• Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
  • Background radioactivity - radioactive elements in the natural environment including those in the crust of the earth (like radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium isotopes) and those produced by cosmic rays. (cdc.gov)
  • Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
  • Radioactive fallout from a nuclear reactor can be considered in two groups: isotopes of the noble gases (xenon, krypton-133) are radioactive elements with a very low chemical reactivity, relatively short half-lives, are not retained by the body and they remain and become dispersed in the air without ground deposition. (apjjf.org)
  • The second and more dangerous radioactive fallout group is represented by mainly the radioactive isotopes of iodine, cesium, and tellurium. (apjjf.org)
  • The part that was not understood until about 100 years ago is that certain elements have isotopes that are radioactive. (nukejobs.com)
  • In some elements, all of the isotopes are radioactive. (nukejobs.com)
  • Hydrogen is a good example of an element with multiple isotopes, one of which is radioactive. (nukejobs.com)
  • Certain elements are naturally radioactive in all of their isotopes. (nukejobs.com)
  • When a reactor blows it sends tons of various radioactive isotopes and crud into the weather patterns. (fukushima-diary.com)
  • Although some metal ions, such as cobalt and iron are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions, but at higher concentration or their radioactive isotopes leads to poisoning. (researchsquare.com)
  • A RDD can be fashioned from civilian-use isotopes such as cesium-137 and cobalt-60, commonly used in hospitals and research centres. (asianmilitaryreview.com)
  • Am-Americum are radioactive isotopes and have a half-life of 7,950 years. (mighty-90.com)
  • It is believed that radioactive isotopes were released by the plant were absorbed into aerosol particles. (blogspot.com)
  • The early researchers also discovered that many other chemical elements , besides uranium, have radioactive isotopes. (knowpia.com)
  • Naturally occurring xenon is made of nine stable isotopes , but there are also over 40 unstable isotopes that undergo radioactive decay . (wikidoc.org)
  • The radioactive contaminants released during any accident or incident includes cesium-137, strontium-90, iodine-131, cobalt-60, americium-241 etc. (researchsquare.com)
  • Strontium-90, cesium-137, zinc-65, manganese-54 and cobalt-60 were detected at greater concentrations and deeper in the ground than would be expected from nuclear fallout or weapons testing from long ago. (healthvermont.org)
  • Activation products - radionuclides that result from the absorption of neutrons by uranium, and other materials present in a nuclear reactor. (cdc.gov)
  • During Phase I and Phase II of the Oak Ridge Health Studies, the TDOH conducted extensive reviews and screening analyses of the available information and identified four hazardous substances related to past ORR operations that could have been responsible for adverse health effects: radioactive iodine, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and radionuclides from White Oak Creek. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to the dose reconstruction studies on these four substances, the TDOH conducted additional screening analyses for releases of uranium, radionuclides, and several other toxic substances. (cdc.gov)
  • In spring 2004 ATSDR completed a public health assessment on Y-12 uranium releases and in this public health assessment evaluates radionuclides released from White Oak Creek. (cdc.gov)
  • Following the accident, measurements of food radioactivity levels, especially of 137 Cs, became more readily available because of the Japanese government's rapid establishment of a food monitoring campaign to detect radionuclides. (nature.com)
  • An imaging tracer made with radionuclides is called a radioactive tracer . (wikipedia.org)
  • A nuclear accident or incident releases a large number of radionuclides. (researchsquare.com)
  • There are 28 naturally occurring chemical elements on Earth that are radioactive, consisting of 34 radionuclides (six elements have two different radionuclides) that date before the time of formation of the Solar System . (knowpia.com)
  • Using this review, ATSDR scientists are conducting public health assessments on X-10 iodine 131 releases, Y-12 mercury releases, K-25 uranium and fluoride releases, PCB releases from X-10, Y-12, and K-25, and other topics such as the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) incinerator and off-site groundwater. (cdc.gov)
  • These "new" radioactive substances are called nuclides, which are so dangerous that, if inhaled, even just a thousandth of a gram of Plutonium-239 induces massive fibrosis of the lungs and can cause death within days (A pinch of uranium, a touch of technocracy and a lot of luck, by Richard Pollack). (umich.edu)
