SecretionResistanceMetabolismAndrogen receptorPeroxisome proliferPathwaysEpidermal growth fSensitivitySubstrateKinaseLowers blood glucoseGeneSignalingProteinDiabetes mellitusHyperglycemiaHormone receptorsAgonistsPhosphorylationProteinsLong-actinGlucagonEndogenous insulinObesityTissuesGrowthSignalsMolecules from the injection siteDetemirHypoxiaSystemicMembraneUptakeBrain involved in appetite regulationConcentrationImmuneTranscription factorHuman insulinEstrogen receptorCellsTypeInsulinomaMechanisms
Secretion6
- PRExt provides multiple hypoglycemic effects including the enhancement of glucose-mediated insulin secretion. (hindawi.com)
- This has suggested a potential role for GPR40 in the regulation of β-cell responsiveness to free fatty acids and hence as a potential therapeutic target in the regulation of insulin secretion and diabetes. (aspetjournals.org)
- As a member of the endoplasmic reticulum protein family, POGLUT2 functions to prevent the secretion of all endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins via receptor-ligand interaction with a protein in the Golgi apparatus by a Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu or KDEL motif located at its C-terminus ( 7 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Patients who are symptomatic at initial presentation with diabetes may require transient treatment with insulin to reduce glucose toxicity (which may reduce beta-cell insulin secretion and worsen insulin resistance) or an insulin secretagogue to rapidly relieve symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia. (medscape.com)
- Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. (msdmanuals.com)
- The incretin hormones GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) are released from the intestine after food ingestion to stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. (lu.se)
Resistance32
- Characterized by high blood glucose concentration, resistance of cells to glucose uptake and reduced insulin sensitivity, Type II diabetes is a major health problem afflicting both developing and developed countries in increasing extent as populations around the world increasing adopt high energy diets. (peerj.com)
- Previous studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production from adipose tissue is elevated in rodent and human obesity and plays an important role in insulin resistance in experimental animal models. (nih.gov)
- It has been shown that TNFα causes insulin resistance and multi-site S/T phosphorylation, which results in block of interaction between IRS-1 and juxtamembrane domain peptide, thus converting IRS-1 into an inactive state. (wikipedia.org)
- Altogether, these mechanisms stimulate IRS-1 degradation and insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- During insulin resistance induced by hyperglycemia, glucose accumulates in tissues as its hexosamine metabolite UDP-GlcNAc. (wikipedia.org)
- Type A insulin resistance syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by severe insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's tissues and organs do not respond properly to the hormone insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
- In people with type A insulin resistance syndrome, insulin resistance impairs blood glucose regulation and ultimately leads to a condition called diabetes mellitus, in which blood glucose levels can become dangerously high. (medlineplus.gov)
- Severe insulin resistance also underlies the other signs and symptoms of type A insulin resistance syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
- Unlike most people with insulin resistance, females with type A insulin resistance syndrome are usually not overweight. (medlineplus.gov)
- The features of type A insulin resistance syndrome are more subtle in affected males. (medlineplus.gov)
- Type A insulin resistance syndrome is one of a group of related conditions described as inherited severe insulin resistance syndromes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Type A insulin resistance syndrome represents the mildest end of the spectrum: its features often do not become apparent until puberty or later, and it is generally not life-threatening. (medlineplus.gov)
- Type A insulin resistance syndrome is estimated to affect about 1 in 100,000 people worldwide. (medlineplus.gov)
- Type A insulin resistance syndrome results from mutations in the INSR gene. (medlineplus.gov)
- Most of the INSR gene mutations that cause type A insulin resistance syndrome lead to the production of a faulty insulin receptor that cannot transmit signals properly. (medlineplus.gov)
- This severe resistance to the effects of insulin impairs blood glucose regulation and leads to diabetes mellitus. (medlineplus.gov)
- This condition is designated as type A to distinguish it from type B insulin resistance syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
- Type A insulin resistance syndrome can have either an autosomal dominant or, less commonly, an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. (medlineplus.gov)
- The mutation of the IRS-1 gene is one of the genetic risk factors which, it is speculated, is associated with insulin resistance or predisposition to type 2 diabetes. (viamedica.pl)
- lipid- and inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and vasculature. (rvc.ac.uk)
- Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of insulin resistance in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV genotype 4 infection, to assess factors associated with insulin resistance and to test the impact of insulin resistance on outcomes of treatment with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. (who.int)
- This study confirms that insulin resistance affects treatment outcome, and thus HOMA-IR testing before initiation of therapy may be a cost-effective tool. (who.int)
