AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
GlucokinaseHexokinaseGlucoseMannoheptuloseDihydroxyacetoneLiverGlucose Transporter Type 2Islets of LangerhansNinhydrinInsulinFructosephosphatesGlucose-6-PhosphateInsulinomaLiver GlycogenSorbitolGlycolysisFructoseGlucose-6-PhosphataseAdenoma, Islet CellGlucosephosphatesRats, WistarPyruvate KinasePhosphofructokinase-2KineticsPhosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)Blood GlucoseGlucagonGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicAlloxanDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2HexosesEnzyme ActivatorsHyperglycemiaEncyclopedias as TopicAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingCarrier Proteins
ProteinGKRPGlycolysisHexokinase or glucokinaseGlucose-6-phosphaActivatorsHepatic glucose metabolismAffinity for glucoseEnzymeGeneRegulationActivatorRegulatesGKA50HyperglycemiaCatalyticLiverType 2 diabetMechanismsAllosteric sitesSequenceStructuresTregHighActivatorsGCKRGlycolysisHepaticPhysiologicalHexokinasePolymorphismInsulinGlucagonInhibitsSystemicOverexpressionHepatocytesEnzymesDependentHomeostasisDehydrogenaseMechanismLipidMotifRoleFeedbackProductionStudiesContributeComplexResearchModel
Protein12
  • The glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) also known as glucokinase (hexokinase 4) regulator (GCKR) is a protein produced in hepatocytes (liver cells). (wikipedia.org)
  • A small reduction in the affinity for the regulatory protein was observed with mutations of residues on the smaller domain and in the hinge region, confirming the bipartite nature of the binding site for the regulatory protein. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The cytosolic glucokinase (GCK1):glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) complex dissociates.However, while GCK1:GKRP complex formation is reversible (Brocklehurst et al. (reactome.org)
  • GCK is regulated by GCKR (glucokinase regulatory protein). (ihcworld.com)
  • Sequestered and inactivated in the nucleus via Glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Hexokinase IV/D) activator that reversibly targets a allosteric site that is only exposed for binding in the glucose-bound GK conformation, but not in the unbound 'super-open' GK conformation or the GKRP- (GK Regulatory Protein) bound GK, and effectively stabilizes GK in an active conformation as well as prevents its interaction with and nuclear sequestration by GKRP, while exhibiting little effect against Hexokinase I/II/III. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Characterized by the expression of the critical transcription factor forkhead box protein P3, regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential part of the immune system, with a dual effect on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are well-documented examples in the literature of where determining the genetic aetiology of a disorder has provided insights into important regulatory pathways and protein interactions, and, more recently, has led to improved treatment options for patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It reduces chronic-high-glucose-induced apoptosis via modulation of glucokinase and apoptotic protein BAD. (immune-system-research.com)
  • 2013) Molecular basis for the role of glucokinase regulatory protein as the allosteric switch for glucokinase. (kaist.ac.kr)
  • 간 세포에서 혈당조절의 중추 효소인 글루코카이네이즈(glucokinase, 이하 GK)와 그 조절 단백질(glucokinase regulatory protein, 이하 GKRP)의 복합체 구조를 통해 GKRP에 의한 GK 활성 억제 기작을 처음으로 밝혔다. (kaist.ac.kr)
  • To find out what regulates blood follistatin levels, the researchers performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 5,124 people from Sweden, the UK and Italy, and revealed that follistatin levels are genetically regulated by glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR), which impact on several metabolic traits. (omniaeducation.com)
GKRP3
Glycolysis3
Hexokinase or glucokinase2
Glucose-6-phospha1
Activators2
  • Glucokinase activators. (nih.gov)
  • Strategies for the design of hepatoselective glucokinase activators to treat type 2 diabetes. (nih.gov)
Hepatic glucose metabolism1
Affinity for glucose2
  • Study of the regulatory properties of glucokinase by site-directed mutagenesis: conversion of glucokinase to an enzyme with high affinity for glucose. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • To identify the amino acids involved in the specific regulatory properties of glucokinase, and particularly its low affinity for glucose, mutants of the human islet enzyme have been prepared, in which glucokinase-specific residues have been replaced. (diabetesjournals.org)
Enzyme1
  • Naturally occurring mutations in the gene for the β-cell enzyme glucokinase (GCK) result in both hyper- and hypo-glycaemia. (ox.ac.uk)
Gene4
  • Glucose plays essential regulatory roles in gene expression, physiology, metabolism, cell proliferation, growth, and aging, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the glucose signal transduction pathway remain elusive in plants and animals. (sciencewatch.com)
  • The paper shows that glucose, as a nutrient, has essential regulatory roles in controlling gene expression, cell growth, and hormonal responses in plants. (sciencewatch.com)
  • According to its primary structure, the PITG_06016 gene encodes for one of the 7 glucokinases present in Phytophthora infestans Pi GlcK-1, the causal agent of late blight disease. (scientificarchives.com)
  • The PITG_06016 gene codes for one of the 7 glucokinases present in this phytopathogen [ 2 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