  • Uranium is the best example of such an element and is the heaviest naturally occurring radioactive element. (nukejobs.com)
  • This cycle starts, at its "front end", with the mining of uranium and ends with the possession of millions of tons of radioactive waste that must -- to varying degrees and for varying periods -- be isolated from the human environment. (ccnr.org)
  • Barium-141, Cesium-137, and strontium-90 are produced from the nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium. (researchsquare.com)
  • Half lives range from millionths of a second for highly radioactive fission products to billions of years for long-lived materials (such as naturally occurring uranium). (docslib.org)
  • Nickel, since it has 30 neutrons, loses a proton and gains a neutron to become radioactive Cobalt-58, which itself experiences its own decay chain. (medialternatives.com)
  • spores, etc. (vi) Extra terrestrial substances (vii) Volcanic eruption-releasing CO, H2S, SO 2 etc. (viii) Decay products of natural organic or inorganic substances. (cyberpointsolution.com)
  • During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay . (wikipedia.org)
  • The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible to predict when one particular atom will decay. (wikipedia.org)
  • The process by which it turns into helium is called radioactive decay. (nukejobs.com)
  • When a radioactive atom ejects particles and/or photons, the atom undergoes a process called DISINTEGRATION (or decay). (docslib.org)
  • One curie is defined as that amount of any radioactive material that will decay at a rate of 37 billion disintegrations per second (based upon the disintegration rate of 1 gram of radium -226). (docslib.org)
  • The half life of any radioactive material is the length of time necessary for one half of the atoms of that material to decay to some other material. (docslib.org)
  • [iii] The researchers concluded that neutron leakage transformed salt water chlorine ( 35 Cl) into radioactive 35 S through a process of multistage decay. (blogspot.com)
  • Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay , radioactivity , radioactive disintegration , or nuclear disintegration ) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation . (knowpia.com)
  • Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e., random) process at the level of single atoms. (knowpia.com)
  • Subsequently, the radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy was formulated to describe the products of alpha and beta decay . (knowpia.com)
  • He inferred that this was a decay product of radioactive iodine -129. (wikidoc.org)
  • There is also often some leakage from fuel elements of fission products, including noble gases and iodine-131. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Regarding releases to air and water leakage from Fukushima, the main radionuclide from among the many kinds of fission products in the fuel was volatile iodine-131, which has a half-life of 8 days. (world-nuclear.org)
  • In assessing the significance of atmospheric releases, the Cs-137 figure is multiplied by 40 and added to the I-131 number to give an 'iodine-131 equivalent' figure. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Considerable amounts of xenon-133 and iodine-131 were vented, but most of the caesium-137 (14 out of 15 PBq total) along with most of the Cs-134 apparently came from unit 2 on or after 15 March - the only one of the four units which did not suffer a hydrogen explosion demolishing its superstructure. (world-nuclear.org)
  • On 16 March, Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission recommended local authorities to instruct evacuees under 40 years of age leaving the 20 km zone to ingest stable iodine as a precaution against ingestion ( e.g. via milk) of radioactive iodine-131. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Those that pose the greatest health threat are Cesium-137 (half-life 30 years) and Iodine-131 (half- life 8 days). (apjjf.org)
  • Radioactivity in the cooling water flowing through the core is mainly the activation product nitrogen-16, formed by neutron capture from oxygen. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Using measurements of trace 134 Cs radioactivity, we investigated the contribution ratio of 137 Cs derived from the Fukushima accident on 2011 and pre-Fukushima. (nature.com)
  • The median detected concentration of radiocesium ( 134 Cs + 137 Cs) in foodstuffs was 0.33 Bq/kg-raw, a much lower radioactivity than the Japanese regulatory limit. (nature.com)
  • However, a few samples had particularly high radioactivity, including some dried mushrooms sold in Iwate Prefecture that had a 137 Cs radioactivity concentration as high as 441 Bq/kg. (nature.com)
  • Using the trace radioactivity of short-lived 134 Cs in foodstuffs, we then evaluated the contribution ratio of Fukushima-derived 137 Cs in general foodstuffs in Japan. (nature.com)
