• In this study they used murine embryonic stem cells and transfected with Ngn2 expression and after five days post transfection they observed that cells expressed Tuj1 and MAP2 (both are neuronal markers). (bartleby.com)
  • The Spemann-Mangold organizer is important to developmental biology because it was the first proof that particular cell populations influenced the differentiation of other cells through signaling molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thoma et al observed that Ngn2 alone is sufficient to induce neuronal differentiation in embryonic stem cells. (bartleby.com)
  • Role of Otx2 in Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs): Otx2 is an intrinsic determinant required to maintain the ESC metastable state by antagonizing ground state pluripotency and promoting commitment to differentiation. (cnr.it)
  • The molecular analysis of limb bud development in vertebrates continues to fuel our understanding of the gene regulatory networks that orchestrate the patterning, proliferation and differentiation of embryonic progenitor cells. (devgenbasel.com)
  • This is accomplished using the model of development and differentiation of cells of the immune system as well as during tumorigenesis to provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of such coordinated gene regulation. (sglabepigenetics.com)
  • Recent reports from our laboratory and other groups have demonstrated that SATB1 is known to play an important role in the regulation of Interleukin 5 (IL-5) gene locus in peripheral CD4+ T-cells and thereby regulate T-helper 2 (TH2) differentiation. (sglabepigenetics.com)
  • In Hydra , inhibition of activity of the HyGSK-3 confers characteristics of the head organizer to the body column resulting in the differentiation of ectopic heads and tentacles on the body column [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Successful differentiation is guided in large part by epigenetic reprogramming and regulation of critical gene expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we present a quantitative and comprehensive study of the abundance levels of histone PTMs during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using mass spectrometry (MS). We observed dynamic changes of histone PTMs including increased H3K9 methylation levels in agreement with previously reported results. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neuronal differentiation following transplantation of expanded mouse neurosphere cultures derived from different embryonic forebrain regions. (lu.se)
  • Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos. (wikipedia.org)
  • E2a Is Required for Subsets of Smad2/3 Binding and for Global Patterns of Smad2/3 Target Gene Expression (A) Smad2/3 targets 1,027 distinct genomic regions in control stage 10.5 embryos (yellow) and 1,671 regions in E2a -depleted embryos (blue). (xenbase.org)
  • There are two regions of observed Smad2/3 binding in control embryos, schematized in blue. (xenbase.org)
  • D) In E2a -depleted embryos, Smad2/3 binding at region 1 is reduced, while binding at region 2 is increased. (xenbase.org)
  • In Hand2-deficient mouse embryos, the EMT underlying AVC cardiac cushion formation is disrupted, and we combined ChIP-seq of embryonic hearts with transcriptome analysis of wild-type and mutants AVCs to identify the functionally relevant HAND2 target genes. (devgenbasel.com)
  • Right panels show immunostaining of head organizer cocktail-injected embryos against notochord by MZ15 (dorsal view of the same embryo as shown in the left panel) and somites by 12/101 (lateral view), respectively. (xenbase.org)
  • The Self-Organization in Biology: Freiburg Spemann-Mangold Centennial Symposium celebrates 100 years of scientific advances rooted in Hilde Mangold's and Hans Spemann's discovery of the gastrula organizer in vertebrate development, published in 1924 and awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935. (elsevier.com)
  • Early neurogenesis is initiated by inhibition of BMP signaling in the ectoderm by BMP antagonists expressed in Spemann's organizer region, resulting in anterior neural tissue formation ( Hemmati-Brivanlou and Melton, 1994 ). (molcells.org)
  • This Spemann-Mangold organizer was the first time that a developmental organizer region was identified and studied. (wikipedia.org)
  • Signals from the Nieuwkoop center induce the Spemann-Mangold organizer, thus the Nieuwkoop Center is known as the organizer of the organizer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even with the BCNE center (Blastula chordin and noggin expression center) removed from the blastula, the Nieuwkoop Center is able to induce formation of the Spemann-Mangold organizer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Xenopus Nieuwkoop center and Spemann-Mangold organizer share molecular components and a requirement for maternal Wnt activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastrulation movements are orchestrated by a small, heterogeneous group of cells with inductive and morphogenetic properties located in the dorsal lip of the blastopore (DBL) of the amphibian gastrula known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer or dorsal organizer. (nature.com)
  • 1992), Sonic hedgehog (SHH), also termed Vhh-1ferentiation of ventral neuronal cell types in explants or Hhg-1, has been implicated in the induction of ventralderived from prospective forebrain regions of the neu- cell types. (fliphtml5.com)
  • Using these devices, Otx2 and other head organizer TFs (for example, Lim1/Lhx1 (activator) or Goosecoid (repressor)) are able to upregulate or downregulate a large battery of target genes in the head organizer . (xenbase.org)
  • The accessibility and transcription of ribosomal genes is controlled at several levels, with their epigenetic regulation being one of the most important. (oncotarget.com)
  • As part of the transcriptional complex, FLNA CT can also bind to promoter regions of target genes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Chromatin remodeling and genomic alterations impact spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression, which is central to embryonic development. (devgenbasel.com)
  • Chromatin is compartmentalized into 'active' and 'inactive' domains that reflect the transcriptional potential of the genomic regions that segregate into them. (sglabepigenetics.com)
