AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Aldosterone SynthaseAldosteroneReninSteroid 11-beta-HydroxylaseFadrozoleHypoaldosteronismHyperaldosteronism18-HydroxycorticosteroneReceptors, MineralocorticoidMineralocorticoid Receptor AntagonistsSpironolactoneRenin-Angiotensin SystemAdrenal GlandsAdrenal CortexMineralocorticoidsZona GlomerulosaAngiotensin IISteroid HydroxylasesAngiotensinogenHypertensionPolymorphism, GeneticCorticosteroneAdrenocorticotropic HormoneNuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2HydrocortisoneBlood PressureRNA, MessengerGenotypeCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemCitrate (si)-SynthaseRats, Sprague-Dawley
CYP11B2MineralocorticoidRAASSecretion of aldosteroneHypertensionSynthesisAdenomaZona glomerulosaPathway of aldosteroneDeoxycorticosteroneRenalGeneEndothelialACTHCortisol and aldosteroneProduction of aldosteroneConcentrationHyperaldosteronismAngiotensinHormoneGeneticPlasmaSteroidInhibitorRetentionDeficiencyRatioSodiumCytochromeBloodProgesteroneHumansMetabolism
CYP11B216
  • Aldosterone synthase is encoded on chromosome 8q22 by the CYP11B2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whereas steroid 11β-hydroxylase (encoded by CYP11B1 gene) only catalyzes hydroxylation at position 11 beta (mainly of 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol), aldosterone synthase (encoded by CYP11B2 gene) catalyzes the synthesis of aldosterone from deoxycorticosterone, a process that successively requires hydroxylation at positions 11 beta and 18 and oxidation at position 18. (wikipedia.org)
  • The in-active proteins are caused by the autosomal recessive inheritance of defective CYP11B2 genes in which genetic mutations destroy the enzymatic activity of aldosterone synthase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evidence suggested that aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) variants are associated with the Essential Hypertension (EH). (ephysician.ir)
  • The aim of the present study was to determine the association of -344T/C and -470C/T Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CYP11B2 and their resulted haplotypes with EH and Plasma Aldosterone Concentration (PAC) in southern population of Iran. (ephysician.ir)
  • Our findings indicated that TT, as the two-single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotype in promoter region of CYP11B2 gene, is associated with plasma aldosterone concentration in the southern population of Iran. (ephysician.ir)
  • Association of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene -344T/C polymorphism with the risk of primary chronic glomerulonephritis in the Polish population. (cdc.gov)
  • CAH due to aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) causes a decrease in aldosterone level without affecting cortisol levels. (medscape.com)
  • Although CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 share 95% homology, the former regulates the final steps in cortisol synthesis, whereas the latter regulates the final steps in aldosterone synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • or =1 C-encoding allele in CYP11B2-encoded aldosterone synthase. (nih.gov)
  • Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily B Member 2: The CYP11B2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called aldosterone synthase (previously known as corticosterone methyloxidase). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • At least 30 CYP11B2 gene mutations that cause corticosterone methyloxidase deficiency (also known as aldosterone synthase deficiency) have been identified. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This change joins (fuses) the section of the CYP11B2 gene that contains the instructions for making aldosterone synthase to a section of a nearby gene called CYP11B1 . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • CONTEXT: Variation in the region of chromosome 8 including the genes steroid 11beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) influences mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Although there was no association between amount of fibrosis and myofilament-HCM genotype status or polymorphisms in the RAAS cascade, there was a trend toward more fibrosis in patients with ≥1 C-encoding allele in CYP11B2-encoded aldosterone synthase. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The secretion of aldosterone is restricted to the zona glomerulosa because of zonal-specific expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). (mhmedical.com)
Mineralocorticoid9
  • Aldosterone synthase, also called steroid 18-hydroxylase, corticosterone 18-monooxygenase or P450C18, is a steroid hydroxylase cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone and other steroids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deactivation of enzymatic activity reduces aldosterone concentrations in plasma and tissues which decreases mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent and independent effects in cardiac vascular and renal target organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Hyperaldosteronism represents part of a larger entity of hypermineralocorticoidism that may be caused by aldosterone, its mineralocorticoid precursors, or defects that modulate aldosterone effects on its target tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous aldosterone precursors, including deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone, have mineralocorticoid activity and may produce or exacerbate features typical of mineralocorticoid hypertension when present in excessive amounts in various pathologic states. (medscape.com)
