. (drwile.com)
Genomes7
  • Methylated CG (mCG) is the most abundant form of mC in plant genomes and predominantly occurs in noncoding regions such as transposable elements and other repetitive DNA regions 14 , 15 . (nature.com)
  • Like mammalian genomes, the sea urchin genome contains a lot of junk DNA, especially repetitive DNA. (blogspot.com)
  • Repetitive elements contribute a large part of eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, about 40 to 50% of human, mouse and rat genomes are repetitive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, in the genomes of rat, mouse and human approximately 40 to 50% of the DNA consists of repeats [ 2 ] and these are divided into many different and partly not easily distinguishable classes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TEs comprise approximately 45 % of the human genome and form the vast majority of the total DNA content of most plant genomes, in some cases reaching close to 80 % [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genomes of bacterial cells ( prokaryotes ), which lack a nucleus, are typically circular DNA molecules that associate with special structures in the cell membrane. (jrank.org)
Proteins9
  • The classical view of the flow of genetic information has been from DNA to RNA to proteins. (utoronto.ca)
  • More recently, so called non-coding RNA molecules that do not lead to proteins have also been found to be able to directly affect the cell by impacting DNA, other RNAs, and proteins. (utoronto.ca)
  • Groundbreaking work in biochemistry has led to our knowledge of the structure of DNA, RNA and proteins and it holds the promise of further breakthroughs in treatment in the future. (hud.ac.uk)
  • Other enzymes (e.g. helicase, topoisomerase, and DNA ligase) and protein factors (e.g. origin binding proteins and single-stranded binding proteins) are required for the replication process. (online-sciences.com)
  • Therefore, the function of DNA is to produce proteins. (hafsaabbas.com)
  • Sheikh S , Pánek T, Gahura O, Týč J, Záhonová K, Lukeš J, Eliáš M, Hashimi H. (2023) A novel group of dynamin-related proteins shared by eukaryotes and giant viruses is able to remodel mitochondria from within the matrix Molecular Biology and Evolution 40: msad134. (jcu.cz)
  • In fact, these are irregularly shaped nucleus-like primitive holding of the genetic materials that include one or two circular chromosomes (mostly a single circular chromosome) that are made up of DNA, RNA, histones, and other cellular proteins. (onlyzoology.com)
  • For instance, SMC proteins (COOH-terminal fragments) are capable of binding DNA in the absence of Mcd1p. (rupress.org)
  • In eukaryotes , the DNA molecules that make up the genome are packaged with proteins into chromosomes, each of which contains a single linear DNA molecule. (jrank.org)
Chromosome8
  • CENPA is a histone H3 variant which is the critical factor determining the kinetochore position(s) on each chromosome in most eukaryotes including humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under circumstances in which CENPA is lost from a chromosome a fail-safe mechanism has been described in human cells in which CENPB recruits CENPA via a satellite DNA binding domain to repopulate the centromere with CENPA nucleosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at multiple origin sites along each chromosome and terminates when replication forks (RFs) from adjacent origins converge. (elifesciences.org)
  • One special type of plasmid used for genome sequencing is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , which can contain DNA fragments of about 150 kb. (learner.org)
  • The bacterial DNA is very much simple and is contained totally equipped within a single circular molecule, called the bacterial chromosome. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Just, for example, the E. coil bacteria contains 4.6×10 6 bp (Four million six hundred thousand base pairs) in its 1.36mm length of DNA that makes their single circular chromosome. (onlyzoology.com)
  • In eukaryotes, DNA replication is separated in time from chromosome segregation. (rupress.org)
  • For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
Genes9
  • These genes comprise only about two percent of the entire DNA. (learner.org)
  • We also observed a correlation between gbM and gene expression flexibility: genes with low DNA methylation tend to show flexible gene expression and plasticity under changing conditions. (nature.com)
  • Gene body DNA methylation (gbM) refers to genes with enriched mCG within the transcribed regions and depletion at the transcriptional start and termination sites 16 , 17 . (nature.com)
  • Retrospective studies of the survivors of famines, such as those exposed to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-45, have linked exposures around conception to later disease outcomes, some of which correlate with DNA methylation changes at certain genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Repetitive genes and noncoding DNA. (unizg.hr)
  • The aim of this article, aims to inform you the difference between DNA, genes and chromosomes. (hafsaabbas.com)
