AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHealth Care
LigninBenzyl AlcoholsPeroxidasesBasidiomycotaWoodPolyporaceaeLaccasePhanerochaetePopulusPlant StemsBiodegradation, EnvironmentalXylemDevice RemovalCell WallCelluloseTrans-Cinnamate 4-MonooxygenaseVanillic AcidEucalyptusPhenolsPinus taedaPhenylalanine Ammonia-LyasePolyporalesGuaifenesinSasaSelaginellaceaeCoumaric AcidsPinusTrametesCleomePlants, Genetically ModifiedAcaciaGene Expression Regulation, PlantPleurotusFungiBiofuelsMethyltransferasesInflorescenceAlcohol Oxidoreductases
CelluloseHemicellulosePolysaccharidesXylanBiomassOrganosolvValorizationSoluble ligninPretreatmentPulpHemicellulosesPeroxidasePolymersLignocelluloseDegradationFunctionalitiesDelignification2022TanninsPhenolic compoundsNitrogenAntioxidantDerivativesAcidProcessesUtilizationNanocompositesChemicalsCovalentlyKraftImprovesAqueousGlucoseStructuralEthanolSoftwoodsResidualOrganic carbonEffectSolidsMadeCapabilitiesMaterialsWoodSystemPaperChemicalPropertiesProduction
Cellulose6
  • Lignin fills the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin components, especially in vascular and support tissues: xylem tracheids, vessel elements and sclereid cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sorption capability of suberan (i.e., lignin and cellulose) components is completely masked by coexisting hemicellulose materials. (nih.gov)
  • The characterization results demonstrated that PTSA pretreatment could markedly improve cellulase accessibility to cellulose because of the removal of lignin and hemicellulose simultaneously. (ncsu.edu)
  • Our study suggests that hot dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment effectively decreases recalcitrance by making cellulose more accessible to enzymes through lignin redistribution and hemi-cellulose removal," Urban said. (world.edu)
  • lignin pyrolysis and distillation products are more prevalent in eucalyptus, while pyrolysis products of cellulose and at least one nitro-aromatic species were more prevalent in acacia. (copernicus.org)
  • Removal of lignin from biomass, thereby improving the reactivity of remaining polysaccharides and decrystallisation of cellulose. (wur.nl)
Hemicellulose5
  • This study clearly indicates the importance of lignin, hemicellulose in the absorption of copper amin. (irg-wp.com)
  • The removal of the hemicellulose by acid hydrolysis markedly enhanced the affinity of plant root tissue fractions for phenanthrene (5-40 times), which was attributed to sorption by the aromatic condensed domains as derived from solid-state 13C NMR data. (nih.gov)
  • Effect of removing hemicellulose and lignin synchronously. (ncsu.edu)
  • LHW could remove the hemicelluloses from the lignocellulosic matrix to some extent, while adding H2SO4 improved the hemicellulose removal. (iyte.edu.tr)
  • Organosolv was effective on removal of lignin as well as of hemicellulose. (iyte.edu.tr)
Polysaccharides2
  • The crosslinking of polysaccharides by lignin is an obstacle for water absorption to the cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • After pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, the residual solids contained mostly lignin and ester-linked p CAs, with minor amounts of FAs and non-digested polysaccharides. (biomedcentral.com)
Xylan4
  • In the PHL, lignin has adverse effects on the fermentation of xylose/xylan into ethanol or xylitol (Lee et al. (ncsu.edu)
  • It was also demonstrated that the xylan present in BL is linked to a large extent to the dissolved lignin and that part of the dissolved xylan is resorbed by the pulp in the course of a longer cooking time ( Meller 1965 ). (degruyter.com)
  • Holocellulose, lignin and xylan absorbed significant amount of copper. (irg-wp.com)
  • The pretreated material was depleted in acetyl groups, but retained 62 and 79% of the original lignin and xylan, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Biomass8
  • Organosolv is a pretreatment process that employs organic solvents to extract lignin from biomass. (nstda.or.th)
  • In the context of a biochemical refinery, it hinges on (1) robust and effective pretreatment and fractionation technologies that maximize lignocellulosic biomass conversion to usable sugars during enzyme hydrolysis and (2) technologies that enable the upgrading of lignin to fuels and chemicals. (rsc.org)
  • Recent trends in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment development focus on the fractionation of plant cell wall components, notably lignin and carbohydrates, so that they are processed separately to yield liquid biofuels and biobased chemicals. (rsc.org)
  • 2-6 This approach is designed to use all biomass components to generate high-value products that cannot be generated by any other renewable resource, in contrast to the traditional approach in which lignin is converted to electrical power. (rsc.org)
  • Searching for the best microbial strains having efficient lignin-degrading and polysaccharide-hydrolyzing capabilities is vital to realize industrial-scale biofuel production from lignocellulose biomass. (springeropen.com)
  • Lignin has an aromatic and amorphous nature constituting 18-35% of plant biomass. (springeropen.com)
