• We have demonstrated for the first time that CD8+CD28- Ts represent a unique subset of regulatory cells that induces the differentiation of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, initiating a suppressive loop which results in the induction and spreading of Th unresponsiveness. (nih.gov)
  • Ly6C high MC presented downregulated co-stimulatory receptors (CD2, GITR, and TIM1) which direct immune cell proliferation, and upregulated co-stimulatory ligands (LIGHT and SEMA4A) which trigger antigen priming and differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
  • Aubreville M, Krappmann M, Bertram CA, Klopfleisch R, Maier A. A Guided Spatial Transformer Network for Histology Cell Differentiation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We found that IUHCTx leads to precocious maturation of neonatal host DCs and that there is early differentiation of donor-derived DCs, even after transplantation of a stem cell source without mature APCs. (ca.gov)
  • DC subsets develop from hematopoietic stem cells via Flt3 expressing progenitors through consecutive steps of lineage commitment and differentiation: multipotent progenitors (MPP) are committed to DC restricted common DC progenitors (CDP), which differentiate into the specific DC subsets cDC1 cDC2 and pDC. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • A lncRNA identifies IRF8 enhancer element in negative feedback control of dendritic cell differentiation. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Hence, it is important to unravel how differentiation and/or activation of DC are linked with Th-cell-intrinsic mechanism that directs differentiation toward a specific effector Th subset. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Here, we show that loss of Runx/Cbfβ transcription factors complexes during DC development leads to loss of CD103 + CD11b + cDC2s and alters characteristics of CD103 − CD11b + cDCs in the intestine, which was accompanied with impaired differentiation of Rorγt + Th17 cells and type 3 Rorγt + regulatory T cells. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Herein, we engineered CD19-CAR T cells to secrete an anti-CD47 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and validated their function in enhancing antitumor efficacy, regulating T cells differentiation, modifying phagocytosis and polarization of macrophages by in vitro and in vivo researches. (bvsalud.org)
  • Different studies statement that cells in the late G2 phase undergo the process Calcitriol (Rocaltrol) of differentiation into cysts when faced with harsh environmental conditions [60,61,62,63]. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • It is interesting to study the initiation and regulation of differentiation in cells having no G1 phase, Mouse monoclonal to Ractopamine as typically, cell differentiation occurs from your G1 phase of the cell cycle. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • CD1d is a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) group of glycoproteins on the surface of human antigen-presenting cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, murine models, including knockout and transgenic mice, have been useful in understanding the mechanisms of B lymphopoiesis, B-cell differentiation, and antibody formation. (medscape.com)
  • 2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
  • It involves the activation of purinergic receptors in the cell and/or in nearby cells, thereby regulating cellular functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell signalling events initiated by P1 and P2Y receptors have opposing effects in biological systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK cells express germ-line receptors that are either stimulatory or inhibitory, and the summation of these signals determines activation status ( Caligiuri, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The presented data support a role of TAM receptors, and disputes a role of TET2, in controlling myeloid cell responses during EAE. (listlabs.com)
  • Endometrium from pregnant heifers had greater mRNA abundance for the inhibitory molecules, CD274 and lymphocyte activating gene 3 (LAG3), and greater cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), molecules that can interact with receptors on antigen-presenting cells and induce lymphocyte tolerance. (psu.edu)
  • Thrombospondin-1 is a secreted matricellular glycoprotein that modulates cell behavior by interacting with components of the extracellular matrix and with several cell surface receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Roles for thrombospondin-1 signaling, mediated by specific cellular receptors or by activation of latent TGFß, have been defined in T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to regulating physiological nitric oxide signaling and responses of cells to stress, studies in mice lacking thrombospondin-1 or its receptors have revealed important roles for thrombospondin-1 in regulating immune responses in infectious and autoimmune diseases and antitumor immunity. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2003), and (c) availability of T lymphocytes way how skin sensitization is dealt with in toxicological with T-cell receptors specific for the hapten-peptide con- risk assessment: while older test systems aimed at pure jugates formed (Budinger et al. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast to CTLs, NK cells lack receptors for antigen detection but can still recognize normal cells infected with viruses and cancer cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although innate immune cells do not respond to specific antigenic epitopes on pathogens, they do produce restricted responses to par- ticular classes of pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) (18). (cdc.gov)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • It has been reported that IL-27 performs an anti-inflammatory function by acting on conventional CD4 + T cells to induce IL-10-producing cells that are implicated in controlling inflammatory responses [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 PD-1 binds to PD-L1 (programmed death ligand-1) and PD-L2 (programmed death ligand-2) on antigen-presenting cells to induce anergy in effector T cells. (acc.org)