  • Bacterial DNA can contain anywhere between 1 million to 5 million base pairs which constitute anywhere between 500 to 3000 genes. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Studies of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) have shown that open and closed chromatin structures are dynamically regulated through multiple mechanisms, including histone modifications, histone variant incorporation, and DNA methylation (reviewed in reference 17 ). (asm.org)
  • Before a cell divides, DNA must be precisely copied, or "replicated," so that each of the two daughter cells can inherit a complete genome, the full set of genes present in the organism. (jrank.org)
Methylation26
  • Mutations in HELLS, its activator CDCA7, and the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B, cause immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with the loss of DNA methylation. (elifesciences.org)
  • We hypothesize that CDCA7 becomes dispensable in species that lost HELLS or DNA methylation, and/or the loss of CDCA7 triggers the replacement of DNA methylation by other chromatin regulation mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • Our study suggests that a unique specialized role of CDCA7 in HELLS-dependent DNA methylation maintenance is broadly inherited from the last eukaryotic common ancestor. (elifesciences.org)
  • This important manuscript reveals signatures of co-evolution of two nucleosome remodeling factors, Lsh/HELLS and CDCA7, which are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic DNA methylation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The results suggest that the roles for the two factors in DNA methylation maintenance pathways can be traced back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor and that the CDC7A-HELLS-DNMT axis shaped the evolutionary retention of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. (elifesciences.org)
  • it remains unclear if there is any common process or event that leads to the loss of DNA methylation systems in certain evolutionary lineages. (elifesciences.org)
  • Could the emergence or loss of a specific nucleosome regulator affect the evolution of DNA methylation as an epigenetic mechanism? (elifesciences.org)
  • Maintenance DNMTs (directly or indirectly) recognize hemimethylated CpGs and restore symmetric methylation at these sites to prevent the passive loss of 5mC upon DNA replication. (elifesciences.org)
  • Conversely, methylation by de novo DNMTs does not require methylated DNA templates. (elifesciences.org)
  • The role of DNA methylation and its interaction with gene expression and transcriptome plasticity is poorly understood, and current insight comes mainly from studies in very few model plant species. (nature.com)
  • Here, we study gene body DNA methylation (gbM) and gene expression patterns in ecotypes from contrasting thermal environments of two marine plants with contrasting life history strategies in order to explore the potential role epigenetic mechanisms could play in gene plasticity and responsiveness to heat stress. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, the empirical determination of global DNA methylation (5-mC) showed patterns of intra and inter-specific divergence that suggests a link between methylation level and the plants' latitude of origin and life history. (nature.com)
  • We initiated a study of telomeric silencing in Neurospora crassa , a fungus that sports DNA methylation, unlike most other organisms in which telomeric silencing has been characterized. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subtelomeres showed variable, but generally low, levels of DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Elimination of DNA methylation caused partial derepression of one telomeric marker. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our studies also reveal silencing functions for DIM-5 and HP1 that appear independent of their role in de novo DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Telomeric silencing has been demonstrated in organisms ranging from yeasts to humans (reviewed in [ 9 ]) but it has been best characterized in S. cerevisiae , Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Drosophila melanogaster , organisms that have no, or very little, DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • N 6 -deoxyadenosine methylation (6mA) is the most widespread type of DNA modification in prokaryotes and is also abundantly distributed in some unicellular eukaryotes. (nature.com)
  • DNA methylation is the most commonly studied epigenetic mark in humans, as it is well recognised as a stable, heritable mark that can affect genome function and influence gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Somatic DNA methylation patterns that can persist throughout life are established shortly after fertilisation when the majority of epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, are erased from the pre-implantation embryo. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, the period around conception is potentially critical for influencing DNA methylation, including methylation at imprinted alleles and metastable epialleles (MEs), loci where methylation varies between individuals but is correlated across tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • Animal models have shown more directly that DNA methylation can be affected by dietary supplements that act as cofactors in one-carbon metabolism, and in humans, methylation at birth has been associated with peri-conceptional micronutrient supplementation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Placenta-associated pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, are all associated with aberrant patterns of DNA methylation and expression which are only now being linked to disease risk later in life. (frontiersin.org)