- Mutations in the INS R gene have been linked to insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and leprechaunism, an extremely rare disorder characterized by abnormal resistance to insulin that results in a variety of distinguishing characteristics, including growth delays and abnormalities affecting the endocrine system. (rndsystems.com)
- Hyperglycemia in T2D patients is the consequence of both insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction or failure [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The Minkowski Prize Lecture will address the regulation of energy and glucose metabolism by the dual incretin receptor agonists, while the EASD-Lilly Anniversary Prize Lecture will be about the role of ectopic lipid in insulin resistance and cardiometabolic disease. (medscape.com)
- Research suggests that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are linked to the development of insulin resistance in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (medscape.com)
- A study by Gabay et al indicated that insulin resistance in female adolescents with obesity may have a negative impact on brain structure and function. (medscape.com)
- The report found, for example, that in the study population, the insular cortices in such patients tended to be thinner, a phenomenon that was not seen in male adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance. (medscape.com)
- In type 2 diabetes (late stage), beta cells fail to secrete insulin for maintaining the blood glucose level, owing to insulin resistance and genetic defect. (medscape.com)
- Up-regulation of miR-133a-3p promotes ovary insulin resistance on granulosa cells of obese PCOS patients via inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling. (nih.gov)
- The use of biologically-active GTF chromium as a nutritional adjunct in weight control is based on its ability to overcome insulin resistance and/or enhance the effects of insulin. (peoplesrx.com)
- Insulin resistance and disordering of lipid metabolism occur in obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis. (lww.com)
Metabolism13
- The insulin signaling pathway (ISP) has a key role in major physiological events like carbohydrate metabolism and growth regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Its primary activity is regulation of glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
- In other animals, insulin signaling is involved in many other physiological processes such as reproduction, development, and metabolism, but further studies are needed to investigate its role in insects. (usda.gov)
- With fixed resources, overall metabolism and insulin signaling are maintained at low levels, but it is unclear if these change in response to stressors. (usda.gov)
- hence, the physiological circuits implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism must be able to quickly adjust to changes in either side of the equation. (researchgate.net)
- Interrogating the role of a novel xenosensor 'Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor' in metabolism and elimination of endocrine disruptors and pesticides. (jnu.ac.in)
- Context-dependent regulation of endothelial cell metabolism: differential effects of the PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 and VEGF-A. Sci Rep. 2020 May 12;10(1):7849. (rvc.ac.uk)
- Members of the insulin family peptides have conserved roles in the regulation of growth and metabolism in a wide variety of metazoans. (riken.jp)
- Because Dilp regulates both growth and metabolism during development, we are analyzing the physiological significance of the regulation of sugar metabolism by insulin/IGF signaling. (riken.jp)
- Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is an adaptor protein that integrates multiple transmembrane signals from growth factors and hormones, to regulate cell growth, survival, differentiation and metabolism ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The primary activity of insulin, including TRESIBA, is regulation of glucose metabolism. (globalrph.com)
- Some individuals may have a genetic pre-disposition towards an impaired pathway relating to metabolism of inositol, that can in turn affect insulin activity. (peoplesrx.com)
- As stated, insulin is a potent hormone involved in protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. (peoplesrx.com)
Androgen receptor4
- Both sex steroids phosphorylated CREB at Ser(133) in a dose-dependent manner in androgen receptor (AR)-positive LNCaP cells, whereas only estrogens phosphorylated CREB in AR-negative PC3 cells. (unical.it)
- Tyagi R.K. Investigation into androgen-independent activation of androgen receptor in prostate cancer. (jnu.ac.in)
- Tyagi R.K. Mechanisms of inhibition of transcriptional activity of androgen receptor by antagonists/endocrine disruptors CSIR , (2003-2006). (jnu.ac.in)
- MiR-133a-5p inhibits androgen receptor (AR)-induced proliferation in prostate cancer cells via targeting FUsed in Sarcoma (FUS) and AR. (nih.gov)
Peroxisome prolifer2
- Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)
- DNA methylation-induced ablation of miR-133a accelerates cancer aggressiveness in glioma through upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. (nih.gov)
Pathways12
- However, the roles of phase separation in the regulation of many other signaling pathways await further exploration. (nature.com)
- Insulin receptor substrate 1 plays a key role in transmitting signals from the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1) to intracellular pathways PI3K / Akt and Erk MAP kinase pathways. (wikipedia.org)
- The IRS proteins (IRS1-4) are the family of adaptors regulating metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways ( Hanke and Mann , 2009 Hanke S and Mann M (2009) The phosphotyrosine interactome of the insulin receptor family and its substrates IRS-1 and IRS-2. (scielo.br)
- G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have recently been implicated in intracellular crosstalk pathways with IR. (mdpi.com)
- Cross-talk between the two divergent insulin signaling pathways is revealed by the protein kinase B (Akt)-mediated phosphorylation of adapter protein APS on serine 588. (genscript.com)
