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Protein SubunitsRNA CapsMacromolecular SubstancesMolecular Sequence DataAmino Acid SequenceRNA Cap AnalogsBase SequenceMolecular WeightProtein BindingElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelKineticsProtein ConformationBinding SitesEscherichia coliGTP-Binding Protein gamma SubunitsGTP-Binding Protein beta SubunitsMutationSequence Homology, Amino AcidCloning, MolecularModels, MolecularProtein Structure, TertiaryRNA, MessengerRecombinant ProteinsRibosomesCell LineSaccharomyces cerevisiaeDimerizationGTP-Binding Protein alpha SubunitsProton-Translocating ATPasesSequence AlignmentGTP-Binding ProteinsProtein Structure, QuaternaryRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCattleMultienzyme ComplexesCell MembraneSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsProtein BiosynthesisXenopus laevisOocytesMutagenesis, Site-DirectedTranscription, GeneticChromatography, GelTransfectionXenopusStructure-Activity RelationshipBacterial ProteinsCross-Linking ReagentsSubstrate SpecificityProtein MultimerizationRibosome Subunits, Large, EukaryoticIon Channel GatingRibosomal ProteinsPeptide FragmentsReceptors, GABA-ADNA, ComplementaryMembrane ProteinsPlasmidsBlotting, WesternPatch-Clamp TechniquesHeterotrimeric GTP-Binding ProteinsAdenosine TriphosphatasesCarrier ProteinsMultiprotein ComplexesChromatography, AffinityRNA Cap-Binding ProteinsRabbitsPrecipitin TestsCells, CulturedAmino AcidsProteasome Endopeptidase ComplexAdenosine TriphosphateMicroscopy, ElectronIsoenzymesModels, BiologicalPeptide Initiation FactorsGTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-GoDNAReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateFungal ProteinsCrystallography, X-RayVacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPasesDNA PrimersHeLa CellsGene ExpressionSignal TransductionCatalytic DomainElectron Transport Complex IVProtein Structure, SecondaryPhosphorylationPotassium ChannelsCommunity-Acquired InfectionsRibosome Subunits, Small, EukaryoticCatalysisHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCentrifugation, Density GradientRNA, RibosomalImmunoblottingRibosome SubunitsGuanosine Triphosphate
BindsRibosomalProteinsMulti-subunitCatalytic subunitsGamma subunitSeven subunitsIsoformEukaryoticPhosphataseSpecificityCDK5HoloenzymeProteolyticRPN5InhibitorSynthaseKinaseProtein substratesCytochromeParticleInitiation29kDaVaccineATPasesActsEukaryotesConformationalNMPAEIF4ECyclicPhosphorylationLocalizationAbundantGeneComplexMolecularCDNAHumansBoundEscherichiaPromotesInteractionsBetaTranscription
Binds10
  • The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP, which is the global regulator of CCR, binds to regulatory DNA elements called CRP sites when in complex with cAMP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The compound binds to the proteasome inhibitor through the Beta 5 subunit. (ninlarohcp.com)
  • In vitro, NINLARO is a reversible proteasome inhibitor that preferentially binds to the Beta 5 subunit of 20S [1]. (ninlarohcp.com)
  • The nine-subunit lid binds to one side of the base and thus further expands the regulatory particle's asymmetry contributed by the heterohexameric ATPase ring. (elifesciences.org)
  • Escherichia coli CAP, the prototypic transcription regulator of the main Crp cluster, binds both cyclic mononucleotides, but only the CAP-cAMP complex promotes transcription activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cofilin binds preferentially to ADP-actin subunits within actin filaments. (rupress.org)
  • Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis detected a protein that binds specifically to a DNA motif encompassing the cap site. (nebraska.edu)
  • Component of the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex which binds to the mRNA cap and mediates translational repression. (nih.gov)
  • beta III spectrin binds to the Arp1 subunit of dynactin. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • While eIF4E binds to the 5′-cap structure, eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that hydrolyzes ATP in order to unwind secondary structure present in the 5′-leader of an mRNA that would otherwise inhibit 40S subunit scanning during its search for the initiation codon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Ribosomal4
  • Cap-dependent translation initiation begins when the 40 s ribosomal subunit encounters a start codon as it scans along the 5′UTR. (nature.com)