  • Part of this connection may come through DNA methylation, patterns of which are known to change under different conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review will summarise current knowledge on the effect of early environmental exposure on later disease risk, especially where this may be mediated by DNA methylation. (frontiersin.org)
  • In mammalian cells, active and silent rDNA promoters are characterized by specific histone modifications, DNA methylation, and positioning of the promoter-bound nucleosome (reviewed in reference 22 ). (asm.org)
Polymerase5
  • Mechanistically, the human silencing hub (HUSH) complex interacts with the leading-strand DNA polymerase Pol ε and contributes to the asymmetric segregation of H3K9me3. (bvsalud.org)
  • DNA polymerase γ synthesizes mitochondrial DNA . (online-sciences.com)
  • DNA polymerase ε removes the primers of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. (online-sciences.com)
  • You can isolate virtually any DNA sequence by means of the polymerase chain reaction , or PCR . (cliffsnotes.com)
  • These primers act as initiators for DNA polymerase, which copies each strand of the original double‐stranded DNA. (cliffsnotes.com)
Sequence7
  • This means that the position of CENPA protein binding to the genome is copied upon cell division to the two daughter cells independent of the underlying DNA sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • In most eukaryotes, telomeres consist of tandem arrays of a short repetitive DNA sequence. (telomerescience.com)
  • DNA sequence. (scirp.org)
  • Epigenetic marks are heritable DNA modifications that can influence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. (frontiersin.org)
  • A sequence of three DNA bases that code for an amino acid is called a codon. (hafsaabbas.com)
  • Because a single DNA sequence is obtained by PCR, sequence information can also be obtained directly. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • Unique and repetitive sequence DNA. (unipv.it)
Genomic2
  • Problems that arise during DNA replication can drive genomic alterations that are instrumental in the development of cancers and many human genetic disorders. (elifesciences.org)
  • Based on our findings, we propose that IFSA is a potential threat to genomic stability in eukaryotes. (elifesciences.org)
Epigenetic4
  • The position of CENPA within satellite DNA are heritable at the protein level through a purely epigenetic mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Together, these discoveries have extended the boundaries in our traditional understanding of 6mA, therefore having the potential to further expand the existing pool of known epigenetic markers found in eukaryotes. (nature.com)
  • Despite this, researches on the identification of 6mA and functional studies are few and there is currently limited evidence to support 6mA as an epigenetic regulator in higher eukaryotes 18 . (nature.com)
  • Although it is clear that switching among BESs does not involve DNA rearrangements and that regulation is probably epigenetic, it remains unknown why BESs are transcribed by Pol I and what roles are played by chromatin structure and histone modifications. (asm.org)
Chromosomes3
Prokaryotes2
  • The course will also deal with the structural and functional features of genetic material, how genetic information is stored, coded and expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (unipv.it)
  • Despite the hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history separating eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the features of the replication process have been highly conserved between them. (jrank.org)
Evolutionary2
  • While DNMT3, the maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, HELLS, and CDCA7 are all highly conserved in vertebrates and green plants, they are frequently co-lost in other evolutionary clades. (elifesciences.org)
  • The idea that much of an organism's genome could be filled with "junk DNA" is a perfect example of how evolutionary thinking produces absurd conclusions. (drwile.com)
Highly repetitive2
  • In most eukaryotes CENPA is loaded into large domains of highly repetitive satellite DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cod is a large and complex eukaryote with a number of highly repetitive regions in its genome. (norwegianamerican.com)
Sister chromatid2
  • This so-called recombination-dependent replication (RDR) helps ensure that DNA is fully replicated prior to sister chromatid segregation, thereby avoiding mitotic catastrophes. (elifesciences.org)
