AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
CytokininsZeatinIndoleacetic AcidsPlant Growth RegulatorsKinetinIsopentenyladenosineGene Expression Regulation, PlantArabidopsisPlant RootsArabidopsis ProteinsPlant ShootsMeristemPlants, Genetically ModifiedSeedlingNaphthaleneacetic AcidsEthylenesPlant ProteinsGenes, PlantPlant LeavesHypocotylGravitropismPhthalimidesSignal TransductionAlkyl and Aryl TransferasesPlant Vascular BundlePlant TumorsOvuleMutationTobacco2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic AcidRNA, PlantRoot Nodules, PlantAbscisic AcidPlant StemsSeedsMolecular Sequence DataTranscription FactorsZea maysFlowersXylemAdenineGibberellinsPhenotypeCotyledonPlant Root NodulationOxidoreductasesPlant EpidermisLycopersicon esculentumAgrostisPlant Physiological PhenomenaMedicago truncatulaGene Expression ProfilingGlucuronidaseAmino Acids, CyclicBiological TransportAmino Acid SequenceBryopsidaOryza sativaPhloemPlant StructuresMembrane Transport ProteinsGerminationReceptors, Cell SurfacePlant CellsProtein KinasesLotusChlorophyllPromoter Regions, GeneticPlantsPlant DevelopmentPlants, ToxicModels, BiologicalF-Box ProteinsAgrobacterium tumefaciensBase SequenceFeedback, PhysiologicalPlant Tumor-Inducing PlasmidsDroughtsPhylogenyReverse GeneticsBrassinosteroidsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalOrganisms, Genetically ModifiedSequence Homology, Amino AcidPeasDNA-Binding ProteinsTranscription, GeneticSteroids, HeterocyclicSinorhizobium melilotiLightActinidiaEleusinePopulusDNA, PlantPlant Components, AerialRNA, MessengerPetuniaSequence AlignmentEndospermMultigene Family
Post-transcriptionalIndole-3-acGenesHormone signalinRegulationArabidopsisRegulateTranscription factorsAbioticEndogenousRepressorGeneticBiosynthesisOryzaIntracellularResponsiveElongationMoleculesEnvironmental cuesMajor regulatorPolar auxin traDefense responsesHormonesPlantsMutantFindingsDevelopmentResponse factorTransportersRegulatoryStem cellCellRootReceptorMolecularGrowthDownstream
Post-transcriptional3
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs with an approximate length of 18-22 nucleotides and involved in the regulation of gene expression in transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. (springeropen.com)
  • These small non-coding RNAs derived from their precursor sequences, bind to their target mRNAs and negatively mediate the gene expressions in pre-transcriptional or post-transcriptional stages by impeding mRNA translation [ 12 , 13 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • miR172 regulates the expression of AP2 at the post-transcriptional or translational levels, thus regulating plant floral development, phase transition, spikelet morphology, tuber and fruit development, nodulation in legumes and stress response. (chinbullbotany.com)
Indole-3-ac3
  • The Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went first described auxins and their role in plant growth in the 1920s.Kenneth V. Thimann became the first to isolate one of these phytohormones and to determine its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). (wikipedia.org)
  • The most important member of the auxin family is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which generates the majority of auxin effects in intact plants, and is the most potent native auxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Five naturally occurring (endogenous) auxins in plants include indole-3-acetic acid, 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, and indole-3-propionic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Genes11
  • The majority of the gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment responses were for membrane-building and ploidy-related processes, consistent with the excessive floral organs and altered cell size observed in the mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There were 29 MADS-box genes, as well as a large number of floral-related regulators and hormone-responsive genes, considered as candidates regulating floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, these results demonstrate that LsARF3 could promote lettuce bolting in response to the high temperature by directly or indirectly activating the expression of floral genes such as LsCO, which provides new insights into lettuce bolting in the context of ARFs signaling and heat response. (frontiersin.org)
  • It has been demonstrated that the bolting and flowering signals from internal or external factors usually converge on a few integrator genes which serve as flowering inducers or repressors during floral transition. (frontiersin.org)
  • they can combine with the promoter regions of key genes in signaling pathways to regulate their transcription levels and, in turn, plant resistance to stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between wild type plants and STTM159 transgenic plants showed that genes involved in cell division, auxin, cytokinin (CK) and brassinosteroids (BRs) biosynthesis and signaling are significantly down-regulated in STTM159 plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many of the target genes by the newly identified miRNAs were associated with plant growth and development, stress response, defense and hormone signaling, and oil synthesis pathways. (springeropen.com)
  • BAF60 binds nucleosome-free regions of multiple G box-containing genes, opposing in cis the promoting effect of the photomorphogenic and thermomorphogenic regulator Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) on hypocotyl elongation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We detected several other auxin related genes, including the pair of Gm09g38700 considering and Glyma18g47630 paralogs Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries that are homologs of Arabidopsis PIN FORMED 5, which is required for auxin homoeostasis and gametophyte development. (plcsignaling.com)
