AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Angiotensin IIReninRenin-Angiotensin SystemReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 1Receptors, AngiotensinAngiotensin IAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 2Angiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensinogenPeptidyl-Dipeptidase AAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsLosartanAngiotensinsTetrazolesBlood PressureKidneyAngiotensin II Type 2 Receptor BlockersEnalaprilAldosteroneAntihypertensive AgentsHypertensionAngiotensin IIICaptoprilFumaratesSaralasinBiphenyl Compounds1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin IIImidazolesRats, Sprague-DawleyBenzimidazolesVasoconstrictor AgentsDiabetic NephropathiesHemodynamicsAlbuminuriaHypertension, RenalPyridinesMuscle, Smooth, VascularTime FactorsRenal CirculationRats, Inbred SHRPeptide FragmentsCells, CulturedDiet, Sodium-RestrictedRats, Inbred WKYTeprotideDose-Response Relationship, DrugEnalaprilatVasoconstrictionRNA, MessengerNorepinephrineValineHypertension, RenovascularRats, WistarSodiumMyocardiumAdrenal GlandsAortaLisinoprilChymasesAngiotensin AmideCardiomegalyBenzoatesBradykininFurosemideDrinkingVasopressinsHeart RateHydralazineNADPH OxidaseRats, Inbred StrainsNephrectomySodium Chloride, DietarySubfornical OrganHypertrophyNatriuresisVascular ResistanceArginine VasopressinDisease Models, AnimalFibrosisSympathetic Nervous SystemSignal TransductionKidney Tubules, ProximalSodium ChlorideZona GlomerulosaSodium, DietaryAtrial Natriuretic FactorOligopeptidesDogsRamiprilNitric OxideInfusion Pumps, ImplantableKidney GlomerulusRabbitsPhenylephrineAorta, ThoracicCalciumAldosterone SynthaseMice, Inbred C57BLEnzyme Inhibitors
AngiotensinogenAldosteroneInhibitorsBlockersRAASARBsHypertensionRelease of reninCardiacReceptor blockerKidneysPeptidesBlockadeSecretionCardiovascularAntihypertensiveAxisACE2GeneCauses blood vessels to narrowOctapeptideBlood vesselsReceptors foundInhibitionProteinsIschemicPotassiumPlasmaKidneyInhibitsVasopressorConvertsProteinExertsNephrologyJuxtaglomerular apparatusTissuesCoronavirusVasoconstrictorArteriolesTypeClinical outcomesDecapeptideZona glomerulosaVascularConcentrationThrombosisEffectsQuinapril
Angiotensinogen12
  • The brain has shown the presence of various components of brain RAS such as angiotensinogen (AGT), converting enzymes, angiotensin (Ang), and specific receptors (ATR). (hindawi.com)
  • Conventional RAS involves the conversion of inactive angiotensinogen into angiotensin I (Ang I) in the presence of renin which is released from the kidney in response to low blood volume. (hindawi.com)
  • Intrinsic brain RAS is an enzyme-neuropeptide system having functional components (angiotensinogen, peptidases, angiotensin, and specific receptor proteins) with important biological and neurobiological activities in the brain. (hindawi.com)
  • To demonstrate the presence of components of local RASs in humans we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after reverse transcription to detect renin- angiotensinogen-, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-mRNA in small quantities of human tissues. (jci.org)
  • We compared the effect of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor (DRI), with that of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on albuminuria and urinary excretion of angiotensinogen , a marker of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the first step, the renin protein (produced from the REN gene) converts a protein called angiotensinogen (produced from the AGT gene) to angiotensin I. In the next step, angiotensin-converting enzyme (produced from the ACE gene) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen , released by the liver , to a decapeptide called angiotensin I . [4] Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II (an octapeptide) by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, predominantly those of the lungs . (wikipedia.org)
  • Renin cleaves a decapeptide from angiotensinogen , a globular protein . (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensinogen is a precursor protein produced in the liver and cleaved by renin to form angiotensin I. (teachmephysiology.com)
  • All components of the RAS (angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin receptors) are expressed in many types of tumours, including endometrial cancer ( 2 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Renin converts angiotensinogen, a proenzyme synthesized in the liver, into the decapeptide angiotensin I, which is then converted in the lungs into the octapeptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). (medscape.com)
  • The angiotensinogen gene 11235T polymorphisms that has an effect on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are related to the high hvpertension risk. (bvsalud.org)
Aldosterone27
  • Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and CoViD-19-affected patients: A two-faced Janus? (bmj.com)
  • The antagonists of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have been shown to interfere with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2 receptor expression in heart and kidney tissues. (bmj.com)
  • We compared the effects of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors (quinapril and aliskiren) and 2 beta-blockers (atenolol and nebivolol) on arterial stiffness variables. (nih.gov)
  • Decongestion strategies and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in acute heart failure. (duke.edu)
  • OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between biomarkers of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation and decongestion strategies, worsening renal function, and clinical outcomes. (duke.edu)
  • We assessed the relationship between 2 markers of RAAS activation (plasma renin activity [PRA] and aldosterone) from baseline to 72 h and 96 h and decongestion strategy: high- versus low-dose and continuous infusion versus bolus furosemide for DOSE-AHF and UF versus stepped pharmacologic care for CARRESS-HF. (duke.edu)
  • Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, thereby facilitating renal sodium and fluid reabsorption. (nih.gov)
  • While the principal mechanism of antihypertensive effect is thought to be through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, quinapril exerts antihypertensive actions even in patients with low renin hypertension. (nih.gov)
  • Figure 3: Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the regulation of blood pressure. (nature.com)
  • The renin-angiotensin system ( RAS ), or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ), is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure , fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance . (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone [6] from the adrenal cortex . (wikipedia.org)
  • there is an increased risk of severe hypotension and renal insufficiency when patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney are treated with medicinal products that affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (medicines.org.uk)
  • The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system within the body that is essential for the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance. (teachmephysiology.com)
  • The system is mainly comprised of the three hormones renin , angiotensin II, and aldosterone . (teachmephysiology.com)
  • The role of the sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in the control of blood pressure was discussed. (cdc.gov)
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is the main regulatory mechanism of renal sodium excretion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Angiotensin I can also be transformed to angiotensin III, which stimulates aldosterone release as much as angiotensin II but has much less pressor activity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 16.Alexandre J, Cracowski J-L, Richard V, Bouhanick B. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and COVID-19 infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • The principal regulators of aldosterone synthesis and secretion are the renin-angiotensin system and the potassium ion concentration. (medscape.com)
  • The major factors stimulating aldosterone production and release by the zona glomerulosa are angiotensin II and the serum potassium concentration. (medscape.com)
  • Physiologic regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. (medscape.com)
  • Angiotensin II is both a stimulator of aldosterone secretion and a potent vasopressor. (medscape.com)
  • Angiotensin II is metabolized to angiotensin III, a heptapeptide that is also a stimulator of aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease: detection of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. (cdc.gov)
  • He never had significant respiratory problems throughout that period, The possibility of Bartter syndrome was raised, but the diagnosis was dismissed as his blood pressure was initially high, urinary chloride excretion was low with only slightly elevated levels of serum renin (320 ng/dL at rest and standing) and aldosterone (195 ng/dL at rest and 206 ng/dL while standing). (who.int)
  • It may be influenced by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, M'hich preserves bodily homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, a stable dose of a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) anti-hypertensive medication must be used for at least 1 month prior to screening and a systolic blood pressure of £130 mm Hg must be present at Screening. (who.int)
Inhibitors12
  • In this respect, while SARS-CoV-2-infected patients of older age with CVD comorbidities show a more severe clinical course and a worse prognosis, it should be adequately underscored that many of these patients in Italy are currently treated with ACE-inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which are considered the drugs of first choice for hypertension and other CVD conditions (6). (bmj.com)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) increase plasma renin activity (enhancing the production of angiotensin II via non-ACE-related pathways) whereas aliskiren does not, potentially affecting central hemodynamics differently. (nih.gov)
  • ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly prescribed to older patients with hypertension, heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may increase serum potassium (K) levels. (bmj.com)
  • The authors of this article assessed the association between treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) at baseline and clinical outcomes in patients with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in the PARTNER 2 trial and registries. (iscpcardio.org)
  • Structure-Guided Chemical Optimization of Bicyclic Peptide (Bicycle) Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. (acs.org)
  • Development of Potent and Selective Phosphinic Peptide Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. (acs.org)
  • Studies have shown that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (IDPPIV) inhibitors, a class of drugs used in the treatment of type II diabetes, are capable of exerting renoprotective and cardioprotective effects, however, the effects of IDDPIV on cardiac tissue against renal injury were not described. (usp.br)
  • Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 inhibitors: Increased risk of renal impairment. (nih.gov)
  • first-line antihypertensive medications include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers and thiazide diuretics. (nature.com)
  • There are several types of drugs which includes ACE inhibitors , angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and renin inhibitors that interrupt different steps in this system to improve blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antiatherosclerotic Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: An Underrecognized Piece of the Big Puzzle? (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Similarly, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers should be the antihypertensive of choice in individuals with diabetes, chronic kidney disease or heart failure[4]. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