  • Radioactivity of 134 Cs and 137 Cs in all 259 foodstuffs were analyzed during 2015-2016 period. (nature.com)
  • RADIOACTIVITY is a term which indicates how many radioactive atoms are disintegrating in a time period and is measured in units of CURIES. (docslib.org)
  • Exposure to ionizing radiation can also be by direct radiation from the plants and fuels themselves, though not released to the environment. (world-nuclear.org)
  • The bottom line is that there are a number of explanations as to why and how radiation could be released into the environment that do not necessarily mean that it happened on purpose. (ifsecglobal.com)
  • Studies have shown that people often react to radiological and nuclear incidents by mis-estimating the actual risks and hazards posed by radiation. (ifsecglobal.com)
  • Beta radiation includes fission products from nuclear reactors including Cesium-134, Cesium-137 and Strontium-90. (enviroreporter.com)
  • Arnie Gundersen, the sole engineer of Fairewinds Associates , continues to tell lies about the radiation released from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants. (atomicinsights.com)
  • The amount of radiation released was clearly as much as Chernobyl , but most of it headed out to sea. (atomicinsights.com)
  • Here is a direct comparison of the amount of radiation released by the two separate accidents from the science blog of Nature . (atomicinsights.com)
  • Everyone is radioactive, and everyone encounters radiation every day. (umich.edu)
  • While no radiation is "safe" the amounts of radiation that humans are exposed to every day are low enough that it does not present a hazard to public health. (umich.edu)
  • When nuclear disasters occur the nuclear power plants could suffer a meltdown, meaning the melting through of the containment structure and releasing radiation to the ground and air. (umich.edu)
  • The release of radiation is a phenomenon unique to nuclear explosions. (nukejobs.com)
  • RADIATION is the term given to the particles and/or energy emitted by radioactive material as it disintegrates. (docslib.org)
  • Radiation emitted by radioactive material can produce IONIZATIONS and, therefore, is called IONIZING RADIATION . (docslib.org)
  • A portable nuclear gauge uses very small amounts of radioactive material, Cesium 137 and Americium 241, to produce just enough radiation to measure the density of soils and asphalt. (apnga.org)
  • Radiation emitted by the radioactive material passes through the soil and is either absorbed/stopped by the soil or makes its way to the detector tubes on the other side of the gauge. (apnga.org)
  • Since 1991 ATSDR has responded to requests and addressed health concerns of community members, civic organizations, and other government agencies in the affected areas of the ORR by working extensively to determine whether levels of environmental contamination in off-site areas present a public health hazard , that is, a source of potential harm to human health as a result of past, current, or future exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • The spread of airborne contamination is unlikely to be evenly distributed due to many variables including the prevailing winds, the altitude the contamination reaches before dispersion and the time period of release. (apjjf.org)
  • The organisation has previously drawn attention to routine Tritium releases and the resulting contamination of borehole water and the water table surrounding Koeberg, in its submissions on the environmental impact of a previous project known as Nuclear 1 - is now concerned about further issues which have emerged from an informal forensic study of the discharge. (medialternatives.com)
  • Our study clarified the 137 Cs contamination in 75 of all 259 food samples before and after the Fukushima nuclear accident, showing that not only mushrooms but also fish had been contaminated before the Fukushima accident. (nature.com)
  • While this campaign produced a large dataset of radiocesium contamination levels in food, no quantitative method existed to distinguish between the detected 137 Cs that originated from the Fukushima accident and the detected 137 Cs that originated from prior deliberate or accidental releases of the radionuclide. (nature.com)
  • The sedimentary crust favours the exportation of cesium and strontium by preventing its infiltration, while at the same time trapping part of the contamination on its immobile particles. (tib.eu)
  • In the case of wet discharge, the contamination of cesium tends to disperse. (tib.eu)
  • Radioactive contamination of the environment has occurred not only through use of radiological dispersal devices (dirty bomb) but also through other means like destruction of nuclear reactors or by virtue of an industrial or military nuclear accident. (researchsquare.com)
  • Internal contamination occurs through ingestion, inhalation or absorption through skin contact of radioactive materials. (researchsquare.com)