  • The identification of both replication factor C and DNA helicases as critical for sister chromatid pairing has brought new insights into this fundamental process. (rupress.org)
Protein2
  • DNA just codes for RNA, which codes for protein. (learner.org)
  • The strain displayed remarkable degradation of edible oil and fat even at 5 degrees C. The LipYY31 DNA fragment contains an open reading frame of 1,410 bp which encoded a protein of 470 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 49,584 Da. (inrae.fr)
Nucleus6
  • This first of our two main lab research themes aims to decipher the impact of non-random positioning of DNA loci within the nucleus on fundemental cellular processes as well as various physiological and pathological settings. (utoronto.ca)
  • What defines preferred DNA locus positions within the nucleus and how this affects genome stability and function is unclear. (utoronto.ca)
  • This work is unlocking many of the secrets of DNA organization in the nucleus. (utoronto.ca)
  • DNA replication occurs in the nucleus during the synthetic (S) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle . (online-sciences.com)
  • Amongst the organelles in the cell is the nucleus that contains the genetic information in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to control the cell. (hafsaabbas.com)
  • Also that, in the nucleus of eukaryotes you will find nucleoplasm and nucleolus. (onlyzoology.com)
Nucleosome1
  • Regulation of nucleosome density is therefore an important mechanism to enable the transcription machinery to access the DNA. (asm.org)
Histone modifications1
  • These include chemical modifications of DNA bases, post-translational histone modifications and chromatin structure, and their configuration can be affected by a variety of environmental exposures. (frontiersin.org)
Recombination2
  • alignment during DNA recombination [17]. (scirp.org)
  • We are actively engage in research that will help us understand the role of this spatial organization in various fundemental cellular processes including DNA repair, recombination, and replication. (utoronto.ca)
Transposons1
  • Both deletions and inversions show a significant overlap with SINE elements, while inversions additionally show a limited, but significant association with DNA transposons. (biomedcentral.com)
Strands5
  • Although the role of H3K9me3 in the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin silencing has been extensively studied4-6, the pattern and mechanism that underlie the partitioning of parental H3K9me3 at replicating DNA strands are unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • DNA replication is the process of DNA synthesis using parent DNA strands as a template. (online-sciences.com)
  • First, the original DNA is denatured by heat treatment to make two separated strands. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • Then the two primers are hybridized to the DNA, one to each of the two separated strands. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • The original two strands of DNA now become four strands, which are then denatured. (cliffsnotes.com)
Diploid2
  • All sexually reproducing, multicellular diploid eukaryotes begin life as embryos. (asu.edu)
  • In the end, we were able to generate 25x genome coverage and an assembly with few, large scaffolds, a major achievement given the diploid and non-inbred nature of our DNA source," explained Kjetill Jakobsen, Professor at the University of Oslo (UiO) and consortium leader. (norwegianamerican.com)
Synthesis4
  • Regardless of its precise form, collapse renders the fork incompetent for further DNA synthesis. (elifesciences.org)
  • DNA replication is semiconservative: Each DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new strand producing two DNA molecules , each with one new strand and one old strand. (online-sciences.com)
  • The RNA-primed synthesis of DNA demonstrating the template function of the complementary strand parental DNA . (online-sciences.com)
  • The synthesis of a DNA molecule can be divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. (online-sciences.com)
Molecule4
  • It aims at the formation of a copy of the parent DNA molecule for the daughter cell. (online-sciences.com)
  • DNA replication begins at specific locations of replication in the cell , and it produces two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule . (online-sciences.com)
  • To identify and understand the structure of the DNA molecule. (hafsaabbas.com)
  • A gene occupies a fixed position, called a locus, on a particular DNA molecule. (hafsaabbas.com)
Gene3
Genetic4
  • 18.DNA, RNA and the flow of genetic information. (unizg.hr)
  • This structure allows DNA to be adapted to its function as storying and expressing genetic material. (hafsaabbas.com)
  • Bacteria are the most primitive and first formed living single cells that contain DNA as the genetic material. (onlyzoology.com)
  • DNA is the carrier of genetic information. (jrank.org)
Structural1
  • While [ 11 ] mainly describes structural properties of two of the four repetitive element classes, we additionally highlight the biological importance and, if possible, function of specific repetitive elements. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanism3