Regulation2
  • Glucokinase (also designated hexokinase IV or GCK) plays a key role in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. (ihcworld.com)
  • Over 200 mutations have been described, and careful study of the mutational mechanisms for a number of these has provided important insights into glucokinase regulation. (ox.ac.uk)
Activator3
Regulates1
GKA501
Hyperglycemia1
Catalytic1
  • The location of N166, Y214, and K296 in the three-dimensional structure of glucokinase suggests that these mutations act by favoring closure of the catalytic cleft. (diabetesjournals.org)
Liver2
Type 2 diabet2
  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) control mitochondrial function and cytokine production by CD4 + effector T cells (Teff) in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes by supporting T helper (Th)17 or Th1 cytokine production, respectively. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Increased understanding of post-translational regulatory mechanisms holds the promise of novel pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus). (ox.ac.uk)
Mechanisms2
  • Several transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms control the preferential use of glucose over other sugars. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Currently, there are no structural studies of any of its enzymes, hence the determination of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of Pi GlcK-1 becomes a significant contribution to the deduction of its functions, its interaction with ligands, and possible regulatory mechanisms. (scientificarchives.com)
Allosteric sites1
  • A first step to harness the regulatory potential and versatility of allosteric sites, in the context of drug-discovery and design, would be to detect or predict their presence and location. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence1
Structures1
  • A structural comparison of the predicted model with other structures of crystallized glucokinases enzymes allowed us to identify both the regions of interaction with their classical substrates (glucose and ATP) and those involved in the binding of other substrates such as fructose and ADP. (scientificarchives.com)
Treg1
  • Among them, Treg cells, which represent the master regulatory cells and participate in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, are regarded as the chief obstacle to antitumor immunity [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
High1
  • This glucokinase, known as Pi GlcK-1, is very important due to its high degree of expression, precisely at the infectious stages of its life cycle [ 3 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
Activators4
  • Cite this: The Network of Glucokinase-Expressing Cells in Glucose Homeostasis and the Potential of Glucokinase Activators for Diabetes Therapy - Medscape - Jan 01, 2006. (medscape.com)
  • 4. Stimulation of hepatocyte glucose metabolism by novel small molecule glucokinase activators. (nih.gov)
  • Glucokinase activators and glucagon antagonists Both hepato-selective and systemic glucokinase activators have already been created for T2D along with glucagon antagonists so that they can rebalance the insulin:glucagon percentage/signaling also to decrease hepatic glucose result (72, 73). (gasyblog.com)
  • To circumvent these problems, hepato-selective glucokinase activators had been developed to possess glycemic control. (gasyblog.com)
GCKR3
  • The glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) also known as glucokinase (hexokinase 4) regulator (GCKR) is a protein produced in hepatocytes (liver cells). (wikipedia.org)
  • Variant in glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR), associated with lipid and glucose traits, has been suggested to affect fatty liver infiltration. (nih.gov)
  • The PhD work focused on the glucokinase regulatory protein gene ( GCKR ), a risk gene for T2D, and several genetic variants associated with the risk of NAFLD. (uef.fi)
Glycolysis5
Hepatic3
  • 10. Evidence for a role of glucose-induced translocation of glucokinase in the control of hepatic glycogen synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • 19. The role of glucose 6-phosphate in mediating the effects of glucokinase overexpression on hepatic glucose metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we used a comprehensive mathematical model of the hepatic glucose metabolism of rat hepatocytes to decipher the relative importance of different regulatory modes and their mutual interdependencies in the hepatic control of plasma glucose homeostasis.Model simulations reveal significant differences in the capability of liver metabolism to counteract variations of plasma glucose in different physiological settings (starvation, ad libitum nutrient supply, diabetes). (nih.gov)
Physiological3
  • Third, physiological exploration of glucokinase-expressing glucose sensor cells utilizing GKAs to enhance detection limits will continue vigorously. (medscape.com)
  • 2. The physiological role of glucokinase binding and translocation in hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
  • Changes in enzyme abundances adjust the metabolic output to the anticipated physiological demand but may turn into a regulatory disadvantage if sudden unexpected changes of the external conditions occur. (nih.gov)
Hexokinase1
Polymorphism1
  • Association of glucokinase regulatory protein polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and fasting plasma glucose: a meta-analysis. (cdc.gov)