  • The higher-order assemblies of chromatin also contribute towards stringent and signal-dependent regulation of gene activity. (sglabepigenetics.com)
  • Technological advances in recent years have provided unprecedented insights into the role of chromatin organization and interactions of various structural-functional components towards gene regulation. (sglabepigenetics.com)
  • Using global chromatin organizer and master regulator SATB1 as a paradigm Dr Galande's laboratory set out to address the fundamental question of how such compartmentalization of gene activity is coordinated. (sglabepigenetics.com)
  • In the first lecture Dr S Galande, NCCS, discussed the third dimension of gene regulation by a global chromatin organizer and transcription factor, SATB1. (ifcbiol.com)
  • builds a bridge to today's molecular and cellular understanding self-organization in developing systems, including gastrulation, stem cell organoids, morphogen gradients, invertebrate systems, Evo-Devo, and emerging fields deriving from the discovery of embryonic induction. (elsevier.com)
  • The concept of embryonic induction, first demonstrated in the famous gastrula organizer transplantation experiments by Hilde Mangold and Hans Spemann in their 1924 landmark publication and awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935, has been the most influential discovery promoting 100 years of research into organization phenomena in biology. (elsevier.com)
  • The scope of the conference ranges from embryonic induction and the gastrula organizer itself to its signaling systems, cell behavior during gastrulation, morphogenesis and pattern formation. (elsevier.com)
  • Induction of three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and axis formation including the dorsoventral and anteroposterior posterior regions are major events during vertebrate embryo development. (molcells.org)
  • However, in humans Thalidomide interfered with embryonic and fetal development in ways not observed in rodent tests. (asu.edu)
  • Studies have shown that an excess of vitamin A can affect embryonic development and result in teratogenesis, or the production of birth defects in a developing embryo. (asu.edu)
  • German biologist, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard is renowned for elucidation of the genetic control of embryonic development of fruit flies. (wepapers.com)
  • Throughout this paper I will detail the early career of Dr. Nusslein-Volhard and the ways in which her research helped to revolutionize the field of developmental biology as it pertains to embryonic development and gene analysis/function. (wepapers.com)
  • Most of our knowledge on embryonic development comes from the fruit y Drosophila melanogaster. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • In doing so, it is an essential methodology to uncover principles of development that remain elusive such as pattern regulation, scaling, and self-organisation. (mdpi.com)
  • Tissue development is a key process for life starting from the earliest embryonic stages during which cells differentiate into later organs composing an entire body. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Due to the conserved nature of vertebrate cell behaviour, our results will be relevant to Wnt signalling during human embryonic development and could suggest novel vulnerabilities to Wnt-dependent diseases - a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutics. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Plant Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/ SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) have been implicated in numerous biological processes ranging from embryonic, flower, stomata development to stress and wound responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Drosophila , a pool of SGG isoenzymes encoded by a single gene is necessary to establish cell fate and polarity within embryonic segments [ 8 ] as well as for development of the nervous system [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While NK2.1 and vax are expressed in distinct medial regions of the developing protocerebrum early in development, BarH , Bari , Emx , Hhex and Nedx are expressed in late developmental stages, after all major structures of the nervous system have been established. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development. (cusabio.com)
  • Here we employ ChIP-seq and RNA-seq approaches in Xenopus tropicalis gastrulae and find that occupancy of the corepressor, TLE/Groucho, is a better indicator of tissue -specific cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) than the coactivator p300 , during early embryonic stages. (xenbase.org)
  • The role of Cyp26 during RA utilization and the anteriorization of the neuroectoderm during the early embryonic stages of Xenopus is also unclear. (molcells.org)
  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are self-renewing, pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of a blastocyst [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ectopic expression of Ngn2 was sufficient to form mature neurons from embryonic stem cells[5]. (bartleby.com)
  • The role of agrin, Lrp4 and MuSK during dendritic arborization and synaptogenesis in cultured embryonic CNS neurons. (recherche-myologie.fr)
  • Identification of an Otx gene-dosage dependent mechanism required for patterning of developing brain and proper positioning of midbrain-hindbrain isthmic organizer. (cnr.it)
  • We show that a Gbx2 -positive, Otx2 -/ Hoxa2 -negative territory corresponding to rhombomere 1 forms prior to an identifiable isthmic organiser. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early global overexpression of Hoxa2 at embryonic day 0 has no effect on the expression of isthmic signalling molecules or the allocation of rhombomere 1 territory, but selectively results in the loss of granule cell markers at embryonic day 6 and the depletion of cell bodies from the external granule cell layer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By contrast, a subset of coextensive nuclei is refractory to ectopic Hoxa2 and is presumably induced solely by isthmic organiser activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The early designation of an Otx2 -negative, Hoxa2 -negative region, prior to the appearance of the isthmic organiser, is a key initial step in the specification of the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early cellular interactions promote embryonic axis formation in Xenopus laevis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that in Xenopus, Fry plays a role in morphogenetic processes during gastrulation, in addition to its previously described function in the regulation of dorsal mesoderm gene expression. (nature.com)
