Release mitochondrial membrane phospholipid. Medical search. Frequent questions

In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)
Given the complexity of the biological function of mitochondria, researchers have begun to consider rescuing the injured cells through mitochondrial transfer, that is, replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy mitochondria from donor cells. (frontiersin.org)
And the released mitochondria can also act as a distress signal to activate the rescue properties of recipient cells ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
For example, mice that are defective in mitochondrial fusion die during early development while yeast fusion mutants rapidly lose their mitochondria genome and become incapable of oxidative phosphorylation. (jhmi.edu)
The goals of our research are to understand the molecular basis of mitochondria fusion using biochemical approaches and to determine the physiological roles of mitochondrial fusion using cell culture and animal models. (jhmi.edu)
Permeabilised mitochondria trigger inflammation, in part, through the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). (nature.com)
Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. (nature.com)
The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. (nature.com)
How do mitochondria release immunostimulatory mtDNA? (nature.com)
Furthermore, gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria both have a double phospholipid membrane layer-the inner and outer membrane. (nature.com)
The inner membrane encapsulates the cytosol of gram-negative bacteria and the matrix of mitochondria and is rich in the phospholipid cardiolipin. (nature.com)
The space between the two membranes is referred to as the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria and the intermembrane space in mitochondria [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
Mitochondria contain several DAMPs that can be released upon mitochondrial stress or damage (Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
The mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation is based on chemiosmotic theory , which states that the difference in proton concentration between the membranes of mitochondria acts as the reservoir for the energy generated from biological oxidation reactions. (microbeonline.com)
The electron transport chain consists of a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. (microbeonline.com)
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
those of protein transport recent studies using yeast as a model system began to provide intriguing insights into phospholipid exchange between the ER and mitochondria as well as between the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. (biongenex.com)
In this review we summarize the latest findings of phospholipid transport via mitochondria and discuss the implicated molecular mechanisms. (biongenex.com)
Phospholipid transport within mitochondria. (biongenex.com)
A novel PA transfer protein Ups1 Once PS and PA are supplied from your ER to the OM in mitochondria they need to be further transported to the IM where phospholipid synthetic enzymes for PE and CL are located. (biongenex.com)
However little was known about how phospholipids are transported within mitochondria until Ups1 a conserved IMS protein was found to mediate lipid transport from your OM to IM (55). (biongenex.com)
Mitochondria have their own membranes. (ivforlife.com)
This important lipid component of bacterial inner membranes is not found in the membranes of eukaryotic cells-except for the inner membranes of mitochondria. (reasons.org)
Mitophagy is a type of mitochondrial quality control mechanism that degrades damaged mitochondria and maintains cellular homeostasis. (ijbs.com)
In the PARK2-dependent pathway, PINK1 activates PARK2 to target many mitochondrial proteins, including NDP52, OPTN and p62, and it combines with LC3 to deliver damaged mitochondria to autophagosomes [ 15 ]. (ijbs.com)
Alpha-synuclein in mitochondria is differentially expressed in different brain regions and the background levels of mitochondrial alpha-synuclein may be a potential factor affecting mitochondrial function and predisposing some neurons to degeneration. (standardofcare.com)
Once the inner membrane of the mitochondria is damaged, its core abilities are impaired, namely producing energy in the form of ATP and maintaining optimal nutrient uptake and utilization necessary for ATP production. (lifestylematrix.com)
The mitochondrial membrane contains the major classes of phospholipids found in all cell membranes, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidic acid (PA), as well as phosphatidylglycerol (PG), the precursor for cardiolipin (CL), which is predominantly located in the mitochondria. (lifestylematrix.com)
The difficulty in understanding and treating human pathologies caused by mitochondrial dysfunction arises from the complex relationships between mitochondria and other cellular processes, as well as the genetic background of such diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
part of these networks is also established by contacts of the mitochondria with organelles (e.g., with endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and peroxisomes) [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
For instance, the association of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in a juxtaposition known as Mitochondria-Associated Membrane (MAM), has an important role in controlling mitochondria biogenesis, Ca 2+ release, and lipid synthesis and apoptosis [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