  • Although there have been catastrophic incidents where gauges have been demolished by tractor-trailers and heavy construction equipment, or melted down in fires, there has never been an instance where the damage has compromised the shielding to the point that contamination was released or caused harm to anyone. (apnga.org)
  • On a regular basis, samples are collected around the power station to test for radioactive contamination. (healthvermont.org)
  • These elements form fine suspended particles in the air (aerosols), which due to their weight will gradually end up falling on the ground when released into the air, contaminating all vegetation, clothing and any other surfaces including water sources. (apjjf.org)
  • It was apparent that the cesium migrates horizontally in greater proportions than the strontium that pooly fixes on the particles and infiltrates into the first centimeter of the soil. (tib.eu)
  • The reduction of radioactive particles in bone uptake, measured in the femur, reached as high as 80 percent, with little interference with calcium absorption. (radiationdangers.com)
  • Thousands of nuclear fission particles escaped into the atmosphere along with a million liters of contaminated water near the Ottawa River. (umich.edu)
  • After the reactor products had fallen, nuclear particles were able to enter the buildings ventilation system that was stuck in the "open" position. (umich.edu)
  • A RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL contains atoms which are unstable and attempt to become more stable by ejecting particles , electromagnetic energy ( photons ), or both. (docslib.org)
  • However, alpha particles are considered to be an internal hazard, because they can be in contact with live tissue and have the ability to cause a large number of ionizations in a small area. (docslib.org)
  • Radiological Issues for Fukushima's Revitalized Future Chapter 19, Monte Carlo Evaluation of Internal Dose and Distribution Imaging Due to Insoluble Radioactive Cs-Bearing Particles of Water Deposited Inside Lungs via Pulmonary Inhalation Using PHITS Code Combined with Voxel Phantom Data , Editors: Tomoyuki Takahashi, Springer, 209-220. (tsukuba.ac.jp)
  • Moreover, irradiation of boron dissolved in the coolant water creates hydrogen-3, i.e. tritium, the radioactive isotope of hydrogen. (medialternatives.com)
  • A radionuclide ( radioactive nuclide , radioisotope or radioactive isotope ) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. (wikipedia.org)
  • At-Atatine is a radioactive isotope with an extremely short half-life of 7.2 to 8 hours. (mighty-90.com)
  • The other main radionuclide is caesium-137, which has a 30-year half-life. (world-nuclear.org)
  • We performed gamma-ray analysis to determine the amount of radioactive cesium-134 ( 134 Cs) and cesium-137 ( 137 Cs) in 259 foodstuffs five years after the Fukushima nuclear accident of 2011. (nature.com)
  • Our analysis showed that 75.5% of the 137 Cs detected in these mushrooms originated from the Fukushima accident, and 24.5% was originated before the Fukushima event. (nature.com)
  • Indeed, the total estimate delivered to the International Atomic Energy Agency in June states that Fukushima has released 1.5×1016 becquerels (Bq) of Cs-137- about a fifth of the Cs-137 from Chernobyl . (atomicinsights.com)
  • The total radioactive release from Fukushima is currently estimated at about 5.5% of Chernobyl , which spewed an incredible 1.4×1019Bq. (atomicinsights.com)
  • [i] USGS Fission Products in National Atmospheric Deposition Program-West Deposition Samples Prior to and Following the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant Incident, March 8-April 5, 2011. (blogspot.com)
  • [iii] A. Priyadarshi, G. Dominguez, M. H. Thiemens (2011) 'Evidence of Neutron Leakage at the Fukushima Nuclear Plant from Measurements of Radioactive 35S in California', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(35), 14422-14425. (blogspot.com)
  • Paraphrasing] A study released in Scientific Reports published by Nature titled "Isotopic evidence of plutonium release into the environment from the Fukushima DNPP accident" by Zheng et al found that a wide array of highly volatile fission products were released, including 129mTe, 131I, 134Cs, 136Cs and 137Cs, which were all found to be "widely distributed in Fukushima and its adjacent prefectures in eastern Japan. (blogspot.com)
  • The principal long-term widespread radiological risk in the Chernobyl region is Caesium-137 (spelled 'Cesium' in other parts of the world). (ifsecglobal.com)
  • In the north of Ukraine, then a Soviet republic, Chernobyl nuclear power plant was a thriving extensive enterprise served by the purpose-built town of Pripyat when on April 26th, 1986, reactor No 4 exploded, vaporising about five per cent of the core and spewing radioactive flames and gases high into the air. (drb.ie)