  • The structure of lignin varies depending upon biomass type and species (Kulasinski et al. (springeropen.com)
  • In this study, we have reported the synthesis and characteristics of novel biochar sorbent made from waste lignocellulosic biomass (peach stones (PS)) and evaluated its possible application in removal of diesel WSF from synthetic water. (org.rs)
Organosolv1
  • As a result of the collaboration set out to explore lignin valorization, BIOTEC-NSTDA and KMUTT successfully developed an organosolv process that renders the paper-making processes more eco-friendly. (nstda.or.th)
Valorization1
  • 7-10 In practice, lignin valorization to bioproducts requires the use of pretreatment/fractionation methods that preserve lignin functionalities and prevent lignin condensation to facilitate its controlled depolymerization to value-added aromatic monomers. (rsc.org)
Soluble lignin4
  • In this work, the soluble lignin was removed from PHL using CaCl2, Al2(SO4)3, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), and a CPAM/Al2(SO4)3 dual-system treatment. (ncsu.edu)
  • The results of zeta potential recording revealed that 8.86% of soluble lignin was removed by CaCl2 treatment through charge neutralization and adsorption, and 13.1% soluble lignin was removed by CPAM through charge neutralization and flocculation bridging. (ncsu.edu)
  • In this work, the soluble lignin was removed from PHL using CaCl 2 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), and a CPAM/Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 dual-system treatment. (ncsu.edu)
  • This may be due to the increasing acid soluble lignin content with decreasing lignin content, due to the chlorite delignification process used, or perhaps the removal of lignin created more micropores which aided diffusion. (bl.uk)
Pretreatment1
  • AS-CTM pretreatment provided soundly digestible substrates, which retain substantial amounts of xylans and lignin. (biomedcentral.com)
Pulp7
  • The selective removal of lignin can be a profitable value-added utilization for the pre-hydrolysis liquor (PHL) produced during kraft-based dissolving pulp production. (ncsu.edu)
  • Mechanical, or high-yield pulp, which is used to make newsprint, still contains most of the lignin originally present in the wood. (wikipedia.org)
  • High quality paper requires the removal of lignin from the pulp. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In sulfite pulping, lignin is removed from wood pulp as lignosulfonates, for which many applications have been proposed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is predominantly sourced from pulp & paper mills and cellulosic biorefineries. (business-era.com)
  • These expansion projects by the manufacturers contribute to the high productivity of pulp and paper across the region, which bolster the growth of the lignin market. (business-era.com)
  • It assists in lightening the pulp and lowering lignin levels. (radhechemicals.com)
Hemicelluloses1
  • The pre-hydrolysis liquor (PHL) produced in the pre-hydrolysis process contains a large number of organics, including saccharides derived from hemicelluloses, lignin derivatives, acetic acid, and furfural (Wang et al. (ncsu.edu)
Peroxidase2
  • Thus, the protective effect of PEG during phenol removal by peroxidase activity is clearly demonstrated. (dadospdf.com)
  • and phenolic compounds ( Pointing, 2001 ) by using a multienzyme system including Lignin peroxidase (LiP: EC. (ejbiotechnology.info)
Polymers5
  • Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is a collection of highly heterogeneous polymers derived from a handful of precursor lignols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is being used in commercial polymers to improve biodegradability, as it is cost effective and a non-polluting biodegradable polymer. (business-era.com)
  • Humic materials are complex polymers of lignins, carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids which are leached out of soils and drain into surface water systems. (nih.gov)
Lignocellulose1
  • lignin comprises about 1/3 of the mass of lignocellulose, the precursor to paper. (wikipedia.org)
Degradation2
  • Finally, lignin also confers disease resistance by accumulating at the site of pathogen infiltration, making the plant cell less accessible to cell wall degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, their most important role is in lignin degradation and humification processes (19). (scielo.br)
Functionalities2
  • Enterprises interested to explore the functionalities of lignin is plastic products are welcome to use this 3D printing platform to test their ideas. (nstda.or.th)
  • Industrial utilization of lignin not only adds value to waste from paper manufacturing and gives new functionalities to finished products, but the process also reduces carbon emissions. (nstda.or.th)
Delignification1
  • The first step in delignification is the cleaving of lignins' aryl ether bonds ( Gierer 1980 ). (degruyter.com)
20222
Tannins1
  • The most common are by-products of vegetative decay such as tannins, lignins, and humic acid. (pharmamanufacturing.com)
Phenolic compounds3