  • PDCD4 is composed of two MA3 domains that share similarity with the single MA3 domain present in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G, which serves as a scaffold protein to assemble several initiation factors needed for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the bacterial 30 S ribosomal subunit can identify the initiation codon through base-pairing between the 3′-end of its16 S ribosomal RNA subunit and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence upstream of the initiation codon, the 40 S ribosomal subunit of the eukaryotic 80 S ribosome requires several translation initiation factors (eIFs) for its binding to an mRNA and to identify the initiation codon [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The m 7 G-cap of the mRNA is recognized by the 43S translation preinitiation complex comprised of the 40S ribosomal subunit and the eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAi ternary complex. (biorxiv.org)
Proteins11
  • In humans there exist five isoforms of the B56 type regulatory subunit and they bind to their interacting proteins through a conserved LxxIxE motif. (eu.org)
  • Protein dephosphorylation by the PP2A phosphatase is mainly achieved through the interaction of its regulatory subunit with the associated proteins. (eu.org)
  • Proteases determine the lifetime of other proteins playing an important physiological role like hormones, antibodies, or other enzymes-this is one of the fastest "switching on" and "switching off" regulatory mechanisms in the physiology of an organism. (stratech.co.uk)
  • RPN1a (26S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN1a) Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). (agrisera.com)
  • When proteins are marked for degradation, they are recognized by the 19S cap and directed to the core of the proteasome [5]. (ninlarohcp.com)
  • The 26S proteasome is the principal ATP-dependent protease in eukaryotic cells and responsible for the majority of targeted protein turnover, both through the degradation of short-lived regulatory proteins and the clearance of damaged or misfolded polypeptides for protein-quality control ( Hershko and Ciechanover, 1998 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we summarize the current knowledge on structural and physiological aspects of E. coli CAP compared with other cAMP- and cGMP-activated transcription factors, and point to emerging trends in metabolic regulation related to lysine modification and membrane association of CRP proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Severing increases the number of actin filament pointed ends and, in conjunction with capping of barbed ends by capping proteins, stimulates filament disassembly ( Andrianantoandro and Pollard, 2006 ). (rupress.org)
  • Nevertheless, the inactive enzymatically, high molecular pounds complicated bears additional extra elements, including 7SE RNA, HEXIM1 proteins, La-related LARP7 proteins [12C14] and the methylphosphatase capping enzyme MePCE [15, 16]. (healthyguide.info)
  • Mammalian Ric-8 proteins act as chaperones to regulate the cellular abundance of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits. (stanford.edu)
  • Accordingly, m 212-907-6493 2129076493 isfolded proteins and damaged protein need to beTw 212-907-6403 2129076403 o accessory β subunits, which anchor the channel 212-907-6405 2129076405 to extra- and intra- components. (22michaels.com)
Multi-subunit2
  • 2010). Ubiquitin-tagged substrates are degraded by the 26S proteasome, which is a multi-subunit complex comprising a proteolytic 20S core particle capped by 19S regulatory particles (Wang et al. (ubiquigent.com)
  • PP2A is a multi-subunit phosphatase composed of a scaffolding A, regulatory B, and a catalytic C subunit. (thetaylorlab.com)
Catalytic subunits3
  • The inactive kinase holoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. (nih.gov)
  • cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. (nih.gov)
  • Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits have been identified in humans. (nih.gov)
Gamma subunit1
  • Western blot analysis of HeLa cell lysate using Proteasome activator 11S gamma subunit, pAb (Prod. (enzolifesciences.com)
Seven subunits2
  • The catalytic core of this unusually large (2000kDa, 450Å in length) complex is formed by the 20S proteasome, a barrel shaped structure shown by electron microscopy to comprise of four rings each containing seven subunits. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Each ring contains seven subunits α and β. (protheragen.com)
Isoform1
  • The Ric-8A isoform chaperones Galphai/o, Galpha12/13, and Galphaq/11 subunits, while Ric-8B acts on Galphas/olf subunits. (stanford.edu)
Eukaryotic3