  • Enforced expression of the transcription factors PU.1, IRF8, and BATF3 (PIB) was sufficient to induce the cDC1 phenotype in 36 cell lines derived from human and mouse hematological and solid tumors. (lu.se)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that initiate adaptive immunity by the activation of naïve lymphocytes and induce central and peripheral tolerance by mechanisms that include deletion, anergy and induction of regulatory T lymphocytes. (rotrf.org)
  • In utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCTx) is a promising method to induce donor-specific tolerance but the mechanisms of antigen presentation that educate host T cells and the relative importance of deletion vs. regulation in this setting are unknown. (ca.gov)
  • We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the peptide-pulsed activated B cells could induce HBcAg18-27 specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also show that a Runx-binding enhancer in the Rorc gene is essential for T cells to integrate cDC-derived signals to induce Rorγt expression. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • An objective that could be attained with vaccines that besides a self-antigen(s), have adjuvants or immunomodulators that induce Th2, while inhibit but without abrogating, Th1 and Th17 immunities [5]. (pharmafocusasia.com)
  • Ly6C high MC exhibited activated neutrophil degranulation, lysosome, cytokine production/receptor interaction and myeloid cell activation pathways, and Ly6C low MC presented features of lymphocyte immunity pathways in both mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • Twenty-four potential transcriptional regulatory pathways were identified based on SDE TFs matched with their corresponding SDE immunological genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Ly6C low MC manifested activated T-cell signaling pathways and potentially can adapt the function of lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Failed T cell-based immunotherapies in the presence of genomic alterations in antigen presentations pathways may be overcome by NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)
  • Progenitor cell therapy may also allow functional reorganization of the auditory pathways including primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus). (intechopen.com)
  • The aim of my dissertation project was to explore the role of two candidate regulatory pathways during EAE. (listlabs.com)
  • Disease-protected strains exhibited a restoration of immune regulatory pathways within the gut which could also be reestablished using IL-2 therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
  • The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
  • To assess the effects of BDE on pulmonary antigen presenting cells (APC), expression of CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHCII class molecules on lung dendritic cells (DC) was evaluated. (cdc.gov)
  • These monoclonal antibodies interact with specific costimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of activated T cells. (acc.org)
  • Reprogramming restored the expression of antigen presentation complexes and costimulatory molecules on the surfaces of tumor cells, allowing the. (lu.se)
  • Moreover they may represent a significant source of chemoattractant molecules for cytotoxic CD8 and regulatory T cells. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • DC sense antigens, which are taken-up, processed and presented in the context of MHC molecules to elicit antigen specific T cell responses. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The proportions of lymphoid lineage cells and expression of inhibitory signaling molecules in the endometrium during early pregnancy in dairy heifers were determined using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR on days 17 and 20 of pregnancy and day 17 of the estrous cycle. (psu.edu)
  • This study demonstrates a dynamic regulation of both cytotoxic immune cells and tolerogenic molecules during the peri-implantation period that may be required to support establishment of pregnancy and placentation. (psu.edu)
  • Although plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) express major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, and can capture, process, and present antigens (Ags), direct demonstrations that they function as professional Ag-presenting cells (APCs) in vivo during ongoing immune responses remain lacking. (unige.ch)
  • These antigens may be cell surface proteins or may be intracellular proteins (eg, TAAs) that are expressed on the surface in combination with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Evidence suggests that class I MHC molecules on the surface of normal cells inhibit NK cells and prevent lysis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
  • PD-L1 CAR haNKs reduced levels of macrophages and other myeloid cells endogenously expressing high PD-L1 in peripheral blood from patients with head and neck cancer. (elifesciences.org)
  • Accumulation of microglia and infiltration of the ischemic hemisphere by macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs) preceded the neutrophilic influx. (scienceopen.com)