  • Aldosterone, the most potent mineralocorticoid, is made exclusively in the zona glomerulosa. (aacc.org)
  • In the case of 11-hydroxylase and 17-hydroxylase deficiency, the cortisol precursor is DOC, which can act as a mineralocorticoid leading to low-renin hypertension and hypokalemia (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • Part of the reason for this is that the receptors for aldosterone, the mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), were thought to be occupied by glucocorticoids in most parts of the brain. (karger.com)
  • The key mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to mineralocorticoid hypertension (eg, primary aldosteronism), and less common forms of endocrine hypertension are reviewed in this chapter. (mhmedical.com)
RAAS5
  • Aldosterone synthesized by aldosterone synthase plays an imperative role in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). (ephysician.ir)
  • Our aim was to determine whether the amount of fibrosis in HCM correlates with echocardiographic measures of diastolic dysfunction, presence of HCM-susceptibility mutations, or polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). (nih.gov)
  • Forty-seven patients with NAION and 76 controls, age- and gender-matched, were recruited and genotyped for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) genes. (molvis.org)
  • The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) is a major regulator of blood pressure control, fluid, and electrolyte balance in humans. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is one of the most important regulatory systems of blood volume, arterial pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
Secretion of aldosterone3
  • Hyperaldosteronism is characterized by excessive secretion of aldosterone, which causes increases in sodium reabsorption and loss of potassium and hydrogen ions. (medscape.com)
  • Unlike most adrenal hormones regulated heavily through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, secretion of aldosterone depends minimally on the action of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). (aacc.org)
  • In this case, Ang II could be acting to counterbalance hyponatremia by stimulating the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, the major regulator of Na + reabsorption. (frontiersin.org)
Hypertension14
  • Inhibition of aldosterone synthase is currently being investigated as a medical treatment for hypertension, heart failure, and renal disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • PA was originally described in 1955 by Conn as a condition characterized by an elevated plasma concentration of aldosterone along with hypokalemia and hypertension. (aacc.org)
  • Hypertension and longevity: role of genetic polymorphisms in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. (ircabral.com)
  • The bulk of the evidence, however, support the concept that DOC is a potent MC, which in excess, can produce sodium retention, low-renin hypertension, and kaliuresis. (medscape.com)
  • A team of medical researchers and doctors affiliated with multiple institutions in the U.S. has found, via clinical trial, that the aldosterone synthase inhibitor lorundrostat is likely safe to use for reducing blood pressure in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. (healthwnews.com)
  • In their phase II clinical trial, the research team recruited 163 volunteers diagnosed with uncontrolled hypertension and who had suppressed renin production (an enzyme in the kidneys that promotes production of angiotensin). (healthwnews.com)
  • Luke J. Laffin et al, Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition With Lorundrostat for Uncontrolled Hypertension, JAMA (2023). (healthwnews.com)
  • Bryan Williams, A New Dawn for Aldosterone as a Therapeutic Target in Hypertension, JAMA (2023). (healthwnews.com)
  • High levels of aldosterone synthase result in excessive aldosterone production, which leads to the hypertension associated with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Such effects may be of relevance to the development of low-renin essential hypertension. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Early treatment of hypertension through the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blocking agents could play a nephroprotective effect and reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular complications in ADPKD patients. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • The aims of this study were 1) to examine if transient exposure to an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) during an early period in hypertension development confers protection against subsequent worsening of hypertension and renal injury induced by the NO synthase inhibitor N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and 2) conversely, to examine the effects of transient exposure to angiotensin II (Ang II) during the same period. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Together, these experiments demonstrate that transient treatment of rats during an early phase in the development of hypertension with an ARB suppresses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and confere long-term protection against subsequent L-NAME-induced renal injury and increases in renal oxidative stress. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is the part of the endocrine system that plays a prime role in the control of essential hypertension. (hindawi.com)