Insulin4
  • Thus, glucokinase regulates the rate of glucose oxidation and subsequent insulin secretion. (medscape.com)
  • The expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, HMG-CoA reductase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) mRNAs in wild-type cells was not significantly changed by culture with or without glucose supplementation in the presence of insulin. (mcw.edu)
  • Although SGLT2 inhibitor treatment results in reduced amount of insulin secretion and elevated endogenous glucose creation being a counter-regulatory response to healing glycosuria, this therapy increases pancreatic -cell function, insulin actions (66), and shifts the substrate usage to lipids regarding chronic treatment (67, 68). (gasyblog.com)
  • Glucokinase activation in the -cell raises insulin secretion, nevertheless, is connected with lack of long lasting efficacy and improper insulin secretion leading to hypoglycemia. (gasyblog.com)
Glucagon1
  • 12. Glucagon induces translocation of glucokinase from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of hepatocytes by transfer between 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase-2 and the glucokinase regulatory protein. (nih.gov)
Inhibits1
Systemic1
  • These findings also suggest that energy metabolism-associated lncRNAs may have systemic regulatory effects, and that the dysregulation of these lncRNAs could be the underlying cause for many metabolic abnormalities. (nih.gov)
Overexpression1
  • 13. Treatment of type 2 diabetes by adenoviral-mediated overexpression of the glucokinase regulatory protein. (nih.gov)
Hepatocytes3
Enzymes2
  • Currently, there are no structural studies of any of its enzymes, hence the determination of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of Pi GlcK-1 becomes a significant contribution to the deduction of its functions, its interaction with ligands, and possible regulatory mechanisms. (scientificarchives.com)
  • A structural comparison of the predicted model with other structures of crystallized glucokinases enzymes allowed us to identify both the regions of interaction with their classical substrates (glucose and ATP) and those involved in the binding of other substrates such as fructose and ADP. (scientificarchives.com)
Dependent2
  • To explore the effects of long noncoding RNA adenosine diphosphate-dependent glucokinase antisense RNA 1(ADPGK-AS1) on the proliferation, migration and invasion of human retinoblastoma (RB) Y-79 cells and its regulatory effect on microRNA-623 (miR-623). (cjeo-journal.org)
  • ADP dependent glucokinase [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Homeostasis2
  • This brief 2005 perspective about the role of glucokinase in glucose homeostasis provides also an indication on what can be expected from future research on this topic. (medscape.com)
  • To maintain immune homeostasis, the anti-inflammatory regulatory subset of T cells also localizes to the site of inflammation to prevent excessive tissue damage. (qmul.ac.uk)
Dehydrogenase1
  • 현재까지 선천성 고인슐린혈증의 원인으로 ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCC8), potassium inwardly-rectifying channel (KCNJ11), glucokinase (GCK), glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) 유전자의 이상이 알려져 있다[ 2 - 5 ]. (sch.ac.kr)
Mechanism3
  • 1. The role of the regulatory protein of glucokinase in the glucose sensory mechanism of the hepatocyte. (nih.gov)
  • Substantial studies have explored the regulatory process of glucose and lipid metabolism from the perspective of lncRNAs in an effort to provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of glucose and lipid metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Transcription factor binding motifs help to elucidate regulatory mechanism. (systemsbiology.net)
Lipid3
  • Such research has elucidated the regulatory role of lncRNAs in glucose and lipid metabolism in human disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review provides an update on our understanding of the regulatory role of lncRNAs in glucose and lipid metabolism in various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • The regulatory network of glucose and lipid metabolism is complex. (frontiersin.org)
Motif1
  • This integrated motif prediction and comparative analysis provides an additional checkpoint for regulatory motif prediction confidence. (systemsbiology.net)
Role1
Feedback1
Production1
  • The company has capabilities in clinical, regulatory, formulation and API production and meets cGMP requirements with facilities approved by the U.S. FDA and European agency. (dcatvci.org)
Studies1
  • It is certain that industry and academia will continue their active partnership in glucokinase related studies as one of the highly promising endeavors of current diabetes research. (medscape.com)
Contribute1
  • Fourth, crystallography and other biophysical approaches will contribute to a deeper understanding of the glucokinase molecule itself. (medscape.com)
Complex1
Research1
  • Upon graduating from the program, NBBTP/IRTA alumni begin work as biorisk professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to meet the scientific, regulatory, biocontainment, biosafety, engineering, communications, management, and public relations challenges associated with the conduct of research in these facilities. (nih.gov)
Model1
  • Villalobos-Piña L, Rojas A, Acosta H. First In silico Structural Model of Glucokinase-1 from Phytophthora infestans Reveals a Possible Pyrophosphate Binding Site. (scientificarchives.com)