Rejection allografts. Medical search. Frequent questions

In a model in which T cell recognition is restricted to a single foreign antigen on the graft, rejection occurred only if the allogeneic non-self signal was also sensed by the host's innate immune system. (jci.org)
These findings underscore the importance of innate recognition of allogeneic non-self by monocytes in initiating graft rejection. (jci.org)
Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a potential noninvasive molecular marker of graft rejection after kidney transplant, whose diagnostic accuracy remains controversial. (physiciansweekly.com)
Animals tolerized to a heart allograft with ATG rejected an orthotopic lung transplant from the same strain as the original allograft, whereas recipients treated with CsA at the time of their heart transplant accepted a subsequent lung graft. (northwestern.edu)
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) , also called accelerated graft arteriosclerosis, generally refers to concentric luminal narrowing of the epicardial and intramural coronary arteries. (medscape.com)
The endothelium, being the primary interaction site between graft and host, is where rejection is usually first seen. (medscape.com)
Nontransplanted and transplanted rats were treated with CsA to induce permanent graft acceptance of the allografts. (rug.nl)
These data indicate that circulating extracellular mitochondria in deceased organ donors may directly activate allograft ECs and promote graft rejection in transplant recipients. (duke.edu)
Via genome sequencing of both lung transplant recipients and donors, we examine genetic ancestral markers that are associated with graft rejection and dysfunction. (nih.gov)
Advances in therapeutics have dramatically improved short-term graft survival, while the incidence of chronic rejection has not changed in the past 20 years. (hal.science)
In this review, we discuss a paradigm suggesting that sequential changes within graft endothelial cells (EC) lead to an intragraft microenvironment that favors the development of chronic rejection. (hal.science)
Figure 3-1 Endothelial graft rejection with stromal and epithelial edema on the trailing aspect of the migrating Khodadoust line (inset) . (aao.org)
Herein, our results showed that metabolism sensor sirtuin 2 ( SIRT2 ) negatively regulates the functions of MDSCs in inducing allogeneic skin graft rejection . (bvsalud.org)
The rejection following keratoplasty still is a leading cause of corneal transplantation failure.Studies showed that the interleukin-22 (IL-22), one of the effector molecules of T helper cell 17 (Th17) participated on the rejection after heart, liver and bone marrow transplantation.However, the effect of IL-22 on corneal graft rejection is not well understood. (cjeo-journal.org)
The animal studies found that TNX-1500 retains activity to prevent rejection and preserve graft function. (tonixpharma.com)
Despite considerable advances in that field, graft rejection is still an important clinical problem. (annalsoftransplantation.com)
From the practical point of view, C4d and C3d could be used in liver transplantology for differential diagnostics of acute graft rejection and recurrence of HCV infection. (annalsoftransplantation.com)
To evaluate the utility of cyclosporine (CsA) trough concentrations as a monitoring tool for acute graft rejections and CsA nephrotoxicity. (tmu.edu.tw)
Even when Th2 cells were introduced directly at the graft site, prompt rejection was still observed despite the presence of increased IL-4 mRNA expression within the islet allografts. (ox.ac.uk)
Our study sheds light on graft rejection, which is the most common problem after keratolimbal allograft," said Dr. Eslani. (uic.edu)
Most bone grafts help the bone defect heal with little risk of graft rejection. (medlineplus.gov)
Solid organ transplant recipients, who are medically immunosuppressed to prevent graft rejection, have increased melanoma risk, but risk factors and outcomes are incompletely documented. (cdc.gov)

by cardiac myocyte-targeted overexpression of GTPCH would diminish acute cardiac allograft rejection. (ox.ac.uk)
Deep learning-enabled assessment of cardiac allograft rejection from endomyocardial biopsies. (cdc.gov)