Synthesis10
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone is assumed to play a role in the regulation of aldosterone synthase likely through stimulating the synthesis of 11-deoxycorticosterone which is the initial substrate of the enzymatic action in aldosterone synthase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cholesterol is metabolized in what is known as the early pathway of aldosterone synthesis and is hydroxylated becoming (20R,22R)-dihydroxycholesterol which is then metabolized as a direct precursor to pregnenolone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The principal regulators of aldosterone synthesis and secretion are the renin-angiotensin system and the potassium ion concentration. (medscape.com)
  • Aldosterone regulates reabsorption of sodium and water at the kidneys by promoting the synthesis of sodium and potassium channels on cells of the distal convoluted tubule (DTC). (aacc.org)
  • Potassium also regulates aldosterone by causing membrane depolarization and activation of signaling pathways that lead to aldosterone synthesis. (aacc.org)
  • Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) is a C-21 (21 carbon atoms) steroid hormones synthesized in the zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal gland and is a precursor for the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) is a C-21 (21 carbon atoms) steroid hormone synthesized in zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal gland and is a precursor for the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Overview of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of genetic disorders, each characterized by inadequate synthesis of cortisol, aldosterone, or both. (merckmanuals.com)
  • In the simple virilizing form, cortisol synthesis is impaired, leading to increased androgen activity, but there is sufficient enzyme activity to maintain normal, or only slightly decreased, aldosterone production. (merckmanuals.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Aldosterone synthesis is highly heritable and is affected by genotype at CYP11B1. (ox.ac.uk)
Adenoma2
  • Surgical excision of the affected adrenal gland is recommended for all patients with hyperaldosteronism who have a proven aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). (medscape.com)
  • Hyperkalemia is developed in a part of patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) after adrenalectomy, suspected to be due to the insufficiency of aldosterone secretion. (bvsalud.org)
Zona glomerulosa4
Pathway of aldosterone1
  • The main pathway of aldosterone secretion is the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system. (aacc.org)
Deoxycorticosterone4
Renal2
  • The system starts with renin production by the juxtaglomerular epithelial cells of the renal glomeruli. (aacc.org)
  • The follow-up showed that the blood pressures in the WKY remained elevated compared to controls, while the SHR had heightened increases in blood pressure, renal renin mRNA, and urinary 8-hyroxydeoxyguanosine after L-NAME administration. (elsevierpure.com)
Gene4
Endothelial2
  • Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct constitutive enzyme isoform. (research.com)
  • The pathophysiological pathways have common neurohormonal links such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, natriuretic peptides, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. (cardiologyresearchjournal.com)
ACTH2
Cortisol and aldosterone2
Production of aldosterone2
  • PA is a group of disorders with inappropriately high production of aldosterone, which is autonomous and non-suppressible by sodium loading. (aacc.org)
  • These mutations lead to insufficient production of aldosterone, which impairs the kidneys' ability to reabsorb salt (sodium chloride or NaCl) into the blood and release potassium in the urine. (encyclopedia.pub)
Concentration3
  • The stimuli for renin release are: a decrease in perfusion pressure to the juxtaglomerular apparatus and decline in sodium concentration. (aacc.org)
  • Ahmed AH , Gordon RD , Taylor P , Ward G , Pimenta E , Stowasser M . Effect of atenolol on aldosterone/renin ratio calculated by both plasma renin activity and direct renin concentration in healthy male volunteers. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • Determining values of plasma renin activity (PRA) or plasma active renin concentration (ARC), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) is essential to diagnose primary aldosteronism (PA), but it takes several days with conventional radioimmunoassays (RIAs). (jsce-ip.com)
Hyperaldosteronism1
  • The aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR)-that is, the ratio of plasma aldosterone (expressed in ng/dL) to plasma renin activity (PRA, expressed in ng/mL/h)-is the most sensitive means of differentiating primary from secondary causes of hyperaldosteronism. (medscape.com)
Angiotensin14
  • In this slide, the steps of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are represented. (aacc.org)
  • In circulation, renin hydrolyses angiotensinogen to produce a decapeptide called angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) rapidly converts angiotensin I to an octapeptide known as angiotensin II. (aacc.org)