  • MIF4G domain-like, found in eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4G, translation initiation factor eIF-2b epsilon and nuclear cap-binding protein CBP80. (eu.org)
  • The N-terminal domain of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 12. (eu.org)
  • Nrf2 is a master eukaryotic redox-active factor and belongs to Cap 'n' Collar (Cnc)-bZIP (basic leucine zipper) family of transcription factors. (springer.com)
Phosphatase1
  • The higher degree of plasticity of the motif and the transient interaction provides a regulatory mechanism that acts to secure a proper balance between phosphatase and kinase activity in a given signaling network. (eu.org)
Specificity4
  • The regulatory subunits of PP2A holoenzyme determine the substrate specificity. (eu.org)
  • The ability of PP2A to dephosphorylate a vast repertoire of protein substrates is attributed to more than 40-specificity determining regulatory B subunits that compete for assembly of PP2A heterotrimers. (thetaylorlab.com)
  • A Lego-like multicenter connections of the PP1 catalytic subunit and its several regulatory subunits defines the Luteoloside supplier mobile localization, catalytic activity, and substrate-specificity of the PP1 Luteoloside supplier holoenzyme [27]. (healthyguide.info)
  • Cleavage/polyadenylation specificity factor, A subunit, C-terminal [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
CDK52
  • CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDK5RAP1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuronal CDC2-like kinase, which is involved in the regulation of neuronal differentiation, is composed of a catalytic subunit, CDK5, and an activating subunit, p25NCK5A. (wikipedia.org)
Holoenzyme1
  • PP1 holoenzyme is composed of a continuous catalytic subunit (PP1) and a adjustable PP1 communicating subunit such as NIPP1, PNUTS, Others and Sds22 [26]. (healthyguide.info)
Proteolytic3
  • This 20S core is made up of individual subunits which mediate proteolytic cleavage [5]. (ninlarohcp.com)
  • Proteolytic cleavage is mediated through Beta subunits [5]. (ninlarohcp.com)
  • Human 26S proteasome consists of 20S proteolytic core region and 19S regulatory particle. (protheragen.com)
RPN51
  • Investigating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteasome, we found that peripheral interactions between the lid subunit Rpn5 and the base AAA+ ATPase ring are important for stabilizing the substrate-engagement-competent state and coordinating the conformational switch to processing states upon substrate engagement. (elifesciences.org)
Inhibitor2
  • FHND91 is a novel N-capped dipeptidyl boronic acid proteasome inhibitor that is entirely converted into active form under physiological conditions. (protheragen.com)
  • FHND91 is a novel N-capped dipeptidyl boronic acid proteasome inhibitor with high selectivity and irreversibility against β5 of 20S proteasome. (protheragen.com)
Synthase1
Kinase4
  • cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory. (wikigenes.org)
  • CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • This compound stimulates insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IRTK) activity in CHO cells that overexpress human insulin receptors by binding to the β-subunit of the insulin receptor ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A low molecular fat, functionally energetic kinase is composed of CDK9 and cyclin Capital t1 subunits [10]. (healthyguide.info)
Protein substrates1
  • The native protein substrates are recognised by subunits, some with ATP binding sites, of the outer 19S caps of the 26S proteasome.A second activator which can associate with the 20S proteasome in the absence of ATP is known as PA28 or the 11S regulator. (enzolifesciences.com)
Cytochrome1
Particle5
  • Electron microscopic studies have shown PA28 to be a ring shaped particle which, like the 19S, caps the 20S proteasome, by binding to the α-rings, at both or either end. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Denatured RTA and casein compete for a binding site on the regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome, but their fates differ. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • To accomplish the multi-step degradation process, the proteasome's regulatory particle, consisting of lid and base subcomplexes, undergoes major conformational changes whose origin is unknown. (elifesciences.org)
  • UCHL5 and USP14 reside on the 19S regulatory particle and remove ubiquitin from the substrate before substrate degradation whereas RPN11's activity is delayed until the proteasome is committed to degrading the substrate (Lee et al. (ubiquigent.com)