Blockers4
  • Objective To determine whether disrupting the renin angiotensin system with angiotensin receptor blockers will improve clinical outcomes in people with covid-19. (bmj.com)
  • Participants Participants were at least 18 years old, previously untreated with angiotensin receptor blockers, with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection who had been admitted to hospital for management of covid-19. (bmj.com)
  • Intervention Oral angiotensin receptor blockers (telmisartan in India) or placebo (1:1) for 28 days. (bmj.com)
  • Results Between 3 May 2020 and 13 November 2021, 2930 people were screened for eligibility, with 393 randomly assigned to angiotensin receptor blockers (of which 388 (98.7%) to telmisartan 40 mg/day) and 394 to the control group. (bmj.com)
RAAS2
  • On je bitan faktor kod regulacije krvnog pritiska, jer je direktni činilac sistema renin -angiotenzin- aldosteron (RAAS). (wikipedia.org)
  • The first stage of the RAAS is the release of the enzyme renin . (teachmephysiology.com)
ARBs1
  • Conversely, it has been also hypothesized that ARBs could result potentially useful in the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients (13). (bmj.com)
Hypertension11
Release of renin5
Cardiac6
  • Left ventricular pressure overload is associated with activation of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system, which may contribute to myocardial fibrosis and worse clinical outcomes. (iscpcardio.org)
  • Introduction The RAS peptide angiotensin II (AngII) mediates cardiac hypertrophy. (bmj.com)
  • Studies have shown that cardiac injury occurred in up to 28% of patients hospitalized with a SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 4 ], which can increase the risk of death later on. (jmir.org)
  • The systemic inflammatory response that occurs in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in hypoxemia and increased cardiac demand on an already taxed cardiovascular system. (jmir.org)
  • Cardiac dysfunction is one of the main outcomes of chronic kidney disease, with the axis system renin angiotensin (RAS) being a key mediator in this condition. (usp.br)
  • Data are emerging that highlight the extent of cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 patients, including evidence that SARS-CoV-2 causes myocarditis and increases cardiac risk. (springer.com)
Receptor blocker2
  • A direct renin inhibitor (DRI) had a benefit in decreasing albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients having already been treated with angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), suggesting that aliskiren may have another effect other than blockade of the traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Comparative Effects of Direct Renin Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Albuminuria in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
Kidneys4
  • When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor prorenin (already present in the blood) into renin and secrete it directly into the circulation . (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide , angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), [9] which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the kidneys, angiotensin II constricts glomerular arterioles, having a greater effect on efferent arterioles than afferent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin II acts on the kidneys to produce a variety of effects, including afferent and efferent arteriole constriction and increased Na+ reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. (teachmephysiology.com)
Peptides2
  • AGT acts as the precursor molecule for Ang peptides-I, II, III, and IV-while the enzymes such as prorenin, ACE, and aminopeptidases A and N synthesize it. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, various biologically active peptides such as angiotensin, affecting cell proliferation, have become a new area of study in endometrial cancer research. (spandidos-publications.com)
Blockade2
  • Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system: are two better than one? (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system: Increased risk of renal impairment, hypotension, and hyperkalemia. (nih.gov)
Secretion5
Cardiovascular5
  • Furthermore, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the cardiovascular system, highlighted by the occurrence of myocarditis, coronary plaque instability and myocardial infarction, coupled with heart failure exacerbation, makes a significant contribution to mortality in elderly patients (7). (bmj.com)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ARB treatment at baseline remained independently associated with a lower hazard of 2-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after multivariable adjustment, and propensity score matching. (iscpcardio.org)
  • The major finding from this analysis is that among patients with severe symptomatic AS, treatment with ACEI/ARB at baseline was independently associated with decreased 2-year risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after TAVR. (iscpcardio.org)
  • Activation of tissue-specific gene expression of the components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in humans may play an important role in cardiovascular regulation and pathophysiology. (jci.org)
  • ACE2 has recently been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the infective agent responsible for COVID-19, providing a critical link between immunity, inflammation, ACE2, and cardiovascular disease. (softwavetrt.com)
Antihypertensive2
  • Quinapril was an effective antihypertensive in all races studied, although it was somewhat less effective in blacks (usually a predominantly low renin group) than in non-blacks. (nih.gov)
  • The demonstration of renal benefit of Irbesartan Zentiva in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients is based on studies where irbesartan was used in addition to other antihypertensive agents, as needed, to reach target blood pressure (see sections 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 5.1). (medicines.org.uk)