  • Some practical applications include: removal of xenobiotics from aqueous streams (4), removal of phenolic compounds from wine (26), biosensors (34), decolorisation of dyes (27) and effluents contaminated with industrial wastes (23), drug analysis (1), ethanol production (14) and removal of lignin from woody tissues (2). (scielo.br)
  • The effectiveness of phenolic compounds (PC's) removal by oxidative polymerization was evaluated using batch and recycling processes, and in the presence and in the absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). (dadospdf.com)
  • Effect of reaction cycles number on the efficiency of phenolic compounds removal from a paints factory wastewater, and on residual enzyme activity, using covalently immobilized TP through column operation. (dadospdf.com)
Nitrogen2
  • Algae may prove to be one of those feedstock sources, but algae also produce high levels of protein that will need to be dealt with in an economically viable manner, by turning it into either fuel, which will involve catalytic removal of nitrogen, or food. (nih.gov)
  • Self-nitrogen-doped biochar derived from soybean cake for rhodamine B removal prepared via simple carbonization ," BioResources 18(4), 7460-7473. (ncsu.edu)
Antioxidant1
  • Lignin recovered from this process has higher purity level and maintains several of its unique properties, including UV absorption ability and antioxidant effect, and therefore has potential to be developed into functional additives for a wide range of industrial applications, as explained by Dr. Chayanon Chotirotsukon, a researcher of Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group. (nstda.or.th)
Derivatives1
Acid3
  • 2013). Lignin may hinder the separation and concentration of acetic acid from the PHL (Yang et al. (ncsu.edu)
  • Lignin was first mentioned in 1813 by the Swiss botanist A. P. de Candolle, who described it as a fibrous, tasteless material, insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in weak alkaline solutions, and which can be precipitated from solution using acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Besides weak black liquor, the evaporation plant can also process various side streams for combustion in the recovery boiler, including: spent acid from the chloride dioxide generator, brine from tall oil acidulation, bio-sludge, mechanical pulping effluents, lignin removal system and bark press filtrates, and bleach plant effluents. (andritz.com)
Processes2
  • In kraft pulping processes, the lignin moiety of wood is degraded and solubilised and this contributes to fibre separation in the course of the pulping procedure. (degruyter.com)
  • By knowing the variety of contaminants in the water and the removal capabilities of the different available purification processes, a system can be designed that will produce the water quality required for a pharmaceutical facility. (pharmamanufacturing.com)
Utilization3
  • However, the presence of lignin is detrimental to further value-added utilization of the PHL. (ncsu.edu)
  • Therefore, lignin utilization in the plastic industry became the initial focus of the research team. (nstda.or.th)
  • This innovation exemplifies a complete process from lignin removal from one industry to lignin utilization in another industry and represents the concept of Bio-Circular-Green Economy (BCG) model. (nstda.or.th)
Nanocomposites2
  • Overall, the here synthesized BC/TiO2 magnetic nanocomposites through a circular economy process are promising photocatalysts for a sustainable solar-driven removal of antibiotics from aquaculture effluents. (ua.pt)
  • Biodegradable carboxymethylated lignin-tetra ethoxysilane (TEOS) nanocomposites (CML-T) were synthesized using lignin extracted from rice straw (RS) followed by surface modification through carboxymethylation. (springeropen.com)
Chemicals1
  • However, considering its chemical components and structure, lignin has potential to be turned into high-value chemicals. (nstda.or.th)
Covalently2
  • It can be concluded that arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) along with arabinogalactans (AG) and arabinan, are covalently linked to lignin. (degruyter.com)
  • This protection allows to extend the enzyme lifetime when it is immobilized, both covalently or entrapped, increasing the number of reaction cycles with high removal efficiency. (dadospdf.com)
Kraft1
Improves1
  • It improves the colorfastness of materials and aids in the removal of extra dye. (radhechemicals.com)
Aqueous1
Glucose1
  • The glucose (Glc) residue detected in L prec may originate from 1,3-β-glucan linked to lignin. (degruyter.com)
Structural2
  • This finding also suggests that the original function of lignin was structural as it plays this role in the red alga Calliarthron, where it supports joints between calcified segments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The standard process for making wood transparent typically involves soaking the wood in a vat of sodium chlorite - a chemical compound used in some bleaches and toothpastes - to remove a structural component of the wood called lignin. (newscientist.com)
Ethanol1
  • After soaking the wood in ethanol to remove any remaining gunk, they filled the pores in the wood with clear epoxy, a step that is also part of making lignin-free transparent wood. (newscientist.com)