  • Recent experiments have now shown that the 19S regulatory particle is also a potential anticancer drug target (D'Arcy et al. (ubiquigent.com)
Initiation4
  • At the start codon, peptide synthesis initiates when the 40 s subunit acquires the 60 s subunit with other translation initiation factors. (nature.com)
  • Resumption of scanning leads to translation of downstream reading frames only if the necessary translation initiation factors are reacquired by the 40 s subunit before reaching the downstream start codon. (nature.com)
  • Initiation of mRNA translation is a key regulatory step in gene expression in all eukaryotes. (illinois.edu)
  • Canonical initiation of translation in eukaryotes involves recruitment of the 43S pre-initiation complex to the 5′ end of mRNA by the cap-binding complex eIF4F to form the 48S initiation complex (48S), followed by scanning along the mRNA until the start codon is selected. (illinois.edu)
29kDa1
  • These subunits, with an apparent relative molecular weight of approximately 29kDa, form ringlike heteromeric complexes of ~200kDa possibly with an α 3 β 3 stoichiometry. (enzolifesciences.com)
Vaccine1
  • 2) the 2-or 3-dose monovalent mRNA Moderna/Spikevax COVID-19 vaccine, and 3) the 2-dose, adjuvanted protein subunit-based Novavax COVID-19 vaccine. (cdc.gov)
ATPases1
  • Regulatory subunit H of V-type ATPases. (eu.org)
Acts2
  • Casein is degraded, but the mammalian 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit RPT5 acts as a chaperone that prevents aggregation of denatured RTA and stimulates recovery of catalytic RTA activity in vitro. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The complex consists of an F-actin-like core filament of actin-related protein Arp1, a heterodimer that acts as a cap at one end, and a 62kDa subunit at the other end. (bdbiosciences.com)
Eukaryotes3
  • Reversible protein phosphorylation is an essential regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. (eu.org)
  • It is responsible for intracellular protein turnover and it is also critically involved in many regulatory processes and, in higher eukaryotes, in antigen processing. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • In eukaryotes, protein translation is normally cap-dependent. (biorxiv.org)
Conformational2
  • Similar defects in early degradation steps are observed when eliminating hydrolysis in the ATPase subunit Rpt6, whose nucleotide state seems to control proteasome conformational transitions. (elifesciences.org)
  • In a CRP dimer, each of the two cyclic nucleotide molecules makes contacts with both protein subunits and effectuates a conformational change that favors DNA binding. (bvsalud.org)
NMPA1
  • Medicinal Product Administration (NMPA) - as well as other regulatory authorities. (who.int)
EIF4E3
  • In the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex this subunit is an adapter between EIF4E and FMR1. (nih.gov)
  • eIF4F, which is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A, and eIF4G, is required to promote 40 S subunit binding to an mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The interaction of eIF4G with eIF4E bound to the 5′-cap and PABP bound to the poly(A) tail circularizes an mRNA and stimulates translation by promoting 40 S subunit recruitment [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyclic2
  • cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • We show that both cyclic nucleotides shift ternary Clr-cNMP-CBS-DNA complexes (where cNMP is cyclic nucleotide monophosphate) to almost identical active conformations, unlike the situation known for the E. coli CAP-cNMP complex. (bvsalud.org)
Phosphorylation4
  • These observations led to the hypothesis that cofilin localization is largely dependent on accessory factors or other regulatory inputs, such as phosphorylation or pH. (rupress.org)
  • Enzymatic activity of P-TEFb and its discussion with Tat can be controlled by phosphorylation of CDK serine/threonine residues located in the regulatory T-loop [11]. (healthyguide.info)
  • Phosphorylation of eIF2α on Ser51 inhibits 5' cap-dependent mRNA translation, resulting in the global suppression of protein synthesis to facilitate adaptation to a variety of stresses linked to protein synthesis, including proteotoxic stress, viral replication, heme depletion and amino acid withdrawal [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Paradoxically, eIF2α phosphorylation also results in the increased translation of select mRNA bearing upstream open reading frames that favor 5' cap-independent translation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Localization2