The notion of allografts is explored in specialty areas ranging from orthopedics and thoracic surgery to kidney and liver transplantation, in an effort to identify certain common themes having to do with the immunological response to the allograft and the various methods to avoid rejection. (novapublishers.com)
Chapters in this book present current challenges in the use of bone allografts in complex orthopedic procedures, in addition to dealing in depth with the use of hepatic and renal allografts in liver and kidney transplantation. (novapublishers.com)
Two cohorts of mice underwent renal transplantation with either a syngeneic isograft or allograft kidney. (hindawi.com)
As the simultaneous transplantation of two or more organs into a single recipient has become increasingly common, asynchronous allograft rejection has become an important clinical problem. (northwestern.edu)
Heterotopic heart allografts transplanted into DA recipients from PVG donors survived indefinitely if the recipients were given a short course of rabbit antirat thymocyte globulin or cyclosporine at the time of transplantation. (northwestern.edu)
Lung transplantation-related pathology encompasses a spectrum of disorders that include, but are not limited to, indications for lung transplantation (seen in explanted lungs), surgical complications (airway anastomotic and vascular complications), ischemia-reperfusion injury, rejection (acute and chronic), infections, and posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). (medscape.com)
Although aimed at protecting the host from infection, in the context of transplantation, this injury leads to allograft rejection. (medscape.com)
The concept of rejection is not unique to cardiac allograft transplantation and, to a varying extent, occurs in all forms of solid organ transplantation. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Although AMR most commonly occurs months to years following transplantation, a rare subtype, hyperacute rejection, can occur within minutes to hours after transplantation. (medscape.com)
This process generally occurs months to years following transplantation and is currently the limiting factor in long-term allograft survival. (medscape.com)
Further details (ie, clinical, gross, microscopic findings) of these various types of rejection are detailed later in this article, although the primary focus of this article is the pathology of acute cellular rejection in heart transplantation. (medscape.com)
Risk factors for developing antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) include pregnancy, previous transplantation, blood transfusions, sensitization by OKT3 induction therapy, and use of ventricular assist devices. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] Identified risk factors for developing CAV include donor hypertension, cellular rejection during the first year following transplantation, and being a recipient of a heart from a male donor. (medscape.com)
The findings suggest that viral infections and chronic rejection play a synergistic role in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after human heart-lung and lung transplantation: the virus infection may stimulate chronic rejection and rejection may hamper the local defense against the virus. (rug.nl)
Infusion of isolated mitochondria into heart donors leads to significant increase in allograft rejection in a murine heterotopic heart transplantation model. (duke.edu)
Chronic antibody-mediated rejection is the major cause of fading allograft function and loss after renal transplantation. (uni-konstanz.de)
11 , 12 Compelling evidences have also showed that the gut microbiome could modulate alloimmunity and rejection, directly implicating the gut microbiome as a therapeutic target in organ transplantation. (nature.com)
Rejection of stable islet allografts promptly occurred when transplant recipients were challenged with 1 x 10 5 donor dendritic cells 60 days after transplantation. (rockefeller.edu)
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is a major complication after lung transplantation that results from a complex interplay of innate inflammatory and alloimmune factors, culminating in parenchymal and/or obliterative airway fibrosis. (jci.org)
Corneal allograft rejection Penetrating keratoplasty, or the transplantation of corneal allografts, has an extremely high success rate (>90%) even in the absence of systemic immunomodulation. (aao.org)
This study was to investigate the expression of IL-22 mRNA in the corneal grafts and the role of IL-22 in the immune rejection after corneal transplantation in rats. (cjeo-journal.org)
Kim, PTW, Demetris, AJ & O'Leary, JG 2016, ' Prevention and treatment of liver allograft antibody-mediated rejection and the role of the 'two-hit hypothesis' ', Current opinion in organ transplantation , vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 209-218. (elsevierpure.com)
The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether DNGR-1-dependent cross-presentation of dead-cell-associated antigens occurs after transplantation and contributes to CD8+ T cell responses, chronic allograft rejection (CAR) and fibrosis. (crick.ac.uk)
This study highlights the importance of prolonged systemic immunosuppression after limbal allograft transplantation and it helps us improve the long-term outcome of this procedure. (uic.edu)
They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. (bvsalud.org)