  • We also found homologs of genes for auxin synthesis and response, such as YUCCA4, in accordance with the fact that the Arabidopsis YUCCA4 expression is restricted to the SAM and flower meristems or young floral primordia, as well so as 20 genes related to auxin responsive genes regulating SAM development. (plcsignaling.com)
  • Using the floral stage-specific RNAs, we found that the expression of MINI3 and IKU2, the two downstream genes of the SHB1 - MINI3 - IKU2 cascade in the seed development pathway, were particularly reduced in the RAV1 -overexpressing transgenic plants. (molcells.org)
Hormone signalin2
  • The activation of multiple hormone signaling pathways after both light exclusion and re-exposure treatments was inconsistent with the changes in phenolic accumulation, indicating a limited role of plant hormones in mediating light/darkness-regulated phenolic biosynthesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent research findings have helped to clarify the elaborate signaling networks and the sophisticated crosstalk occurring among the different hormone signaling pathways. (beds.ac.uk)
Regulation6
  • We also discuss several crucial mechanisms of miRNAs, their relationships with transcription factors and the target gene-mediated hormone signaling interactions in the regulation of root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • miR393-mediated auxin signaling regulation is involved in root elongation inhibition in response to toxic aluminum stress in barley. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Regulation of the Later Stages of Nodulation Stimulated by IPD3/CYCLOPS Transcription Factor and Cytokinin in Pea Pisum sativum L. (biologists.com)
  • Such result reveals two independent pathways of PIF4 regulation, one involving DET1/COP1 and other HY5 [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This manuscript reviewed the progress of tomato fruit chloroplast development regulation in terms of transcription factors，light signals，hormone signals，and oxidative stress signals，as well as the challenges and future research directions，to clarify the specific regulation mechanism of fruit chloroplast development and provide new ideas for fruit quality improvement of tomato and other crops. (ahs.ac.cn)
  • However, the mechanisms of auxin regulation of plant structure are poorly understood. (x-mol.com)
Arabidopsis6
Regulate1
  • The miRNAs regulate root elongation, lateral root (LR) formation and adventitious root (AR) development in response to hormone signaling, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress. (chinaagrisci.com)
Transcription factors2
  • Overexpression of ZmWUS1-B is due to multimerized binding sites for type-B RESPONSE REGULATORs (RRs), key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling. (nature.com)
  • Lars Ostergaard (John Innes Centre) leads this study that characterises how the activity of five transcription factors (TF) integrate with auxin signaling in the control of gynoecium development. (garnetcommunity.org.uk)
Abiotic4
  • NtbZIP18 might be an important regulator in abiotic stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results indicated that CmNAC1 is a critical factor in ABA signaling pathways and it can be utilized in transgenic breeding to improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops. (frontiersin.org)
  • GmNAC11 and GmNAC20 from soybean are induced by phytohormones and abiotic stress with different transcriptional activities. (frontiersin.org)
  • The sensing of abiotic and biotic stresses initiates several complex signaling pathways in plants. (beds.ac.uk)
Endogenous3
  • the other three endogenous auxins seems to have marginal importance for intact plants in natural environments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alongside endogenous auxins, scientists and manufacturers have developed many synthetic compounds with auxinic activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • KAI2 proteins are plant alpha/beta hydrolase receptors which perceive smoke-derived butenolide signals and endogenous, yet unidentified KAI2-ligands (KLs). (inrae.fr)
Repressor1
  • GmNAC11 is a transcriptional activator, whereas GmNAC20 is a mild transcriptional repressor. (frontiersin.org)
Genetic1
  • These questions, which emerged from the colloquium "Darwins' reversals: What we now know about Feralization and Crop Wild Relatives" at the BOTANY 2021 conference, fall into seven categories that span both basic and applied research: (1) definitions and drivers of ferality, (2) genetic architecture and pathway, (3) evolutionary history and biogeography, (4) agronomy and breeding, (5) fundamental and applied ecology, (6) collecting and conservation, and (7) taxonomy and best practices. (weizmann.ac.il)
Biosynthesis2
  • Coordinated transcriptional changes in the light signaling components CRY2 and HY5/HYHs, transcription regulator MYBA1, and enzymes LAR, ANR, UFGT and FLS4, coincided well with light-responsive biosynthesis of the corresponding flavonoids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA biosynthesis.transcriptional activation.bHLH. (ntu.edu.sg)
Oryza3
  • OsLUGL is involved in the regulating auxin level and OsARFs expression in rice (Oryza sativa L. (biologists.com)
  • Auxin-responsive protein IAA4 OS=Oryza sativa subsp. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Auxin-responsive protein IAA11 OS=Oryza sativa subsp. (ntu.edu.sg)
Intracellular3