  • Kupffer cells, the resident liver macrophages have long been considered as mostly scavenger cells responsible for removing particulate material from the portal circulation. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we introduce a pH-responsive nanomedicine approach for activating anti-tumoral macrophages and dendritic cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Surface calreticulin activates macrophages and triggers dendritic cell maturation, promoting effective antigen presentation and therefore activating antitumor T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Macrophages can kill specific tumor cells when activated by a combination of factors, including lymphokines (soluble factors produced by T cells) and interferon. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Under certain circumstances, macrophages may present TAAs to T cells and stimulate tumor-specific immune response. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When trimeric H3 HA was presented on liposomes, antigen delivery to macrophages was improved in vitro, and strong functional antibody responses were induced following intramuscular immunization of mice. (cdc.gov)
  • The mucosal immune system is uniquely regulated to manage its constant exposure to viruses, parasites, and bacterial antigens, all of which are in close proximity to a large reservoir of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that NK cells (haNKs) engineered to express a PD-L1 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) haNKs killed a panel of human and murine head and neck cancer cells at low effector-to-target ratios in a PD-L1-dependent fashion. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we describe the pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo study of irradiated haNK cells engineered to express a second-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). (elifesciences.org)
  • A high recurrence rate of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) following chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell treatment remains a bottleneck, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) compromising CAR T cell efficacy in NHL is the primary cause of relapse. (bvsalud.org)
  • NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
  • Meanwhile IL-27 exerts proinflammatory effects by promoting Th1, CD8, natural killer (NK), T follicular helper (Tfh), and B cell proliferation/functions and by inhibiting Treg and Th2 cell generation in parasites infection [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 Signaling through CTLA-4 counteracts CD28-mediated costimulation and induces an inhibitory program that stops T cell proliferation. (acc.org)
  • Engagement on T-cells by CD47 on antigen-presenting cells results in enhanced antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and costimulates T-cell activation. (nih.gov)
  • Murine MC are divided into three subsets based on surface expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C (Ly6C) ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • To date, development of these agents has focused on two major targets: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway. (acc.org)
  • We speculate that the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to affect T-lymphocyte and myeloid cell physiology coupled with age-related maladaptive biological phenomena explain the strong association between advanced age and increased risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. (ersjournals.com)
  • The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • The earliest cell in B-lymphocyte lineage that produces Ig is the pre-B lymphocyte. (medscape.com)
  • These regulatory T cell changes could be inhibited with excess antigen or the retinoic acid receptor antagonist LE540 and are enhanced with recombinant TGF -beta. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Probable immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor. (nih.gov)
  • We next performed allogeneic IUHCTx into donor-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice and confirmed that both direct and indirect antigen presentation lead to clonal deletion of effector T cells in chimeras. (ca.gov)
  • Particular fucosylated glycans and glycosides, are sole anti-inflammatory immunomodulators that upon binding to the cell-surface receptor DC-SIGN, bias dendritic cells toward a tolerogenic phenotype with production of Treg cells and immunotolerance. (pharmafocusasia.com)
  • Here we report that the reverse signaling using CD47 as a receptor additionally enhances a pro-survival function of prostate cancer cells under phagocytic attack. (bvsalud.org)
  • STARD12 co-expressed genes participated in cell cycle and DNA replication, and STARD14 were enriched in ECM-receptor interaction. (medsci.org)
  • The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a candidate vaccine antigen that binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2), leading to virus entry. (cdc.gov)
  • IL-27 binds to IL-27ra and gp-130 complex, which is expressed on multiple cell types, including T lymphocytes [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Human primary tumor cells could also be reprogrammed to increase their capability to present antigen and to activate patient-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, regulatory immune cells (natural killer T-cells, CD4(-)/CD8(-)T lymphocytes) cumulated in the ischemic hemisphere. (scienceopen.com)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens on target cells and lyse these cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • As such, they take advantage of the regulatory mechanisms that govern T cell activation to strengthen the immune response against cancer cells and minimize tumor evasion from host immunity. (acc.org)
  • Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
  • Antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) represent highly specialized immune cells with a central role in immunity and tolerance induction. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparable to the helminths' strategy, the therapy and prevention of autoimmune diseases would require the induction of an anti-inflammatory Th2 immunity, while inhibiting the damaging T-cell mediated pro-inflammatory immunities [4]. (pharmafocusasia.com)