The results showed that cisplatin induced mitochondrial injury, ROS release, intracellular iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in the kidney, which were aggravated in Bnip3 knockout , Pink1 knockout or Park2 knockout cisplatin-treated mice. (ijbs.com)
Alpha-synuclein is known to directly bind to lipid membranes, associating with the negatively charged surfaces of phospholipids. (standardofcare.com)
The binding of alpha-synuclein to lipid membranes alters the bilayer structure and leading to the formation of small vesicles. (standardofcare.com)
Aggregated states of alpha-synuclein permeate the membrane of lipid vesicles. (standardofcare.com)
The intrinsic biophysical properties of this cone-shaped lipid induce the formation of hexagonal phases within the membrane and, in so doing, promotes membrane fusion and fission events, protein integration into membranes, and conformational changes in protein structure. (alfa-chemistry.com)
DOPE tends to adopt an inverted hexagonal H(II) phase, which destabilizes endosomal membranes and facilitates endosomal escape of lipid nanoparticles. (alfa-chemistry.com)
Membrane lipid replacement (MLR) is best utilized in the form of an oral phospholipid supplement that emulates the composition of the mitochondrial lipids. (lifestylematrix.com)
Enzymatic hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipases produces these lipid second messengers, as well as soluble second messengers such as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and also other molecules such as choline (Cho) that are released to the extracellular medium. (jneurosci.org)

ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we show that the N-terminal pore-forming GSDMD fragment (GSDMD-NT) rapidly damaged both inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (OMMs) leading to reduced mitochondrial numbers, mitophagy, ROS, loss of transmembrane potential, attenuated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and release of mitochondrial proteins and DNA from the matrix and intermembrane space. (bvsalud.org)
A protein gradient forms due to the pumping of proteins from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. (microbeonline.com)
Since the protons cannot pass the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane due to its hydrophobic core, it moves down their concentration gradient with the help of channel proteins with hydrophilic tunnels across the membranes. (microbeonline.com)
[22] A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand translocation of the remaining 50% of Mgm1 continues with the aid of the mitochondrial Hsp70-associated motor and chaperone (MMC) proteins of the TIM23 complex until lateral release of the second TM segment into the IM takes place. (biongenex.com)
In Science Immunology, Špela Konjar and colleagues from University of Lisbon report that IELs derive their unique metabolic abilities from altered mitochondrial membrane proteins that are affected by special phospholipids called cardiolipins. (european-biotechnology.com)
In the axon terminals alpha-synuclein interacts with phospholipids and proteins. (standardofcare.com)
Damage to mitochondrial components, especially the delicate inner mitochondrial membrane, leads to the release of toxic proteins that go through several steps to trigger the formation of the inflammatory molecular complex called an inflammasome. (lifestylematrix.com)
Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. (biomedcentral.com)

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Oxidized cardiolipins as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by pesticide , rotenone. (cdc.gov)
We conclude that CL oxygenation products may represent a new biomarker of rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction associated with Parkinson disease. (cdc.gov)
One of the underlying mechanisms of long COVID may be mitochondrial dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
Without an intact membrane, the process of energy production becomes ineffective leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is believed to be at the root of many chronic illnesses. (ivforlife.com)
The mechanism of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which result in apoptosis, necrosis and ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, causing rapid loss of kidney function [ 8 - 11 ]. (ijbs.com)
1 Many conditions lead to fatigue, but mitochondrial dysfunction is at the core. (lifestylematrix.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been associated with ageing and most of the so-called age-related diseases [ 13 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)

Mitochondrial damage occurred as soon as GSDMD was cleaved prior to plasma membrane damage. (bvsalud.org)
These NFPs are a chemoattractant for host phagocytes and can be recognised by formyl peptide receptors on the plasma membrane [ 8 , 9 ]. (nature.com)
It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. (microbeonline.com)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)