Donor-derived cell-free DNA can be a helpful marker for the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection among those recipients suspected of renal dysfunction. (physiciansweekly.com)
The purpose of this study was to quantify T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in blood mononuclear cells of cardiac transplant recipients and to investigate a possible relationship between TREC levels and rejection episodes. (unifesp.br)
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) inevitably occurs in most heart transplant recipients over a variable time course. (medscape.com)
The infiltration of T cells, B cells and macrophages as well as interferon-γ, interleukin-17, IgG and complement deposition were reduced in renal allografts of ONX 0914-treated recipients. (uni-konstanz.de)
Chronic nephropathy was ameliorated and renal allograft function preserved, enabling long-term survival of recipients. (uni-konstanz.de)
Whether the alternated microbiota in the gut contribute to the risk of allograft rejection (AR) and pulmonary infection (PI) in the setting of lung transplant recipients (LTRs) remains unexplored. (nature.com)
Bestard O, Cruzado J, Taco O, Lladó L, Melilli E, Fabregat J, Gil-Vernet S, Rafecas A, Grinyó J. Liver Allografts Do Not Always Protect from Kidney Allograft Rejection in Sensitized Recipients of Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplants [abstract]. (atcmeetingabstracts.com)
However, in allograft recipients, treatment with IFN-α often leads to allograft rejection. (elsevierpure.com)
The aim of the present study was to determine if IFN-α therapy increases the incidence or severity of acute rejection in human liver allograft recipients. (elsevierpure.com)
In OLT recipients, the risk of acute rejection was not increased by the introduction of IFN-α. (elsevierpure.com)
Lung transplants were performed using Lewis donors and Sprague-Dawley recipients (allografts) or the same strain (isografts). (nih.gov)
Recipients of kidney transplants undergo an extensive immunologic evaluation that primarily serves to avoid transplants that are at risk for antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection. (medscape.com)

Relevant literature was searched from online databases, and the data on the diagnostic accuracy of discriminating main rejection episodes (MRE) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) were merged, respectively. (physiciansweekly.com)
Rejection refers to the organ recipient's immune system recognizing a transplanted organ as foreign and mounting a response to it via cellular and/or humoral (antibody-mediated) mechanisms. (medscape.com)
Cardiac transplant rejection manifests in one or more of the following three ways: acute cell-mediated rejection, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and allograft vasculopathy. (medscape.com)
Currently, pharmacological agents for the suppression of chronic antibody-mediated rejection are lacking. (uni-konstanz.de)
Non-selective proteasome inhibitors suppress antibody-mediated allograft rejection. (uni-konstanz.de)
Thus, our studies define a critical role of the immunoproteasome in chronic kidney allograft rejection and suggest immunoproteasome inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach to suppress chronic antibody-mediated rejection. (uni-konstanz.de)
8: 237) dealt primarily with the diagnosis of acute T-cell-mediated rejection (ACMR), while only tentatively addressing issues pertaining to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). (houstonmethodist.org)
Purpose of review The review outlines the diagnosis, prevention strategies, and possible treatment options for acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). (elsevierpure.com)

We have recently demonstrated that extracellular mitochondria are abundant in the circulation of deceased organ donors and that their presence correlates with early allograft dysfunction. (duke.edu)
In our cohort of patients, we examine demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as differential levels of cell free DNA, to explore outcomes of allograft failure, acute cellular rejection, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction in individuals of European and non-European ancestry. (nih.gov)
Maintenance of immunosuppression after solid-organ transplant is essential in order to prevent short-and long-term complications such as acute cellular rejection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. (nih.gov)
4 These diseases are not only the major causes of death but are also associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). (nature.com)
The diagnosis is suspected when allograft dysfunction occurs with DSA, diffuse C4d staining, and a microvascular injury, and may be aided by the aAMR score. (elsevierpure.com)
The immune mechanisms occurring during acute rejection (AR) and chronic lung allograft dysfunction are a challenge for research and the balance between effector and regulatory cells has not been defined completely. (diapathlabtalks.com)