  • They become radioactive due to neutron bombardment as they circulate through the reactor with the primary circuit cooling water. (medialternatives.com)
  • [5] Xenon-135 is produced as a result of nuclear fission and acts as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors. (wikidoc.org)
  • A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear Armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where the mass detonation of nuclear weapons causes globally widespread destruction and radioactive fallout. (wikipedia.org)
  • Actinides - radioactive elements with atomic numbers equal to or greater than that of actinium (i.e., 88). (cdc.gov)
  • The evaluation of biological activity of different marine algae is important because of their practical significance in preventing absorption of radioactive products of atomic fission as well as in their use as possible natural decontaminators. (radiationdangers.com)
  • The Atomic Energy Commission recommends for maximum protection against radioactive poisoning for humans, taking a minimum of 2 to 3 ounces of sea vegetables a week or 10 grams (two tablespoons) a day of sodium alginate supplements. (radiationdangers.com)
  • Although nuclear energy dates back to 1943 when the first controlled nuclear fission reaction too place in Chicago as part of the Manhattan Project, the American public did not comprehend its significance until August 1945 when two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan to end World War II. (umich.edu)
  • And that FDU-3 stream/river is presumably contaminated by MOX fuel and the usual daughter fission products radiocesium, radiostrontium and all the rest. (fukushima-diary.com)
  • After the hydrogen explosion in unit 1 on 12 March, some radioactive caesium and iodine were detected in the vicinity of the plant, having been released via the venting. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Further I-131 and Cs-137 and Cs-134 were apparently released during the following few days, particularly following the hydrogen explosion at unit 3 on 14 March and at unit 4 on 15 March. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Tritium is a radioactive form of hydrogen. (healthvermont.org)
  • A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive . (knowpia.com)
  • Sea Vegetables - According to a 1964 McGill University study published in the "Canadian Medical Association Journal," sodium alginate from kelp reduced radioactive strontium absorption in the intestines by 50 to 80 percent. (radiationdangers.com)
  • Canadian researchers reported that sea vegetables contained a polysaccharide substance that selectively bound radioactive strontium and helped eliminate it from the body. (radiationdangers.com)
  • The metal ions like mercury, cesium, thallium and strontium have the greatest potential to cause harm on account of their extensive use. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the February 26, 2010 set of soil samples, strontium-90 and cesium-137 were measured at much greater concentrations than are found in surface soils in Vermont and around the world. (healthvermont.org)
  • Activity - the mean number of decays per unit time of a radioactive nuclide expressed as disintegrations per second. (cdc.gov)
  • Cesium-137 is decays into barium-137. (researchsquare.com)
  • Some of the most dangerous radioactive elements known to man are created in nuclear power plants. (umich.edu)
  • Note that the longer fuel is irradiated in the reactor core, the more radioactive it becomes due to the build-up of fission by-products which also contaminate the fuel limiting its usable life. (apjjf.org)
  • This act triggered an explosion which destroyed the reactor core and released the reactor fuel. (umich.edu)
  • Over the years, ORR operations have generated a variety of radioactive and nonradioactive wastes. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to radioactive or nonradioactive materials via ingestion is a major exposure pathway to human and animals. (researchsquare.com)
  • The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms has no known limits and spans a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude. (wikipedia.org)
  • A portion of these remain in old waste sites, and some pollutants have been released into the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • Elemental Tritium is able to diffuse through metals, particularly in the presence of heat, and is a direct consequence of fission, where production of Tritium occurs in about "one atom per 10,000 fissions" as a direct consequence of the fission process. (medialternatives.com)
  • Although the soil at Vermont Yankee has been contaminated with radioactive materials, there is no known exposure or risk to the public. (healthvermont.org)
  • In the March 17 and 18, 2010 set of soil samples, cesium-137 was found at as much as 75 times what would be expected in surface soils. (healthvermont.org)