We demonstrated that treatment of human blood lymphocytes with rotenone resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, induction of apoptosis and selective oxidation of mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). (cdc.gov)
Mitochondrial damage was independent of the B-cell lymphoma 2 family and depended on GSDMD-NT binding to cardiolipin. (bvsalud.org)
Canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation of mitochondrial damage, pyroptosis, and inflammatory cytokine release were suppressed by genetic ablation of cardiolipin synthase (Crls1) or the scramblase (Plscr3) that transfers cardiolipin to the OMM. (bvsalud.org)
These DAMPs include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cardiolipin, N-formyl peptides (NFPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also metabolites such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and succinate [ 3 ]. (nature.com)

The pumping of the proton from the matrix to intermembrane space forms an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, also called the proton motive force (PMF). (microbeonline.com)
These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space , inner membrane , cristae , and matrix . (wikipedia.org)
As electrons are shuttled through the complexes I, III and IV by electron carriers, protons (H + ) are moved from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acids, which are often found in chains as CoA-esters, are first transported across the outer mitochondrial membrane by palmitoyl transferase I, resulting in translocation to the intermembrane space and transformation into an acyl-carnitine form. (biomedcentral.com)

Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate is present at a level of 1-2% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant at up to 11% of the total. (hmdb.ca)
Phosphatidylethanolamine is the second most abundant phospholipid in mammalian cells. (alfa-chemistry.com)

This process is called "oxidative phosphorylation" and relies upon developing an effective gradient of protons across a double mitochondrial membrane in the process of manufacturing ATP. (ivforlife.com)

Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)
Due to the mitochondrial helix that forms around the core of the axoneme-outer dense fibers complex, the midpiece has a large diameter relative to the rest of the cell [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Phosphatidylcholine (PC): May rebuild healthy cell and mitochondrial membranes. (ivforlife.com)
Phospholipids, like Phosphatidylcholine (PC), are the common building blocks of cell walls as well as our liposomes. (ivforlife.com)
This process also serves to replenish our own cell membranes with a fresh supply of Phosphatidylcholine and other Phospholpids to strengthen cell structure. (ivforlife.com)
Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline or citicoline, is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of the structural phospholipids of cell membranes, especially in that of phosphatidylcholine. (nih.gov)
Of these phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant in our cell membranes. (lifestylematrix.com)
We showed previously that NMDA releases choline and inhibits incorporation of [ 3 H]choline into phosphatidylcholine before excitotoxic neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
These results show that membrane damage by NMDA is preceded by inhibition of phospholipid synthesis and not by phospholipid degradation in the early stages of the excitotoxic process, and that NMDA receptor overactivation decreases phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis by inhibiting choline-ethanolaminophosphotransferase activity. (jneurosci.org)

Moreover, mitochondrial fusion also regulates the release of cytochrome C during apoptosis. (jhmi.edu)
Countering NADH production, calcium action on the mitochondrial permeability transition pores increases inner membrane permeability thereby reducing proton potential, causing the matrix to swell and ultimately releasing cytochrome c (an initiator of apoptosis). (benbest.com)
Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. (nature.com)
It does not have the morphological characteristics of typical necrosis, such as swelling of the cytoplasm and organelles and rupture of the cell membrane, nor does it have the characteristics of traditional cell apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies and disintegration of the cytoskeleton. (nature.com)

Phosphatidylethanolamine is a non-bilayer formed phospholipid containing small polar heads proportional to the diameter of its fatty acid chain. (alfa-chemistry.com)

Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
can act as donors or recipients during mitochondrial transfer under physiological conditions ( 8 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Our laboratory is interested in the molecular mechanisms and physiological roles of mitochondrial fusion. (jhmi.edu)
What physiological functions has mitochondrial inflammation during cell death? (nature.com)
PGPs have a net charge of -1 at physiological pH and are found in high concentration in mitochondrial membranes and as components of pulmonary surfactant. (hmdb.ca)
However, the mechanisms by which phospholipases switch from physiological second-messenger production to phospholipid degradation remain unclear. (jneurosci.org)