  • An effective alternative to immunosuppression, would be to elicit an antigen-specific anti-inflammatory immunity, inducing immunotolerance to a self-antigen(s). (pharmafocusasia.com)
  • 5) phagocytic cells impairing anti-microbial immunity . (lu.se)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Dysfunction of the regulatory mechanisms maintaining this balance between active immunity and tolerance in the gut may lead to mucosal inflammation and damage and GI diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, it is not surprising that GI disorders are common manifestations, and often the initial presenting symptom, in patients with dysfunction in humoral immunity or cell-mediated immunity ( Table 1 ). (medscape.com)
  • Nevertheless, despite their immunogenicity in vivo, transplantation tolerance may be readily established by using minimal host conditioning with nondepleting monoclonal antibodies specific for the T cell coreceptors, CD4 and CD8. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies thus prevent inhibitory signaling to effector T cells, thereby increasing the ratio of effector cells to regulatory cells and augmenting the antitumor immune response. (acc.org)
  • Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are human monoclonal antibodies that block ligand binding to PD-1, leading to T cell activation. (acc.org)
  • Blockade of CTLA-4 by antibodies has potentiated antitumor T-cell responses in both preclinical models and clinical trials. (aacrjournals.org)
  • some cells require the presence of humoral antibodies directed against the tumor cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) to initiate the interactions that lead to the death of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To demonstrate the flexibility and modular nature of the liposome system, 10 recombinant surface antigens representing distinct influenza virus strains were bound simultaneously to generate a highly multivalent protein particle that with 5 ng individual antigen dosing induced antibodies in mice that specifically recognized the constituent immunogens and conferred protection against heterologous H5N1 influenza virus challenge. (cdc.gov)
  • In the absence of mature B cells, patients lack lymphoid tissue and fail to develop plasma cells, the cells that manufacture antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Myeloid cells contribute to pathogenesis by producing cytotoxic factors and presenting antigen to encephalitogenic T cells. (listlabs.com)
  • The function of these and other cytotoxic T cells (CTL) is controlled by stimulatory and inhibitory signaling. (psu.edu)
  • A role for cytotoxic cells during early pregnancy in cattle has not been described, but regulation of their function at the fetal-maternal interface is thought to be critical for conceptus survival. (psu.edu)
  • They are less effective than T-cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These cells have a plasmacytoid dendritic cell phenotype, a distinct response to TLR ligation and present antigen to T cells far less efficiently on comparison to conventional CD11c(hi) dendritic cells. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Of note, anti-CD47 scFv secreting CAR T cells exert a more potent immune response following specific antigen stimulation compared with parental CAR T cells, characterized by more efficient degranulation and cytokine production with polyfunctionality. (bvsalud.org)
  • Their tumoricidal activity is termed natural because it is not induced by a specific antigen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In several instances, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and myocarditis, the autoimmune disease can be induced experimentally by administering self-antigen in the presence of adjuvant (col- lagen, myelin basic protein, and cardiac myosin, respec- tively) (3). (cdc.gov)
  • My research is now focusing on manipulating plasmacytoid dendritic cell populations in vivo and determining the cause for the changes in the CDllc(lo) and Foxp3+ T cell populations following infection. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Intrathymic dendritic cell precursors promote human T-lineage specification via IRF8- driven transmembrane TNF. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Guidelines for mouse and human dendritic cell generation. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • NK cells have been seen as potential agents in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. (springer.com)
  • Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. (springer.com)
  • The purpose is to deliver chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and/or radiation to eliminate malignancy, prevent rejection of new stem cells, and create space for the new cells. (medscape.com)
  • T cell-based immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint blockade or adoptive T cell transfer, is limited by the ability of T cells to detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presented antigen by tumor cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy may overcome genetic mechanisms of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy through antigen- and MHC-independent recognition of malignant cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, addressing the presence of immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations in the periphery and tumor microenvironment of patients with cancer is likely to be required for effective NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)