Softwoods2
  • Lignin from gymnosperms (softwoods, grasses) is derived from the coniferyl alcohol, which gives rise to G upon pyrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The reaction of a commercial alkali lignin (AL) from mixed softwoods gave surprisingly similar results to the milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from radiata pine. (bl.uk)
Residual1
  • Surprisingly, the removal of waxes, extracted by organic solvents, results in only a slight reduction in sorption, however, the subsequent removal of suberin (polymeric lipids) by saponification greatly reduces the affinity of the residual materials (by 7-fold), suggesting that suberin serves as the major sorption medium for organic pollutants. (nih.gov)
Organic carbon1
  • Lignin constitutes 30% of terrestrial non-fossil organic carbon on Earth, and 20 to 35% of the dry mass of wood. (wikipedia.org)
Effect6
  • We examined the relationship between the carbonizing temperature of bamboo carbide made from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and the removal effect of harmful gases and odorants, and the use of a bamboo charcoal as a countermeasure for 'Sick Building Syndrome' or 'Chemical Sensitivity' and the use as a deodorant. (researchgate.net)
  • With regard to the carbonizing temperature of the bamboo charcoal, a temperature sensor was installed inside each bamboo material and the carbonizing temperature was controlled at 500, 700 and 1000°C. The removal effect was tested for formaldehyde, toluene and benzene that are known to cause 'Sick Building Syndrome' or 'Chemical Sensitivity' and for ammonia, indole, skatole and nonenal as odorants. (researchgate.net)
  • The formaldehyde removal effect was only slightly different in the charcoal at all the carbonizing temperatures. (researchgate.net)
  • The benzene, toluene, indole, skatole and nonenal removal effect were the highest for the bamboo charcoal carbonized at 1000°C and tended to increase as the carbonizing temperature of the bamboo charcoal increased. (researchgate.net)
  • The removal effect for ammonia was the highest on the bamboo charcoal carbonized at 500°C. It is concluded that the effective carbonizing temperature is different for each chemical, and a charcoal must be specifically selected for use as an adsorbent or deodorant. (researchgate.net)
  • Three ground wood samples were partially delignified to examine the effect of a decreasing lignin content (in situ). (bl.uk)
Solids1
  • nevertheless, a significant fraction of the p CAs remained attached to the saponified solids, probably to lignin, through 4- O ether-linkages. (biomedcentral.com)
Made2
  • The researchers' method stems from the recent discovery that lignin can be made transparent by removing only the parts of its molecules that give them their colour. (newscientist.com)
  • RUBBER is made by the removal of water from latex. (nih.gov)
Capabilities1
  • The chart shown below is a summary of the removal capabilities of different purification technologies versus the contaminants commonly found in water. (pharmamanufacturing.com)
Materials3
  • It is quicker and uses fewer materials than the standard lignin-removal process, and also leaves the wood stronger. (newscientist.com)
  • Lignin is a complex polymer found in plant materials. (nstda.or.th)
  • Our latest achievement is the use of lignin as a functional additive in PLA filament, one of the most popular materials used in 3D printing," added Dr. Chayanon. (nstda.or.th)
Wood4
  • Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. (wikipedia.org)
  • The final product is a piece of wood that allows more than 90 per cent of light to pass through it and is more than 50 times stronger than transparent wood with the lignin completely removed. (newscientist.com)
  • Although the lignin reaction (29% of the MWL reaction) was similar in shape to that of the wood block reaction profile, the isolated lignin reaction was not enough to explain or model the wood reaction. (bl.uk)
  • The results were similar to those found for four milled wood lignin (MWL) acetylation products : the phenolic and the primary hydroxyl reacted at a similar rate, and that both reacted more rapidly than the secondary hydroxyl. (bl.uk)
System1
  • The sorption experiments performed in a batch system using PS-B resulted in more than 95 % removal of diesel WSF, reaching equilibrium after 5 h. (org.rs)
Paper2
  • Lignin is an impediment to papermaking as it is colored, it yellows in air, and its presence weakens the paper. (wikipedia.org)
  • This extracted lignin is usually burned as a source of power to operate the paper mill. (nstda.or.th)
Chemical1
  • The abundant opportunities en- joy.ed by its author of discovering the wants felt by -students in entering upon the practice of Chemical Analysis, and his position in the school at Giessen, has enabled him to devise a method of study of the highest value. (nih.gov)
Properties1
  • Dr. Chayanon said that the team has studied the use of lignin to add functional properties to several types of plastic widely used in Thailand including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), in the forms of both petroleum-based and bioplastic. (nstda.or.th)
Production1