It also an important membrane structure in the heart and liver where it plays a role in cholesterol metabolism (VLDL formation). (ivforlife.com)
CDP-choline activates the biosynthesis of structural phospholipids in the neuronal membranes, increases cerebral metabolism and acts on the levels of various neurotransmitters. (nih.gov)
The integrity of mitochondrial membranes is critical to cell function and energy metabolism. (lifestylematrix.com)
Correlation analysis showed that DOX-induced HF mainly affected phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolic pathways, suggesting abnormal amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. (frontiersin.org)

1988). The resulting damage leads to loss of membrane permeability, reduced ion uptake, loss of plasma ions, and changes in blood parameters relating to respiration. (canada.ca)
Significant oxidative damage and increased mitochondrial membrane permeability constitute the point-of-no-return of programmed cell death pathways. (lifestylematrix.com)
Oral MLR prevents oxidative damage, replaces damaged membrane phospholipids and maintains mitochondrial membrane permeability in the optimal range. (lifestylematrix.com)

Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)

The regulation of membrane fusion and fission generates a striking diversity of mitochondrial shapes, ranging from numerous small spheres in hepatocytes to long branched tubules in myotubes. (jhmi.edu)
An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. (hindawi.com)

As the electron moves in complex I, energy gets released by a series of redox reactions. (microbeonline.com)
However, they cannot generate energy through the electron transport chain without healthy and intact membranes. (lifestylematrix.com)
In healthy cells, the inner mitochondrial membrane where the electron transport system is located is mostly impermeable, and this is important in establishing trans-membrane chemical/electrical potential essential for energy production. (lifestylematrix.com)
Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)

ATP 360 ® is formulated to provide complete mitochondrial support, by promoting normal mitochondrial growth and mitosis, supporting healthy mitochondrial membrane, and supplying the necessary cofactors for optimal cellular energy production. (fullspectrumenergymedicine.com)
The balance between the levels of l-Mgm1 and s-Mgm1 is usually important for the maintenance of the normal mitochondrial morphology (56-59). (biongenex.com)

In contrast to autophagy, ferroptosis does not have the formation of classical closed bilayer membrane structures (autophagic vacuoles). (nature.com)

Complex II cannot pump protons across membranes. (microbeonline.com)
equilibrium but charged substances like protons do not easily cross membranes. (ua-referat.com)

it is enriched in the inner leaflet of membranes and is especially abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (alfa-chemistry.com)

ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 8, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB8 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. (wikipedia.org)
This protein may also play a role in the transport of phospholipids into mitochondrial membranes. (wikipedia.org)
The energy generated in these reactions is captured as a protein gradient used to make ATP by chemiosmosis (the process of movement of ions across the biological membrane). (microbeonline.com)
We have originally recognized Ups1 as a factor important for biogenesis of Mgm1 a mitochondrial fusion protein (56). (biongenex.com)
Upon crossing the IM about 50% of Mgm1 is usually arrested at the first TM segment in the TIM23 channel and laterally released into the IM to generate an N-anchor IM protein a large form of Mgm1 (l-Mgm1) (57). (biongenex.com)
Subsequently the rhomboid protease Pcp1/Ugo2 in the IM cleaves the second TM segment in Mgm1 to release a short BGJ398 (NVP-BGJ398) form of Mgm1 into the IMS (s-Mgm1) as a soluble protein (58-60). (biongenex.com)
It is a neuronal protein that regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking and subsequent neurotransmitter release. (standardofcare.com)

Mammalian CDs are surrounded by a cell membrane and contain cytoplasm that houses the cytosol and cytoskeletal network [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. (hmdb.ca)
Overactivation of NMDA receptors is believed to induce neuronal death by increasing phospholipid hydrolysis and subsequent degradation. (jneurosci.org)
On the basis of these results, we hypothesized that excitotoxicity results from inhibition of synthesis rather than from increased degradation of phospholipids. (jneurosci.org)
We now investigated the effect of NMDA receptor overactivation on synthesis and degradation of major membrane phospholipids in the early stages of the excitotoxic process. (jneurosci.org)
It is generally assumed that enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids leads to phospholipid degradation and membrane damage. (jneurosci.org)

Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that CDP-choline restores the activity of mitochondrial ATPase and of membranal Na+/K+ ATPase, inhibits the activation of phospholipase A2 and accelerates the reabsorption of cerebral edema in various experimental models. (nih.gov)

Most of the metabolic energy of neurons is expended on maintaining ion gradients across the cell membrane. (benbest.com)
This review attempts to provide a summary of the background knowledge and recent developments in mitochondrial processes relating to mitochondrial-associated metabolic diseases arising from defects or deficiencies in mitochondrial function, as well as insights into current and future avenues for investigation. (biomedcentral.com)

If a chemical compound targeting one of these hubs is used, it can not only modify the anticipated biological pathways but also change other unexpected mitochondrial processes ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)

In eukaryotic cells complex membrane structures called organelles are highly designed to exert specialized functions. (biongenex.com)

[10] Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)

Evolutionary biologists view the presence of the diminutive mitochondrial genome as a vestige of this organelle's evolutionary history. (reasons.org)

We also discussed the advantage and challenges of mitochondrial transfer strategies, including cell-based mitochondrial transplantation, extracellular vesicle-based mitochondrial transplantation, and naked mitochondrial transplantation, for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. (frontiersin.org)
Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-activated inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis) causes mitochondrial damage, but its underlying mechanism and functional consequences are largely unknown. (bvsalud.org)
Potassium ions rush out of the cell while sodium & chloride ions rush inward as the cell membranes depolarize. (benbest.com)
Voltage-gated ion channels and ion-exchangers in the cell membrane also regulate ion concentrations. (benbest.com)
Postsynaptic membranes contain two voltage-gated calcium channels (L-type & T-type) as well as a sodium/calcium exchanger, but the NMDA channel is particularly adept at allowing large amounts of calcium ion to enter the cell. (benbest.com)
Mitochondrial-driven inflammation can enhance the immunogenicity of cell death. (nature.com)
Is mitochondrial-driven inflammation during cell death driven by bacterial-like DAMPs? (nature.com)
Liposomal PC Complex Does not contain dairy, egg, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and may play a role in cell and mitochondrial membrane structure and may improve liver cell function and detoxification. (ivforlife.com)
Phospholipids are the building blocks of all cell and mitochondrial membranes. (ivforlife.com)
Phospholipids form the cell membrane, like a protective skin around the contents of the cell. (ivforlife.com)
Aside from being protective, the cell membrane is vital for cell communication between with other cells and the environment. (ivforlife.com)
Phosphatidyl-Inositol: Is a building block of cell membranes and plays a key role in cell messaging. (ivforlife.com)
Phosphatidyl-Ethanolamine: Is a building block of cell membranes and comprises 25% of all phospholipids. (ivforlife.com)
In fact liposomes are made of the exact same building blocks as our own cell membranes. (ivforlife.com)
Because of this, once Liposomal PC Complex is ingested orally, the liposomes pass through the stomach intact and then easily attach to the cell membrane of the small intestine cells where absorption of nutrients in food occurs. (ivforlife.com)
Sodium and water enter the cell causing cell swelling and hypovolemia, while potassium and myoglobin are released into the circulation. (turkjemergmed.com)
Ferroptosis, a new modality of programmed cell death, is characterized by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation and oxidative membrane damage. (ijbs.com)
This effect was observed well before any significant membrane damage and cell death. (jneurosci.org)

CDP-diacylglycerol then reacts with glycerol-3-phosphate via phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase to form 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1'-sn-glycerol 3'-phosphoric acid, with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). (hmdb.ca)

To enhance the sensitivity of LC-MS protocols for the detection of oxidation products, phospholipids were treated either with phospholipase A1 from Thermomyces lanuginosus (10 ml/mmol phospholipids) or phospholipase A2 form porcine pancreas (10U/ mmol of phospholipids) to release fatty acids residues from sn-1 and sn-2 position, respectively. (cdc.gov)
Melittin causes the release of lecithin from red blood cells, which is transformed into lysolecithin through the action of phospholipase A2, causing hemolysis [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

By effectively replacing these membrane lipids, mitochondrial function is optimized, and energy production is restored to optimal levels using a safe and cost-effective intervention. (lifestylematrix.com)