  • Collectively, our research provides a more effective and safer CAR T cell transformation method for enhancing tumor immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • I am interested in the mechanisms underlying this Foxp3+ regulatory T cell expansion in vivo and have focused on whether antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells are re-programmed to a tolerogenic, regulatory T cell inducing, phenotype following infection. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Actually, helminths produce numerous compounds which bias the immune system toward an anti-inflammatory tolerogenic phenotype, this way averting T-cell mediated autoimmunity [3]. (pharmafocusasia.com)
  • Human CD8+CD28- suppressor T cells (Ts) are a subset of T cells generated in the course of in vitro and in vivo immunizations. (nih.gov)
  • Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. (springer.com)
  • The proliferative response of spleen T cells upon BDE exposure (ex vivo) was increased while no changes were observed in regulatory T cell numbers. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to acquiring improved antigen presentation, tumor-APCs had impaired tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • Caspase-1 inhibitor treatment protected cultured cortical neurons and brain cells in vivo in experimental stroke models. (scienceopen.com)
  • More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • pDCs thus function as APCs during the course of EAE and confer a natural protection against autoimmune disease development that is mediated directly by their ability to present of Ags to CD4(+) T cells in vivo. (unige.ch)
  • Most notably, some gut helminths can also downregulate T cell responses to inflammatory stimuli including asthmatic and allergic reactions through stimulation and expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Understanding the factors that regulate CNS myeloid cell responses could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies for MS treatment. (listlabs.com)
  • Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate that mice exhibiting a selective abrogation of MHCII expression by pDCs develop exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a consequence of enhanced priming of encephalitogenic CD4(+) T cell responses in secondary lymphoid tissues. (unige.ch)
  • DCs instruct Th-cell polarization program into specific effector Th subset, which will dictate the type of immune responses. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • These findings reveal that Runx/Cbfβ complexes play crucial and complementary roles in cDCs and Th cells to shape converging type 3 immune responses. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Although the exact roles of Rorγt + type 3 Treg cells have not yet been unraveled, they are involved in suppressing exaggerated Th2 responses ( Ohnmacht et al, 2015 ), Th17 and Th1 responses ( Sefik et al, 2015 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Together, these factors contribute to a state of acquired immune privilege that favors the polarization of infiltrating T cells toward a regulatory phenotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The epigenetic profile of myeloid cells influences their phenotype and function in various models of inflammatory disease. (listlabs.com)
  • Histopathological analyses of CNS tissue from individuals with MS and mice with the murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have revealed substantial myeloid cell infiltration within inflamed lesions. (listlabs.com)
  • The objective of our study was to investigate the hypothesis that TET2 protects against aberrant myeloid cell activation during EAE, and that reductions in TET2 activity are a critical step in the development of a pro-inflammatory myeloid cell response. (listlabs.com)
  • Regional differences in the intrinsic regulation of resident myeloid cell populations may mediate susceptibility to lesion formation. (listlabs.com)
  • There is accumulating evidence, reviewed in this paper, suggesting that Kupffer cells may act both as effector cells in the destruction of hepatocytes by producing harmful soluble mediators as well as antigen presenting cells during viral infections of the liver. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • In this study, we set up an effective culture method for long-term maintenance of B cells in vitro , in which the B cells are activated by human soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we assess a vaccine adjuvant system comprised of immunogenic liposomes that spontaneously convert soluble antigens into a particle format, displayed on the bilayer surface. (cdc.gov)
  • The main target and effector cells of the CTLA-4 blockade treatment in the studied tumor models are tumor-specific endogenous CD8 + T cells that are capable of eradicating also distant tumors, whereas CD4 + T cells do not play a prominent role in the antibody-mediated tumor eradication. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In wild-type mice, there was a similar deletion of effector cells without expansion of donor-specific Tregs. (ca.gov)
  • Despite the activity of effector cells, host immunoreactivity may fail to control tumor occurrence and growth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Natural killer (NK) cells are another population of effector cells with anti-cancer activity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Understanding of molecular mechanisms in natural killer cell therapy. (springer.com)
  • We hypothesized that the toxicity of biodiesel exhaust (BDE) is dependent at least on three major mechanisms: direct reactivity of BDE PM electrophiles towards critical biomolecules, induction of robust inflammatory response associated with the nano-sized components of BD PM, and triggering of oxidative stress via depletion of essential antioxidants and activation of oxidative burst in inflammatory cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Atherosclerosis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation in the arterial wall, is driven by immune cells and cytokines. (hindawi.com)
  • Cytokines The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