Current imaging techniques for monitoring allograft function involve the use of ultrasound to exclude ureteric obstruction or vascular compromise in the failing kidney. (hindawi.com)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers detailed characterization of the kidney structure without using ionizing radiation and is suitable for monitoring renal allograft damage with repeated scanning. (hindawi.com)
Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a kidney disorder which is the leading cause of kidney transplant failure, occurring months to years after the transplant. (wikipedia.org)
During the first year kidney and liver allograft function were not different, although a trend to numerically worsening kidney function was observed among sensitized patients. (atcmeetingabstracts.com)
Blockade of CD40L with TNX-1500 monotherapy consistently and safely prevented pathologic alloimmunity in non-human primate cardiac and kidney allograft models without clinical thrombosis. (tonixpharma.com)
1 year) rejection-free survival of kidney xenografts with triple xenoantigen knockout and multiple human transgenes in nonhuman primates ," includes data demonstrating that TNX-1500 treatment showed activity in preventing xenograft kidney rejection and was well tolerated in non-human primates. (tonixpharma.com)
Recipient of an SOT (kidney, liver, or lung transplant) =180 days prior to day of consent and receiving chronic immunosuppressive therapy for the prevention of allograft rejection. (who.int)

These animals were then given a second organ allograft from the same strain or a third party to assess whether they exhibited donor specific tolerance and whether the acceptance or rejection of the first allograft would influence the survival of the second transplant. (northwestern.edu)
The focus of APO is to investigate whether early detection and treatment of rejection improves transplant survival. (nih.gov)
APO is also planning a clinical trial to assess whether early detection and treatment of rejection improves survival in lung transplant patients and also engaged in additional studies to understand molecular mechanisms of transplant rejection. (nih.gov)
The synergism between IDO + DC and TC (tryptophan catabolic products) has stronger inhibitory effects on T lymphocyte proliferation and mouse heart transplant rejection than the two intervention factors alone, and significantly prolong the survival time of donor-derived transplanted skin. (serotoninfacts.org)
Although myeloid-derived suppressor cells ( MDSCs ) are critical for allograft survival , their regulatory mechanism remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
The median survival time of grafts in the allograft keratoplasty group was 10 days, and that in the anti-rejection group was 17 days, showing a significant survival extention in the anti-rejection group ( χ 2 =16.442, P =0.000). (cjeo-journal.org)
Chronic AMR is likely more common and of significant relevance to long-term allograft survival improvement. (elsevierpure.com)
The presentations titled, " Long-term rejection-free renal allograft survival with Fc-modified anti-CD154 antibody monotherapy in nonhuman primates," and " Monotherapy with TNX-1500, a Fc-modified anti-CD154mAb, prolongs cardiac allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys ," include data demonstrating that TNX-1500 treatment showed activity in preventing organ rejection and was well tolerated in non-human primates. (tonixpharma.com)

Renal biopsy remains the gold-standard for detecting allograft rejection but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (hindawi.com)
Routine endomyocardial biopsy remains the criterion standard for monitoring for such rejection. (medscape.com)
This photomicrograph is of a biopsy specimen with no evidence of rejection (hematoxylin-eosin, 40x). (medscape.com)
Transplant rejection is detected by analyzing a biopsy of the transplanted organ. (nih.gov)
Additionally, biopsy has low sensitivity and usually picks up rejection at late stages when treatments options are limited and often with limited benefits. (nih.gov)
APO has developed an approach that picks up transplant rejection 2 - 3 months before biopsy. (nih.gov)
Clinical data extracted from the charts were CsA dosage, CsA trough levels (whole blood, HPLC method), biopsy findings to confirm acute rejections, and serum creatine to determine clearance by the Jelliffe method. (tmu.edu.tw)
The recipient had a fever 8 days after receiving the renal allograft, and a biopsy of it showed acute rejection. (cdc.gov)
A history of biopsy proven or clinically diagnosed rejection within 90 days prior to Day 1 or suspected active chronic rejection according to the Investigator's judgment. (who.int)

Without further manipulation or selection, the resultant population delayed skin allograft rejection mediated by polyclonal CD4(+) effectors or donor-reactive CD8(+) T cell receptor transgenic T cells and inhibited both effector cell proliferation and T cell priming for interferon-γ production. (lu.se)
Alloreactive regulatory T cells generated with retinoic acid prevent skin allograft rejection. (ox.ac.uk)