Depolarization of presynaptic membranes results in release of the neurotransmitter glutamate (glutamic acid) . (benbest.com)
These presynaptic terminals release neurotransmitters, from compartments known as synaptic vesicles. (standardofcare.com)

Postsynaptic membranes contain several types of glutamate receptors, notably NMDA & AMPA receptors, which allow calcium ion entry. (benbest.com)
Due to its bacterial ancestry, mitochondrial formylation of methionine is required for translation initiation of mtDNA-derived mRNA [ 7 ] and will therefore be recognised by the same formyl peptide receptors. (nature.com)
Neurotransmitters and hormones bind to receptors in the membrane conveying messages. (ivforlife.com)

Complex III can pump the proton across the membrane. (microbeonline.com)
Liposomal PC Complex contains 5200 milligrams of Phospholipid Complex per serving. (ivforlife.com)

Using yeast as a model system, we have identified several components that mediate and regulate mitochondrial fusion. (jhmi.edu)
Upon oral or parenteral administration, CDP-choline releases its two principle components, cytidine and choline. (nih.gov)

In addition to shape and number, mitochondrial fusion is critical for normal organelle function. (jhmi.edu)
Therefore, it is not surprising that defects in mitochondrial fusion cause neurodegenerative disorders in humans, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A and autosomal dominant optic atrophy. (jhmi.edu)
Murata D, Yamada T, Tokuyama T, Arai K, Quirós PM, López-Otín C, Iijima M, Sesaki H. Mitochondrial Safeguard: a stress response that offsets extreme fusion and protects respiratory function via flickering-induced Oma1 activation. (jhmi.edu)
Self-Assembly of Solid-Supported Membranes Using a Triggered Fusion of Phospholipid-Enriched Proteoliposomes Prepared from the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. (quantabiodesign.com)

Furthermore, LPLI induces the synthesis or release of many molecules, like growth factors, interleukins, inflammatory cytokines and others, which are related to promotive effects of LPLI. (biomedcentral.com)

Using the combination of lipidomics and oxidative epitope-targeted enzymatic digestion of total phospholipids we found a decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) esterified into phospholipids on day 1 and 5 after expose. (cdc.gov)

Hamilton, D., Jensen, G., Nutraceutical support of mitochondrial function associated with reduction of long-term fatigue and inflammation. (fullspectrumenergymedicine.com)

Studies suggest that alpha synuclein plays a role in restricting the mobility of synaptic vesicles, consequently attenuating synaptic vesicle recycling and neurotransmitter release. (standardofcare.com)

The cerebral cortex and cerebellum are exceptions, which contain rich cytosolic alpha-synuclein but very low levels of mitochondrial alpha-synuclein. (standardofcare.com)

Once absorbed, the cytidine and choline disperse widely throughout the organism, cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system (CNS), where they are incorporated into the phospholipid fraction of the membrane and microsomes. (nih.gov)

Therefore the primary function of the ERMES as the phospholipid transport machinery is still under argument although its membrane tethering function is now widely recognized. (biongenex.com)

Anatomy31

Organisms10

Chemicals and Drugs141

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes50

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science3

Health Care1

Mitochondria33

Lipid8

Proteins10

Dysfunction8

Plasma membrane4

Cardiolipin4

Intermembrane4

Second most abundant phospholipid2

Oxidative phosphorylation1

Outer2

Phosphatidylcholine7

Apoptosis4

Phosphatidylethanolamine1

Physiological6

Metabolism4

Permeability3

Activation of mitochondrial1

Fission2

Electron4

Normal mitochondrial2

Bilayer1

Protons2

Abundant1

Protein8

Cytosol1

Degradation5

Restores1

Metabolic2

Pathways1

Eukaryotic cells1

Biogenesis1

Genome1

Cell18

Glycerol1

Phospholipase2

Lipids1

Presynaptic2

Receptors3

Complex2

Components2

Fusion4

Molecules1

Enzymatic1

Inflammation1

Neurotransmitter1

Cytosolic1

Microsomes1

Function1