  • It refers to the release into the atmosphere of materials in concentrations that are harmful to human beings, plants, animals and buildings cr other objects. (cyberpointsolution.com)
  • The term background is also sometimes used in this report to indicate radioactive elements present in the environment that are not a direct result of SRS activities (e.g. atmospheric weapons testing fallout, see definition for fallout ). (cdc.gov)
  • Caesium is soluble and can be taken into the body, but does not concentrate in any particular organs, and has a biological half-life of about 70 days. (world-nuclear.org)
  • Much of this is due to the fact that Caesium-137 has a long half-life of 30 years. (ifsecglobal.com)
  • The irregular operating state of a reactor, in which nuclear fuel sustains a fission bind reaction. (sahmy.com)
  • On 1/18/2014, Tepco released the video of possible coolant water leaking out to reactor3 building. (fukushima-diary.com)
  • This is only a hazard for those on the plant site, and the level diminishes with distance from the radioactive source. (world-nuclear.org)
  • It is classed as a 'Category 2' radioactive source by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, that is, it can cause permanent injury to a person in close proximity to it for minutes or hours, and could be fatal to anyone exposed for hours or over several days. (asianmilitaryreview.com)
  • The radioactive source material is bonded into a ceramic pellet that is the size of a small pebble. (apnga.org)
  • An 8 millicurie Cesium 137 source used to measure density resides at the tip of the gauge's source rod. (apnga.org)
  • Unlike I-131 therefore which loses most of its potential for harm in a few months, cesium remains hazardous in the environment for several hundred years. (apjjf.org)
  • [ 1 ] The main challenge was adapting the existing models, whose primary focus was containing a hazardous material release, to one that reflected the chaos of a large-scale disaster involving a large number of affected individuals. (medscape.com)
  • It is, indeed, highly radioactive, and it comprises the majority of the radiological risk at the current time. (ifsecglobal.com)
  • 4 ] a vial of highly radioactive cesium-137 was abandoned inside a hunk of scrap machinery and found its way into ignorant hands with tragic results [ 5 ] There are over 400 nuclear reactors installed in 28 countries. (ccnr.org)
  • A reactor achieves criticality (and is above-mentioned to be critical) when shore fission occurrence releases a adequate countless of neutrons to sustain an ongoing order of reactions. (sahmy.com)
  • A reactor achieves criticality (and is above-mentioned to be critical) when shore fission releases a adequate countless of neutrons to sustain an ongoing order of nuclear reactions. (sahmy.com)
  • In 1942, the federal government established the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) in Anderson and Roane Counties in Tennessee as part of the Manhattan Project to research, develop, and produce special radioactive materials for nuclear weapons. (cdc.gov)
  • Failure to maintain this system leaves the country at a huge loss should radiological releases happen due to nuclear plant malfunctions and meltdowns as well as terrorism by an expanding list of American enemies who vow to destroy it. (enviroreporter.com)
  • Basically, the principal type of dirty bomb, or Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD), combines a conventional explosive, such as dynamite, with radioactive material. (apnga.org)
  • Radioactive releases are measured by the amount of (radio)activity in the material, and quoted in Becquerels. (world-nuclear.org)
  • In mid-February reports emerged that ISIS had stolen radioactive material stored in a laptop-sized case from a storage facility near the southern Iraqi city of Basra. (asianmilitaryreview.com)
  • INTERNAL and EXTERNAL HAZARDS refer to whether the radioactive material is inside the body (internal) or outside the body (external). (docslib.org)
  • In most instances, the conventional explosive itself would have more immediate lethality than the radioactive material. (apnga.org)
  • It ended up being an unintentional underground release of radioactive material. (healthvermont.org)
  • These are released in air by nuclear explosions during war, these are harmful and may kill tissues of living organisms. (cyberpointsolution.com)
  • It is the chief hazard for the plant workers, who wear film badges so that the dose can be monitored. (world-nuclear.org)
  • equivalent to releases from four bombs like the one dropped on Hiroshima. (drb.ie)
  • Actinide elements are all radioactive. (cdc.gov)
  • Although 134 Cs and 137 Cs involve different generation processes in nuclear reactors and the 134 Cs/ 137 Cs activity ratio depends on the extent of fuel burnup in each reactor, their yield will be higher compared to other fission or activation products. (nature.com)