We investigated whether ultrasmall paramagnetic particles of iron oxide- (USPIO-) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect experimental chronic allograft damage in a murine renal allograft model. (hindawi.com)
Prevention of rejection of murine islet allografts by pretreatment wit" by Denise L. Faustman, Ralph M. Steinman et al. (rockefeller.edu)

These results demonstrate an important in vivo role for donor dendritic cells in the stimulation of allograft rejection. (rockefeller.edu)

The incidence of rejection and the baseline immunosuppression were compared. (elsevierpure.com)

RESULTS: Adoptive transfer (IV) of Th0-, Th1-, and Th2 IAb-specific T cells resulted in rejection of H2b islet allografts. (ox.ac.uk)

Antibodies generated by these antigenic differences between donor and recipient as well as direct cytotoxic effects of the donor's immune system are responsible for the pathology seen in transplant rejection. (medscape.com)
This document presents comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis of AMR, first proposed at the 10th Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology and refined by a broad-based multidisciplinary panel. (houstonmethodist.org)
Repeated LPS exposures result in augmentation of chronic rejection pathology. (jci.org)

Complex issues, such as the role of the immune system trying to deal with allograft acceptance or rejection on the one hand, and the presence of hepatitis B or C infection on the other hand, with the addition of the possibility of coexisting hepatocellular malignancy, are at the core of this book. (novapublishers.com)
The innate immune system is a critical regulator of the adaptive immune responses that lead to allograft rejection. (duke.edu)
ONX 0914 inhibited immunoproteasome induction both in immune organs and renal allografts. (uni-konstanz.de)
This work demonstrates that the combination of IDO + DC and TC can induce immune tolerance to a greater extent, and reduce the rejection of transplanted organs. (serotoninfacts.org)
The mechanism of the decreased rejection appears related to decreased T cell proliferation and modulation of immune function by higher expression of genes involved in hematopoietic/stromal cell development and recruitment. (ox.ac.uk)

Generally speaking, solid organ rejection is mediated via host T lymphocytes that recognize donor major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) I and II. (medscape.com)
Here we demonstrate the ability of mitochondria to activate endothelial cells (ECs), the initial barrier between a solid organ allograft and its host. (duke.edu)

Finally, RA-iTreg cells showed alloantigen-specific immunosuppressive capacity in a skin allograft model in immunodeficient mice. (ox.ac.uk)

Although advances in tissue typing and cross-match testing have helped to deter severe transplant rejection, rejection may result from direct cellular attack (cellular rejection) or be mediated by antibodies (humoral rejection). (medscape.com)
AMR refers to allograft injury resulting from activation of the complement system, typically by recipient-generated antibodies directed against the allograft tissue. (medscape.com)

In the present study, we investigated whether viral infections could induce airway damage in rat lung transplants in the absence or presence of chronic rejection. (rug.nl)
We believe TNX-1500 has the potential for treating and preventing organ transplant rejection in both allograft and xenograft transplants. (tonixpharma.com)
in older children and adults, these transplants are not used because there is a high risk of rejection and bile duct damage (ductopenia) with cholestasis, which requires retransplantation. (msdmanuals.com)

Severe acute cellular rejection. (medscape.com)

This study shows that a respiratory viral infection aggravates the airway damage in rat lung allografts with chronic rejection. (rug.nl)
In conclusion, a disruptive gut microbiota showed a significant association with allograft rejection and infection and with systemic cytokines and metabolites in LTRs. (nature.com)
Severe allograft rejection (AR) and pulmonary infection (PI) are the most common complications within 1 year after the transplant. (nature.com)
Conversely, acute liver rejection (ALR) was numerically higher among patients receiving CsA as compared to those receiving TAC (p=0,08), but not related to induction therapy, HCV or CMV infection. (atcmeetingabstracts.com)
LPS also increased acute rejection, airway epithelial damage, and obliterative airway fibrosis, similar to human explanted lung allografts with antecedent episodes of airway infection. (jci.org)

Acute cell-mediated rejection is primarily a host T-lymphocyte-mediated response mounted against the allograft tissue. (medscape.com)
Contrast these with the third image which demonstrates severe acute cell-mediated rejection. (medscape.com)
However, the incidence of and treatment approach to combined T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) with DSA present and some but not all features of AMR is yet to be determined. (elsevierpure.com)