  • We suggest that therap ies targeting specific Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries intracellular signal transduction components activated early after the SAH may help prevent the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries later evolution of SAH induced vascular pathology contributing to delayed cerebral ischemia. (plcsignaling.com)
  • Some of the early signaling events include alteration of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, production of secondary signaling molecules such as inositol phosphate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as activation of kinase cascades. (beds.ac.uk)
  • They show that these rapid responses depend on the auxin influx carrier AUX1, suggesting that the growth response is mediated by intracellular auxin. (plantae.org)
Responsive2
  • The (dynamic and environment responsive) pattern of auxin distribution within the plant is a key factor for plant growth, its reaction to its environment, and specifically for development of plant organs (such as leaves or flowers). (wikipedia.org)
  • The auxin responsive AP2/ERF transcription factor CROWN ROOTLESS5 is involved in crown root initiation in rice through the induction of OsRR1, a type-A response regulator of cytokinin signaling , 2011, Plant J. (github.io)
Elongation1
Molecules3
  • It is achieved through very complex and well-coordinated active transport of auxin molecules from cell to cell throughout the plant body - by the so-called polar auxin transport. (wikipedia.org)
  • And as native auxin, its equilibrium is controlled in many ways in plants, from synthesis, through possible conjugation to degradation of its molecules, always according to the requirements of the situation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones and important signaling molecules required to promote the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. (inrae.fr)
Environmental cues2
  • Plants take advantage of a complex series of sensory receptors to perceive and respond to environmental cues such as the intensity, wavelength, direction, and duration of ambient light signals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression and activity of PIF4 are also regulated by the circadian clock, possibly influencing time-dependent transcriptional responses to environmental cues [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Major regulator1
  • The bZIP ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) transcription factor is another major regulator of thermo- and photomorphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Polar auxin tra1
  • All active shoot apices export auxin into the polar auxin transport stream, which transports it rootward. (ens-lyon.fr)
Defense responses3
  • 2021) A genome-wide association study unravels cytokinin as a major component in the root defense responses against Ralstonia solanacearum. (oeaw.ac.at)
  • The elaborate hormone signaling networks and their ability to crosstalk make them ideal candidates for mediating defense responses. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, with nine diverse groups of plant hormones participating in defense responses, their signaling pathways are intricately interconnected to facilitate the generation of a sophisticated and efficient stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
Hormones8
  • Native auxins Auxins (plural of auxin /ˈɔːksɪn/) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Auxins were the first of the major plant hormones to be discovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Auxins typically act in concert with, or in opposition to, other plant hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). (beds.ac.uk)
  • The discussion on seed dormancy and germination serves to illustrate the fine balance that can be enforced by the two key hormones ABA and GA in regulating plant responses to environmental signals. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Later, in the early 20th century, scientists identified auxins as the plant hormones responsible for phototropism. (wellbeingport.com)
  • This is one of the critical stages of embryogenesis, when an immature embryo becomes independent of some physiological factors, in particular, hormones (mainly auxins, cytokinins, and ABA) of a maternal organism. (springer.com)
  • Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones exuded in the rhizosphere with a signaling role for the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and as stimulants of seed germination of the parasitic weeds Orobanche, Phelipanche, and Striga, the most threatening weeds of major crops worldwide. (inrae.fr)
Plants7
  • Broad-leaf plants (dicots), such as dandelions, are much more susceptible to auxins than narrow-leaf plants (monocots) such as grasses and cereal crops, making these synthetic auxins valuable as herbicides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Constitutive expression of pathogen-inducible OsWRKY31 enhances disease resistance and affects root growth and auxin response in transgenic rice plants , 2008, Cell Res. (github.io)
  • To adapt to such adverse situations, plants have evolved well-developed mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signal and enable optimal growth response. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The mechanism of stress-response in plants is highly intricate and requires several integrated pathways to be activated in response to external stresses. (beds.ac.uk)
  • In this article, we will explore the physical basis of the phototropic response, delving into the intricate mechanisms that allow plants to perceive, interpret, and act upon light signals. (wellbeingport.com)
  • Then, we will delve into the complex biochemical pathways and signaling cascades that enable plants to translate light stimuli into directional growth responses. (wellbeingport.com)