  • NKT cells are innate-like T cells that quickly respond to antigenic stimulation and rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines and chemokines. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, a body of circumstantial evi- susceptible mice by stimulating elevated levels of proin- dence links diabetes, multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and flammatory cytokines from mast cells during the innate many other autoimmune diseases with preceding infec- immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • We also identified NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition as a novel mechanism by which IVIg can protect brain cells against ischemic damage, suggesting a potential clinical benefit of therapeutic interventions that target inflammasome assembly and activity. (scienceopen.com)
  • While macrophage phagocytosis is an immune defense mechanism against invading cellular organisms, cancer cells expressing the CD47 ligand send forward signals to repel this engulfment. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mechanism by which NK cells discriminate between normal and abnormal cells is under study. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This document describes how WHO utilizes an internationally accepted regulatory mechanism to determine the stringency of assessment of products submitted to the WHO Prequalification of Diagnostics Programme. (who.int)
  • Decreased antigen presentation contributes to the ability of cancer cells to evade the immune system. (lu.se)
  • Our approach serves as a platform for the development of immunotherapies that endow cancer cells with the capability to process and present endogenous tumor antigens. (lu.se)
  • Reprogramming cancer cells to antigen-presenting cells. (lu.se)
  • Simultaneously, RRX-001 reduces CD47 protein levels, aiding in preventing immune escape by calreticulin-rich cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although low CD47-expressing cancer cells still allow phagocytosis, the reverse signaling delays the process, leading to incomplete digestion of the entrapped cells and subsequent tumor hybrid cell (THC) formation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immunological and translational aspects of NK cell-based antitumor immunotherapies. (springer.com)
  • Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer. (go.jp)
  • We use different preclinical mouse models of cancer to investigate the local administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody and its effect on cancer progression and the antitumor T-cell response. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Injecting CTLA-4 blocking antibody in a slow-release formulation close to the tumor is an effective way of activating the antitumor T-cell response. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In the groups (both the initiation and the progression) receiving recombinant IL-27 administration, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques was suspended, and the percentage of regulatory T cells (LAP + or Foxp3 + ) in the spleen and peripheral blood was increased. (hindawi.com)
  • Germinal centers where B cells proliferate and differentiate are poorly developed in all lymphoid tissue, including the spleen. (medscape.com)
  • Tumor Antigens Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The T cell is the primary cell responsible for direct recognition and killing of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • T cells carry out immunologic surveillance, then proliferate and destroy newly transformed tumor cells after recognizing TAAs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thus, the decreased level of class I molecule expression characteristic of many tumor cells may allow activation of NK cells and subsequent tumor lysis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In contrast, suppressor T cells inhibit the immune response against tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Monocytes (MC) are bone marrow (BM) derived mononuclear phagocytes that play an important role in innate immune response and are the major immune cell population in chronic tissue inflammatory ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • Recently, ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2), an epigenetic modifier that can suppress pro-inflammatory functions in myeloid cells, was identified as a susceptibility locus for MS. TET2 uniquely oxidizes methylcytosine to 5 hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and facilitates the active demethylation pathway. (listlabs.com)
  • This antigen-specific anti-inflammatory response, stimulated by vaccination, would allow the economical treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases, without immunosuppression. (pharmafocusasia.com)
  • Although many pertinent self-antigens are known, the lack of anti-inflammatory adjuvants have been the main obstacle to these vaccines' development. (pharmafocusasia.com)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Targeting classic Tregs is limited by the detection of Foxp3 and surface Treg markers on activated cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Importantly, although the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) after IUHCTx increased, there was no expansion in Treg numbers. (ca.gov)
  • Thus, tolerance induction after IUHCTx depends on both direct and indirect antigen presentation and is secondary to thymic deletion, without de novo Treg induction. (ca.gov)
  • On the other hand, Foxp3 + iTreg cells can be divided into Rorγt − Foxp3 + iTreg and Rorγt + Foxp3 + Treg, the latter is designated as type 3 Treg ( Park & Eberl, 2018 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