  • This combines the basic concepts of Li (Bioinformatics 35:4408-4410, 2019) with current techniques developed for neural machine translation, the attention mechanism, for the task of nucleotide-level annotation of repetitive elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that modified DNA bases are prone to form a local open region that allows capture by antibody, for example, via a DNA breathing or base-flipping mechanism. (nature.com)
  • Having multiple origins of replication provides a mechanism for rapidly replicating the great length of eukaryotic DNA molecules. (online-sciences.com)
Strand3
  • The free 3´ hydroxyl group of the primer acts as an accepter for the first deoxyribonucleotide in the newly formed DNA strand. (online-sciences.com)
  • DNA polymerases utilize one deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate as a source of the deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate for the growing DNA strand by the removal of pyrophosphate. (online-sciences.com)
  • Each cycle of PCR involves three steps: DNA double strand separation, primer hybridization, and copying. (cliffsnotes.com)
Cerevisiae1
  • While Sir2p homologues (sirtuins) have been found in all eukaryotes examined, Sir3p and Sir4p are restricted to close relatives of S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
Evolution2
  • 5-Methylcytosine (5mC) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are broadly conserved in eukaryotes but are also frequently lost during evolution. (elifesciences.org)
  • A recent overview of functions and the evolution of repetitive elements can be found in [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Ribosomal1
  • Only ∼50% of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is transcribed in proliferating cells. (asm.org)
Repeats2
  • DeepGRP predicts two additional classes of repeats (compared to dna-brnn ) and is able to transfer repeat annotations, using RepeatMasker-based training data to a different species (mouse). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The function of repetitive elements has been discussed for a long time [ 3 ] and only recently has the importance of repeats in cellular processes begun to open up [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular2
Junk DNA10
  • Biologists once thought that this noncoding DNA was just junk, and hence called it "junk DNA. (learner.org)
  • As we will see below, evidence now suggests that some junk DNA may have functions. (learner.org)
  • In "Ask the Experts" somebody asked What is junk DNA, and what is it worth? (blogspot.com)
  • In 1972 the late geneticist Susumu Ohno coined the term "junk DNA" to describe all noncoding sections of a genome, most of which consist of repeated segments scattered randomly throughout the genome. (blogspot.com)
  • Susumu Ohno is famous for postulating the existence of "junk DNA. (drwile.com)
  • John Farrell reviews my book: "Junk DNA: Why human beings have inherited a 'sloppy genome. (blogspot.com)
  • His opening presentation begins at 17:50 and it's worth watching to see how important the junk DNA debate is to the ID crowd. (blogspot.com)
  • Sternberg reflects the views of many Intelligent Design Creationists who tout the "debunking" of junk DNA as one of their greatest intellectual achievements because they predicted all along that there couldn't be large amounts of junk DNA in our genome because that's incompatible with intelligent design. (blogspot.com)
  • I find it strange that Intelligent Design Creationists are relying so heavily on the so-called debunking of junk DNA, especially since in Sternberg's case he is well aware of the fact that some prominent scientists have criticized ENCODE. (blogspot.com)
  • If our genome is mostly junk DNA (it is! (blogspot.com)
Nucleosomes1
  • Unusually for a histone, CENPA nucleosomes are not loaded together with DNA replication and are loaded at different cell cycle stages in different organisms: G1 phase in human, M phase in drosophila, G2 in S. pombe. (wikipedia.org)
Single-stranded1
  • DNA polymerases require the presence of a primer (i.e. oligonucleotide of RNA with free 3´ hydroxyl group), a template (i.e single-stranded DNA), and deoxyribonucleotides (d ATP , d CTP, d GTP, and d TTP) in order to function. (online-sciences.com)
Modifications1
  • DNA modifications have been discovered and extensively studied for decades 1 . (nature.com)
Prokaryotic cells1
Species1
  • almost all CDCA7 harboring eukaryote species also have HELLS and DNMT1 (or another maintenance methyltransferase, DNMT5). (elifesciences.org)
Organisms2
  • DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part of biological inheritance. (online-sciences.com)
  • Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes that are related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. (inrae.fr)
Origins1
  • Identification of the origins of replication: Origins of replication in eukaryotes (e.g. yeast) are called replicators. (online-sciences.com)
Drosophila1
Form1
  • Understanding the stages of embryonic development is vital to explaining how eukaryotes form and how they are related on the tree of life. (asu.edu)