  • Renin Angiotensin System, Gut-Lung Cross Talk and Microbiota. (ircabral.com)
  • Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS 2014 Dec 15 (4): 553-8. (cdc.gov)
  • NAION and control groups were compared in regard to the prevalence of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system polymorphisms, and further stratified by age and gender. (molvis.org)
  • Combined with the actions of angiotensin II, chronic elevation in aldosterone leads to detrimental effects in the vasculature, heart, and brain. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • This action is obtained by the binding of TORLIS TM to a chloride ion-binding site of the transport molecule.TORLIS TM is known to have an effect in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by inhibiting the downstream cascade after the activation of angiotensin II. (semperfidelishealthcare.com)
  • 2. Define the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (homeworkminutes.com)
  • The components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are shown in Figure 10-1 . (mhmedical.com)
  • Furthermore, the elevation of components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was also suppressed in these rats. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19. (research.com)
  • The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is of paramount importance, having a role in the regulatory pathway involved in the maintenance of blood pressure (BP), body fluid volume, and sodium homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Conventional RAS involves the conversion of inactive angiotensinogen into angiotensin I (Ang I) in the presence of renin which is released from the kidney in response to low blood volume. (hindawi.com)
  • The results indicated that the components of the renin/angiotensin system are available at the level of the brain cell itself. (hindawi.com)
Hormone4
  • Aldosterone is a hormone that signals the kidneys to absorb sodium and helps to regulate water and salt levels in the body. (healthwnews.com)
  • Whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis has long been recognized for its involvement in depression, the focus was mostly on cortisol/corticosterone, whereas aldosterone appears to be the 'forgotten' stress hormone. (karger.com)
  • Aldosterone synthase helps produce a hormone called aldosterone. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Renin was first named as a kidney hormone by Tigerstedt and Bergman in the year 1898, where they observed its pressure effects in rabbits [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Genetic1
  • Genetic analysis supports the role of aldosterone and of MR-related pathways in the pathophysiology of depression. (karger.com)
Plasma2
  • Determination of plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) and plasma active renin concentrations (ARC) is essential for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA). (jsce-ip.com)
  • As plasma renin is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, it was predicted that there is the existence of brain RAS independent of the kidney. (hindawi.com)
Steroid1
  • Aldosterone synthase is the enzyme that has steroid 18-hydroxylase activity as well as steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase activity. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibitor2
  • In this new effort, the research team used an aldosterone synthase inhibitor called lorundrostat to treat such patients. (healthwnews.com)
  • Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase originally identified for its role in the regulation of glycogen PKR Inhibitor deposition. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Retention1
Deficiency1
Ratio1
  • Ahmed AH , Gordon RD , Taylor PJ , Ward G , Pimenta E , Stowasser M . Effect of contraceptives on aldosterone‐renin ratio may vary according to the components of contraceptive, renin assay method, and possibly route of administration. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Sodium1
  • The principal site of action of aldosterone is the distal nephron, though several other sites of aldosterone-sensitive sodium regulation are noted, including the sweat glands and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (medscape.com)
Cytochrome1
  • Aldosterone synthase is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Blood4
  • It is the sole enzyme capable of synthesizing aldosterone in humans and plays an important role in electrolyte balance and blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • For that reason, scientists have been looking for a drug that can be used to control the amount of aldosterone produced by the body as a way to control blood pressure. (healthwnews.com)
  • Aldosterone helps control blood pressure by maintaining proper salt and fluid levels in the body. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A commutability confirmation test for the blood aldosterone measurement was performed on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as a designated comparison method (DCM) and four chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) measurement procedures based on metrological traceability. (jsce-ip.com)
Progesterone1
  • Aldosterone is synthesized by following the metabolism of progesterone. (wikipedia.org)
Humans1
Metabolism1
  • Aldosterone synthase shows different catalytic activity during metabolism of its substrates. (wikipedia.org)