  • A nonconventional nuclear localization sequence (NLS) has been found for this protein which suggests a role in DNA replication via the protein serving as a nuclear transport protein for the second subunit of the Replication Factor C (RFC40). (nih.gov)
  • This localization was found to be unaffected by manipulations that were expected to change polymerization rates at the leading edge, which should alter the relative abundance of ATP-, ADP-Pi-, and ADP-actin subunits within the filaments. (rupress.org)
Abundant1
  • Dynactin is composed of at least nine polypeptides with p50 being the second most abundant subunit. (bdbiosciences.com)
Gene5
  • This gene encodes one of the regulatory subunits. (nih.gov)
  • Regulation of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit (GPHα) gene has been studied extensively in pituitary and placental cell lines, but little is known of the transcriptional regulators important for its ectopic expression. (nebraska.edu)
  • DNA-mediated transient expression of promoter-reporter constructs was used to identify a novel negative regulatory element located at the GPHα gene transcription start site. (nebraska.edu)
  • These results indicate that a negative regulatory element centered at the GPHα gene cap site and its cognate DNA-binding protein make a significant contribution to the production of α-subunit in a variety of tumor tissues. (nebraska.edu)
  • Xiong, W , Tapprich, WE & Stanley Cox, G 2002, ' Mechanism of gonadotropin gene expression: Identification of a novel negative regulatory element at the transcription start site of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit gene ', Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 277, no. 43, pp. 40235-40246. (nebraska.edu)
Complex5
  • The pure PA28 activator is a complex of two alternating subunits, PA28α and PA28β, which share approximately 50% homology but also show considerable similarity (30-40%) to a nuclear protein of unknown function, the Ki autoantigen (now referred to as PA28γ). (enzolifesciences.com)
  • The entry channel bound eIF4A is positioned through interactions with eIF3 and the 40S subunit to enable its ATP-dependent helicase activity to directly unwind secondary structure located downstream of the scanning 48S complex. (illinois.edu)
  • p150[glued] is the largest subunit of the complex. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Overexpression of the dynamitin (p50) subunit of the dynactin complex disrupts dynein-dependent maintenance of membrane organelle distribution. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Molecular characterization of the 50-kD subunit of dynactin reveals function for the complex in chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Molecular2
  • To investigate the molecular basis for ectopic expression, it was critical to define cis-regulatory elements and their cognate trans-acting factors that modulate promoter activity in epithelial cell types that do not normally express GPH. (nebraska.edu)
  • Molecular cloning and expression of subunit 9 of the 26S proteasome.Hoffman L., Rechsteiner M.FEBS Lett. (joplink.net)
CDNA1
  • Deshpande KL, Seubert PH, Tillman DM, Farkas WR and Katze JR (1996) Cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding the rabbit tRNA-guanine transglycosylase 60-kilodalton subunit. (ubiquigent.com)
Humans1
  • Recent studies show that modulation of TASK-1 channels, either directly or indirectly by targeting their regulatory mechanisms, has the potential to control pulmonary arterial tone in humans. (ersjournals.com)
Bound1
  • The prototypic Escherichia coli catabolite activator protein (CAP) represents the main Crp cluster of this superfamily and is known to bind cAMP and cGMP but to mediate transcription activation only in its cAMP-bound state. (bvsalud.org)
Escherichia1
  • Since the discovery of the very first CRP protein CAP in Escherichia coli more than four decades ago, its homologs have been characterized in both closely related and distant bacterial species. (bvsalud.org)
Promotes1
  • 5′ UTR m 6 A promotes cap-independent translation. (nature.com)
Interactions1
  • We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
Beta3
  • The N-terminal fragment of adaptin alpha-C and beta subunits. (eu.org)
  • Labels appear on screen for the two alpha subunits, for the two beta subunits and the two 19S regulatory complexes that cap the barrel. (ninlarohcp.com)
  • The Beta subunits of the proteasome are now highlighted. (ninlarohcp.com)
Transcription1
  • Lately, CDK9/cyclin Testosterone levels1 was proven to correlate with the PP1 regulatory subunit, PNUTS, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of PNUTS upregulated HIV-1 transcription [28]. (healthyguide.info)