Axis5
  • The counter-regulatory RAS axis peptide Angiotensin 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. (bmj.com)
  • This is part of the larger family of the renin-angiotensin axis , and nephrologists have been dealing with the renin-angiotensin axis for many years. (medscape.com)
  • My group in particular was involved in the past 30 years with the renin-angiotensin axis. (medscape.com)
  • Values on y-axis indicate binding response signals recorded for 4 different concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (trimeric) (16-1208) Recombinant Protein (8xHis-Tag) #65444 (7.81, 15.6, 31.2, and 62.5 nM). (cellsignal.com)
  • Values on y-axis indicate binding response signals recorded for 3 different concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD (318-541) Recombinant Protein (8xHis-Tag) #48801 (62.5, 125, and 250 nM). (cellsignal.com)
ACE212
  • As already shown for SARS-CoV, the viral pathogen responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), ACE2 is the main cell receptor also for SARS-CoV-2. (bmj.com)
  • Within such framework, valuable insights into the molecular bases driving the complex interactions occurring at the SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 interface have been recently provided (8,9). (bmj.com)
  • As a matter of fact, it has been additionally claimed that the ACE2 upregulation putatively induced by these two drug classes, although elicited through different mechanisms, could favour SARS-CoV-2 human lung tissue colonization (12). (bmj.com)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), facilitator of amino acid transport, and the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 receptor. (softwavetrt.com)
  • Although sharing a close evolutionary relationship with SARS-CoV, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 differs in several key amino acid residues, allowing for stronger binding affinity with the human ACE2 receptor, which may account for the greater pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. (softwavetrt.com)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) is a recently identified zinc metalloprotease with carboxypeptidase activity that was identified using our genomics platform. (acs.org)
  • Effect of an Inhibitor on the ACE2-Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2. (acs.org)
  • An Active Site Inhibitor Induces Conformational Penalties for ACE2 Recognition by the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. (acs.org)
  • Sars-CoV-2, which shares 79.6% sequence homology with Sars-CoV-1 [ 2 ] similarly infects hosts through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor in lung epithelial cells. (springer.com)
  • Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on target the cell surface mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells that is facilitated by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and lysosomal proteases. (springer.com)
  • Since SARS-CoV-2 has marked affinity for the ACE2 receptor, it is certainly possible that the vascular endothelium and myocardium could be directly infected [ 8 ]. (springer.com)
  • Binding response kinetics between Human ACE2 (18-615) Recombinant Protein (hFc-Tag) (immobilized) and SARS-CoV-2 Spike (trimeric) (16-1208) Recombinant Protein (8xHis-Tag) #65444 (in solution, at indicated concentrations). (cellsignal.com)
Gene8
Causes blood vessels to narrow2
Octapeptide1
Blood vessels1
  • Angiotensin, formed in the blood by the action of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), is a powerful chemical that attaches to angiotensin receptors found in many tissues but primarily on smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels. (medicinenet.com)
Receptors found1
Inhibition1
  • Discuss the recent data of the blood pressure-lowering effects achieved through renin inhibition. (cyberounds.com)
Proteins2
Ischemic1
  • In this respect, among over 9,000 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients in Italy who succumbed, 73% were hypertensive, 28% suffered from ischemic heart disease and 31% were diabetic, with their median age being 78 years, in comparison to 63 years of those surviving (2). (bmj.com)
Potassium1
  • Progressive destruction of the renal parenchyma triggers several mitogenic signals (eg, azotemic products, altered concentration of sodium and potassium, activation of the renin-angiotensin-system, inflammation, local growth factors), ultimately leading to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of renal tubules. (medscape.com)
Plasma4
  • As plasma renin is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, it was predicted that there is the existence of brain RAS independent of the kidney. (hindawi.com)
  • Plasma renin concentration (PRC) measured on day 28 did not significantly differ among the L-NAME, L-arginine and control groups either in 2K1C or in sham-clipped rats. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • To study whether plasma LRG1 may independently predict progression of DKD in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (medscape.com)
  • The plasma kallikrein-kinin system counterbalances the renin-angiotensin system. (medscape.com)
Kidney7
  • Renin was first named as a kidney hormone by Tigerstedt and Bergman in the year 1898, where they observed its pressure effects in rabbits [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Renin-mRNA concentration was quantitated in the kidney (1.74 +/- 0.2 pg renin/micrograms total RNA), adrenal gland (1.15 +/- 0.15 pg renin/micrograms total RNA), placenta (0.7 +/- 0.1 pg renin/micrograms total RNA), and saphenous vein (0.02 +/- 0.01 pg renin/micrograms total RNA). (jci.org)