  • This discovery led to further research into how light signals are detected and integrated within plants. (wellbeingport.com)
Mutant2
  • Integrated mRNA and miRNA profiling data provided comprehensive gene expression information on the wild-type and multi-tepal mutant at the transcriptional level that could facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Through inhibitor, mutant and artificial ligand studies, they show that the growth effect is mediated by interaction between auxin and TIR1, which " implies that this canonical signalling pathway regulates root growth via an unknown, non-transcriptional signalling branch . (plantae.org)
Findings1
  • These findings establish ZmWUS1 as an essential meristem size regulator in maize and highlight the striking effect of cis-regulatory variation on a key developmental program. (nature.com)
Development10
  • Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development. (wikipedia.org)
  • The result is the auxin creates "patterns" of auxin concentration maxima and minima in the plant body, which in turn guide further development of respective cells, and ultimately of the plant as a whole. (wikipedia.org)
  • microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in plant growth and development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whilst much is known on the signaling components mediating diurnal, light, and temperature controls on plant development, their influence on chromatin-based transcriptional controls remains poorly explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • WOX11 and CRL1 act synergistically to promote crown root development by maintaining cytokinin homeostasis in rice. (github.io)
  • Fruit chloroplasts function as assimilation organs before ripening，synthesizing amounts of assimilates for fruit development and quality-related metabolites synthesis，and transform into chromoplasts during ripening，storing nutrients and flavor substances synthesized by different metabolic pathways driven by photosynthesis in the early stage. (ahs.ac.cn)
  • Auxin is a crucial regulator of cotyledon development. (plcsignaling.com)
  • Auxin plays important roles throughout plant growth and development. (x-mol.com)
  • Overall, these results suggest that RAV1 is an additional negative player in the early stages of seed development, during which ABA and BR signaling are coordinated. (molcells.org)
  • Auxin and Its Role in Plant Development (pp. 143-170). (ista.ac.at)
Response factor2
  • Here, we identified a Lettuce auxin response factor 3 ( LsARF3 ), the expression of which was enhanced by heat and auxin treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • Crown rootless1, which is essential for crown root formation in rice, is a target of an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR in auxin signaling , 2005, Plant Cell. (github.io)
Transporters1
  • The shoot auxin transport system involves diverse transporters and mounting evidence suggests that different transporters are differentially sensitive to shoot branching regulatory signals, including auxin flux, cytokinin and strigolactone. (ens-lyon.fr)
Regulatory2
  • Christine Foyer (Leeds) is a co-author on the penultimate paper that characterises the role of ascorbic acid in hormone signaling whilst the final paper from Julian Hibberd at the University of Cambridge analyses a regulatory element that contributes to the evolutionary transition to C4 photosynthesis. (garnetcommunity.org.uk)
  • An, Y.-Q. and Lin, L., Transcriptional regulatory programs underlying barley germination and regulatory functions of gibberellin and abscisic acid, BMC Plant Biol . (springer.com)
Stem cell2
  • Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)
  • Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
Cell2
  • Inhibition of cell expansion by rapid ABP1-mediated auxin effect on microtubules. (ista.ac.at)
  • germin-like protein with N-terminal signal sequence that may target it to the vacuole, plasma membrane and/or outside the cell. (or.jp)
Root3
  • For example, the ratio of auxin to cytokinin in certain plant tissues determines initiation of root versus shoot buds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus ultimately all shoot apices are in communication through their export of auxin into shared auxin transport paths to the root. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • demonstrate that root growth rate slows within 30 seconds of auxin application, and accelerates within 2 minutes of auxin removal. (plantae.org)
Receptor1
  • In the CZ, WUS activates the CLV3 gene, encoding a short signaling peptide perceived by a series of leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like complexes, among which are complexes containing CLV1 and CLV2. (nature.com)
Molecular3
  • On the molecular level, all auxins are compounds with an aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid group. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plant adaptive responses to changing environments involve complex molecular interplays between intrinsic and external signals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The seventh paper from Bristol and York also broadly looks at CO2 but this time at the molecular factors that control stomatal closure in response to both ABA and CO2 signals. (garnetcommunity.org.uk)
Growth1
  • A plant-specific B3 domain and AP2 domain-containing transcription factor, RAV1 acts as a negative regulator of growth in many plant species and its transcription was downregulated by BR and ABA. (molcells.org)
Downstream1
  • The processes of host-microbe recognition and infection require complex signal exchange and activation of downstream responses. (biomedcentral.com)