  • In preclinical and clinical studies, progenitor cell therapy (cord blood and mesenchymal stem cells) has shown promise in reversing the underlying pathology of SNHL, the loss of cochlear sensory hair cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Although defects may occur in many steps in B-cell development and maturation, resulting in agammaglobulinemia, the most common and well-described defect is the impaired maturation of the pro-B cells to pre-B cells. (medscape.com)
  • Direct and indirect antigen presentation lead to deletion of donor-specific T cells after in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation in mice. (ca.gov)
  • Compared to other vaccine formulations, immunization using CoPoP liposomes admixed with recombinant RBD induces multiple orders of magnitude higher levels of antibody titers in mice that neutralize pseudovirus cell entry, block RBD interaction with ACE2, and inhibit live virus replication. (cdc.gov)
  • We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
  • We studied the roles of direct and indirect antigen presentation (mediated by donor- and host-derived antigen presenting cells (APCs), respectively) in a mouse model of IUHCTx. (ca.gov)
  • Although the natural privileged status of ES cell-derived tissues is, therefore, insufficient to overcome even mH barriers, our findings suggest it may be harnessed effectively for the induction of dominant tolerance with minimal therapeutic intervention. (ox.ac.uk)
  • After EAE induction, pDCs are recruited to lymph nodes and establish MHCII-dependent myelin-Ag-specific contacts with CD4(+) T cells. (unige.ch)
  • Cell Cycle The cell cycle is an integral part of cellular processes. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Meanwhile, the number of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells was decreased. (hindawi.com)
  • Importantly, recent studies have shown that the importance of type 17 T helper cells (Th17 cells) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of various immune disorders, particularly in atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
  • CD11c(lo) cells polarise naive T cells to distinct T cells lineages, encouraging the expansion of antigen-specific Foxp3 T cells and polarisation away from Th17 cells. (cam.ac.uk)
  • On binding with CD47, mediates cell-cell adhesion. (nih.gov)
  • The efficacy was analogous or preferable to the combination of CAR T cells and CD47 antibody. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, locally delivering anti-CD47 by CAR T cells potentially limits toxicities relevant to systemic antibody treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow (BM) cells remaining in the bag and filter used in the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. (springer.com)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves the intravenous infusion of hematopoietic stem cells in order to reestablish blood cell production in patients whose bone marrow or immune system is damaged or defective. (medscape.com)
  • Hematopoietic stem cells and LC precursors in skin develop into long-term LC in steady state, which requires the transcription factor Id2 (A, top panel). (rwth-aachen.de)
  • These findings demonstrate for the first time that type 1 diabetes-associated genetic variants that restore immune tolerance to islet antigens also result in functional changes in the gut immune system and resultant changes in the microbiota. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the signal-regulatory protein (SIRP) family, and also belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. (nih.gov)
  • Multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes have recently been identified and shown to contribute to cell death in tissue injury. (scienceopen.com)
  • It is widely accepted that MS is an autoimmune disease driven by autoreactive CD4+ T cells that, following entry into the CNS, recruit and activate other cell types. (listlabs.com)
  • These interactions promote the selective expansion of myelin-Ag-specific natural regulatory T cells that dampen the autoimmune T cell response. (unige.ch)
  • This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)
  • Flow cytometric analysis of CD152 expression on stimulated Human peripheral mononuclear cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In contrast to CTLA-4, signaling through the PD-1 pathway occurs primarily during the late phase of T cell activation. (acc.org)
  • Ts recognize MHC class I:peptide complexes and inhibit the reactivity of T helper cells (Th) with cognate antigen specificity. (nih.gov)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • ii) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in blood that represent the major producers of type 1 interferon and (iii) Langerhans cells (LC), the cutaneous contingent of DC in epidermis. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with Concanavalin A for 3 days, then stained with either Purified NA/LE Mouse IgG2a, κ Isotype Control (Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 1. Incubate 100 µl concanavalin-A-stimulated 3-day peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1x10^6) with primary (unconjugated) antibody for 20-30 minutes at room temperature. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • Within 9 days of reprogramming, tumor-APCs acquired transcriptional and epigenetic programs associated with cDC1 cells. (lu.se)
  • Dendritic cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells and by direct reprogramming of somatic cells. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There were also significant differences in microbial composition in dust samples and in innate immune cells between the two groups of children. (medscape.com)
  • Infiltrating monocytes take up the modified low-density lipoproteins and become foam cells, which make plaques unstable, resulting in acute myocardial infarction [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we show that even expression of minor histocompatibility (mH) antigens is sufficient to provoke acute rejection of tissues differentiated from ES cells. (ox.ac.uk)