  • Renin contents (RRC) in the clipped kidney were increased, while those in the contralateral kidney were decreased. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • The renin mRNA levels in the contralateral kidney were almost at their nadir at days 7 and 14 in 2K1C rats. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • These genes are involved in the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure and the balance of fluids and salts in the body and plays a role in kidney development before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We were probably the first to describe the electron microscopy finding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in kidney proximal tubular cells and also in podocytes of the glomerulus. (medscape.com)
  • Does Dapagliflozin influence arterial stiffness and levels of circulating anti-aging hormone soluble Klotho in people with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease? (kcl.ac.uk)
Inhibits1
Vasopressor1
Converts1
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts Ang I into angiotensin II (Ang II) which acts on an angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor. (hindawi.com)
Protein6
  • a new one was just discovered - but the main one that the spike protein uses in order to enter the cells is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) type 2 . (medscape.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD (318-541) Recombinant Protein (8xHis-Tag) #48801 (in solution, at indicated concentrations). (cellsignal.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 Spike (trimeric) (16-1208) Recombinant Protein (8xHis-Tag) #65444 (in solution, 250 nM, blue), and SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD (318-541) Recombinant Protein (8xHis-Tag) #48801 (in solution, 250 nM, red). (cellsignal.com)
  • It binds to one of two G-protein coupled receptors, the AT1 and AT2 receptors. (teachmephysiology.com)
  • Leucine-rich α -2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) was identified as a serum protein in 1977. (medscape.com)
  • Single-pass transmembrane receptor protein that plays an important role in ANGIOTENSIN II production and cellular responses to RENIN. (bvsalud.org)
Exerts1
  • Angiotensin II exerts its action by binding to various receptors throughout the body. (teachmephysiology.com)
Nephrology1
  • American journal of nephrology 2010 32 (2): 156-62. (cdc.gov)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus2
Tissues1
  • Then, it is rapidly degraded into a heptapeptide called angiotensin III by angiotensinases which are present in red blood cells and vascular beds in many tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Coronavirus3
  • In December 2019, the first known cases of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were identified in humans in Wuhan, China. (jmir.org)
  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a current public health crisis. (springer.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the different piratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing characteristics of the first 150 COVID-19 patients in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( 2 , 3 ). (who.int)
Vasoconstrictor2
Arterioles1
Type6
  • DRI and ARB reduced albuminuria in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes . (bvsalud.org)
  • We investigated the effects of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT 1 ) antagonist KRH-594 on levels of the mRNAs for AT 1A , AT 1B , platelet-derived growth factor-receptor β (PDGF-Rβ), and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes using the competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and on neointimal formation in the balloon-injured rat carotid artery. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Treatment of diabetic nephropathy in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes, an elevated serum creatinine, and proteinuria. (nih.gov)
  • Nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients: The most common adverse reactions which were more frequent than placebo were hyperkalemia dizziness, orthostatic dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension. (nih.gov)
  • In hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients, therapy should be initiated at 150 mg irbesartan once daily and titrated up to 300 mg once daily as the preferred maintenance dose for treatment of renal disease. (medicines.org.uk)
  • [ 1 ] However, it should be emphasized that DKD is a heterogeneous disease in terms of its clinical manifestation and natural course, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (medscape.com)
Clinical outcomes2
  • Clinical outcomes at 2 years were compared according to baseline ACEI/ARB treatment status using Kaplan-Meier event rates and study-stratified multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. (iscpcardio.org)
  • Most endometrial cancer cases are diagnosed in the early stages and therefore result in favourable clinical outcomes ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Decapeptide1
Zona glomerulosa1
  • The NOELs in these studies were 5.4 mg/kg bw per day (expressed as nitrite ion) in a 90-day study in rats, in which hypertrophy of the zona glomerulosa was observed, and 6.7 mg/kg bw per day (expressed as nitrite ion) in a 2-year study, in rats in which effects on the heart and lungs were observed. (inchem.org)
Vascular2
  • In using VASOTEC consideration should be given to the fact that another angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, has caused agranulocytosis, particularly in patients with renal impairment or collagen vascular disease, and that available data are insufficient to show that VASOTEC does not have a similar risk (see WARNINGS ). (rxlist.com)
  • Journal of vascular surgery 2011 Aug 54 (2): 467-73. (cdc.gov)
Concentration1
  • It can also be activated by a decrease in the filtrate sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration or a decreased filtrate flow rate that will stimulate the macula densa to signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin. (wikipedia.org)
Thrombosis1
Effects1
  • Further studies are needed to ascertain if angiotensin or other neuropeptides are involved in these interactions and to investigate the neurochemical mechanism behind these effects. (unboundmedicine.com)
Quinapril1