  • Expression complexity of the Otx2 locus: transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational regulation of Otx2 mRNA isoforms control specification and maintenance of forebrain and midbrain regional identities. (cnr.it)
  • Occupancy of tissue -specific cis-regulatory modules by Otx2 and TLE/Groucho for embryonic head specification. (xenbase.org)
  • As human telencephalic NSCs develop from pluripotency in vitro, they transition through organizer states that spatially pattern the cortex before generating glutamatergic precursor fates. (edu.au)
  • Gastrulation is a key event in animal embryogenesis during which germ layer precursors are rearranged and the embryonic axes are established. (nature.com)
  • While graded signals from the isthmus have a demonstrable patterning role within this region, the significance of segmental identity for neuronal specification within rhombomere 1 is unexplored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Variation of Human Neural Stem Cells Generating Organizer States In Vitro before Committing to Cortical Excitatory or Inhibitory Neuronal Fates [2] "Better understanding of the progression of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing cerebral cortex is important for modeling neurogenesis and defining the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. (edu.au)
  • In 1924, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold discovered a region in the dorsal blastopore lip of an amphibian embryo that induced certain neighboring cells into becoming neural tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transplant of the Nieuwkoop Center causes formation of an embryonic axis with an endodermal fate which contains dorsal mesoderm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryonic stem cells have been identified by scientist as a type of stem cell that can advance regenerative medicine. (bartleby.com)
  • An essential component for these developmental processes but also for tissue regeneration and stem cell regulation is the communication of cells by chemical signalling. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • The proximal half of the Drosophila E-cadherin extracellular region is dispensable for many cadherin-dependent events but required for ventral furrow formation. (brh.co.jp)
  • The y axis represents fold enrichment over a negative (neg) control region near the lefty locus. (xenbase.org)
  • Surprisingly, wild-type posterior visceral endoderm (PVE) in midgut- and hindgut-deficient tetraploid chimera rescues the posterior body axis truncation, indicating that the PVE is important for tail organizer formation. (biologists.com)
  • Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis showed that xCyp26c expression started in the anterior region during the early neurula stage. (molcells.org)
  • Conversely, antisense morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of hhex resulted in a down-regulation of vpp1 expression and a specific loss of the ventral pancreas . (xenbase.org)
  • In this session Dr R Tuli, NBRI, gave a lucid overview of nucleosomal organization, histone modifications and regulation of gene activity. (ifcbiol.com)
  • Epigenetic up-regulation of ribosome biogenesis and more aggressive phenotype triggered by the lack of the histone demethylase JHDM1B in mammary epithelial. (oncotarget.com)
  • hormone , organic substance secreted by plants and animals that functions in the regulation of physiological activities and in maintaining homeostasis . (britannica.com)
  • All higher brain functions including the integration and processing of sensory and motor information, the memory storage and retrieval, and the regulation of emotional and drive states take place at the telencephalic level. (intechopen.com)
  • Schematic illustration of the regulation of function of transcriptional factors (TF) by FLNA. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • However, the greatest potential embryonic stem cells presents are its ability to change into any of the more than 200 different cell types in the body. (bartleby.com)
  • We have used conditional gene deletion of mouse β-catenin in Sox17-positive embryonic and extra-embryonic endoderm as well as vascular endothelial progenitors to address the function of canonical Wnt signalling in cell lineage formation and patterning. (biologists.com)
  • Their de-regulation in tumors could be responsible for both a surge in ribosome biogenesis, and the loss of cell cycle control [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Tetraploid rescue experiments reveal that lack of β-catenin in the anterior visceral endoderm results in defects in head organizer formation. (biologists.com)
  • Functional characterization and cross-phyla comparisons of these putative regulatory elements will enable a better understanding of enhancer evolution, and subsequently how changes in gene regulation give rise to morphological innovation. (stanford.edu)
  • The regulation of SGG/GSK-3 represents a conserved strategy during evolution for establishing embryonic polarity of both invertebrate and vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to difficulty defining definitive Nieuwkoop regions, little is known about the molecular composition of the Nieuwkoop signal. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA polymerase is the enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA and binds DNA at promoter regions. (wepapers.com)
  • He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Phenotypes of loss- and gain-of-function of head organizer TFs in frogs. (xenbase.org)
  • Acetylcholine receptors in the equatorial region of intrafusal muscle fibres modulate mouse muscle spindle sensitivity. (recherche-myologie.fr)
  • These hinge regions are proteolyzed by calpain and separate 24 Ig repeats into the rod 1 domain, which comprises 1-15 Ig repeats, rod 2 comprising 16-23 Ig repeats and a dimerization domain [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The hinge regions are proteolyzed by Ca 2+ -dependent calpains, and the cleavage of these sites produces a 90 kDa C -terminal fragment of FLNA (FLNA CT ) and a 200 kDa N -terminal fragment (FLNA NT ) [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)