Chronic allograft damage (CAD), characterised by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA), is the commonest cause of transplant failure following surgery [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Monocytes and macrophages are known to play a role in chronic renal allograft damage [ 10 ] and are key promoters of fibrosis in other organs, such as the liver [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
LPS syngraft and PBS allograft showed no obvious fibrosis. (jci.org)
LPS allografts showed augmented periairway fibrosis and obliterated airways. (jci.org)
These results suggest that pirfenidone inhibits local arginase activity possibly through suppression of endogenous TGF-beta, hence, limiting the development of fibrosis in lung allografts. (nih.gov)
Chronic liver allograft AMR is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis with DSA, the chronic AMR (cAMR) score may facilitate diagnosis. (elsevierpure.com)
Allografts displayed infiltration by recipient DNGR-1+ DCs, signs of CAR and fibrosis. (crick.ac.uk)

The data involve studies of Tonix's TNX-1500 (Fc modified anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody) product candidate in development for the prevention of organ transplant rejection. (tonixpharma.com)
There remains a significant need for new treatments with improved activity and tolerability to prevent organ transplant rejection," said Seth Lederman, M.D., Chief Executive Officer of Tonix Pharmaceuticals. (tonixpharma.com)

This proposal is based on our current knowledge of the pathogenesis of pancreas rejection and currently available tools for diagnosis. (houstonmethodist.org)

The kidneys and the heart are the organs whose acute humoral rejection has been thoroughly investigated and defined, and the role of C4d and C3d fragments of the complement system has been confirmed by numerous studies. (annalsoftransplantation.com)

It would be advantageous to have a noninvasive imaging approach for the detection of acute rejection and IFTA. (hindawi.com)
Finally, we discuss recent findings indicating that miRNAs regulate EC stability, and their potential as novel noninvasive biomarkers of allograft rejection. (hal.science)

We conclude that major histocompatibility complex antigens as well as other antigens are involved in the differential rejection of heart and lung allografts. (northwestern.edu)

Of note, clinical findings do not play a role in the pathologic grading of rejection. (medscape.com)

ONX 0914, an immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 (β5i)-selective inhibitor, impeded the chronic rejection of kidneys transplanted from Fischer to allogeneic Lewis rats. (uni-konstanz.de)

To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying differential organ rejection, we developed a rat model in which heart and lung allografts were transplanted sequentially. (northwestern.edu)

All biopsies were reviewed without knowledge of clinical data and scored for HAI and for rejection activity index (RAI). (elsevierpure.com)

We also discuss how regulators of mTOR-mediated signaling within EC are of critical importance in microvascular stability and the inhibition of chronic rejection. (hal.science)

A more detailed discussion of the basic immunologic mechanisms behind transplant rejection is beyond the scope of this review. (medscape.com)
Effector mechanisms in allograft rejection. (jax.org)

Loss of the immunoregulatory systems of the anterior chamber can influence corneal allograft immunity, and the expression of FasL on corneal endothelium has been observed to be essential for allograft protection in animal models. (aao.org)
Rejection and acceptance of corneal allografts. (aao.org)

Early identification of chronic allograft damage remains challenging but is crucial to allow intervention with immunosuppressive therapy. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy40

Organisms22

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs69

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment70

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes22

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Named Groups2

Health Care14

Graft22

Cardiac allograft rejection2

Transplantation25

Recipients12

Antibody-mediated8

Dysfunction6

Kidney7

Survival8

Biopsy9

Skin allograft rejection2

Murine2

Dendritic Cells1

Immunosuppression1

Islet allografts1

Pathology3

Immune5

Solid organ2

Mice1

Antibodies2

Transplants3

Acute cellular rejection1

Infection5

Cell-mediated rejection3

Fibrosis7

Organ transplant rejection2

Pancreas1

Humoral rejection1

Noninvasive2

Involved in the differential1

Findings1

Allogeneic1

Cellular1

Biopsies1

Inhibition1

Mechanisms2

Corneal2

Immunosuppressive1