- Insulin signaling pathways are conserved across taxa, but interestingly insects have insulin-like peptides (ILP) that are encoded by multigene families. (usda.gov)
- With many conserved pathways, including the insulin pathway, the use of insect models in metabolic studies is increasing. (usda.gov)
- Evidence presented in this review implicated that Rhizoma coptidis exerted beneficial effects on various diseases by regulation of NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways, which support the clinical application of Rhizoma coptidis and offer references for future researches. (springer.com)
- AMPK pathways are energy regulation pathways. (springer.com)
- The major mechanisms involved in butyrate regulation include key signaling pathways such as AMPK, p38, HDAC inhibition, and cAMP production/signaling. (frontiersin.org)
- In conclusion, the novel dual agonist DA-JC4 shows promise as a novel treatment for sporadic AD, and reactivating insulin signaling pathways may be a key mechanism that prevents disease progression in AD. (lancs.ac.uk)
- These results indicate that the two intestinal secretory peptides antagonistically regulate adult lifespan and intestinal senescence through multiple pathways, irrespective of insulin, which implicates a complementary gradient distribution of each of the hormone-producing EEs, consistent with local requirements for cell activity along the posterior midgut. (bioone.org)
Epidermal growth f2
- 2004) Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. (scielo.br)
- 2005) Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with improved survival in gefitinib-treated chemorefractory lung adenocarcinomas. (scielo.br)
Sensitivity9
- Given that, in Type II diabetes, successive generations of various cell types in the body ranging from muscles, tissues, blood, and organs are resistant to glucose uptake and exhibited reduced sensitivity to insulin, the underlying aetiology of Type II diabetes might involve the altered gene expression of stem cells in stem cell niches that adapted to a high glucose diet through an evolutionary conserved mechanism that aimed at homeostasis. (peerj.com)
- The above hypothesis helped explain why high sugar intake by the body could result in impaired sensitivity to insulin and reduced glucose uptake by cells, and more importantly, the widespread nature in which many cell types (principally muscle cells) are affected by a possible epigenetically controlled gene expression programme which hitherto appeared clinically irreversible. (peerj.com)
- In addition, it plays a key role in reducing glycemia and improving body weight control and insulin sensitivity. (frontiersin.org)
- Therefore, an effective antidiabetic agent should both improve insulin sensitivity and enhance beta-cell function. (hindawi.com)
- This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
- Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
- DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
- Diabetes - alpha-lipoic acid increases glucose uptake into muscle cells and increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes (21,22). (peoplesrx.com)
- It may provide the link between inflammation and insulin sensitivity. (lww.com)
Substrate12
- As a critical node for insulin/IGF signaling, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is essential for metabolic regulation. (nature.com)
- Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins play essential roles in mediating insulin/IGF signaling by recruiting a series of downstream effectors 23 . (nature.com)
- Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Metz H, Busch SE, Hanke ML, Kargl J, Kim KH and Houghton M (2014) Insulin receptor substrate-1 regulates immune cell content in lung adenocarcinoma. (scielo.br)
- Metz HE and Houghton AM (2011) Insulin receptor substrate regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (scielo.br)
- Sesti G, Federici M, Hribal ML, Lauro D, Sbraccia P and Lauro R (2001) Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders. (scielo.br)
- Ma Z, Gibson SL, Byrne MA, Zhang J, White MF and Shaw LM (2006) Suppression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) promotes mammary tumor metastasis. (scielo.br)
- In addition to binding to the insulin receptor, IRS1 also binds to and transmits signals from the receptors of prolactin, growth hormone (GH), leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), insulin like growth factor (IGF1), and integrins ( Vuori and Ruoslathi , 1994 Vuori K and Ruoslahti E (1994) Association of insulin receptor substrate-1 with integrins. (scielo.br)
- Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) were overexpressed in ESCC. (spandidos-publications.com)
- To date, the role of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in tumorigenesis and metastasis of head and neck cancer has not been elucidated. (spandidos-publications.com)
- As a major substrate of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and mainly functioning through activating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathway, IRS-1 has been considered oncogenic in cancer progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
- This was associated with DIM‐enhanced phosphorylation of the signaling intermediates Akt, insulin receptor substrate‐1, and insulin receptor early in differentiation. (researchgate.net)
Kinase5
- CREB phosphorylation involved c-Src-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, but not protein kinase A, protein kinase C, or calmodulin-dependent kinase II, and occurred also in cells transfected with AR or estrogen receptor mutants that do not localize into the nucleus. (unical.it)
- Upon binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (IR), IRS1 is phosphorylated at several YXXM motifs creating docking sites for the binding of PI3Kp85, which activates AKT kinase. (scielo.br)
- The integration of GPCR and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, including IR upon ligand stimulation, is eloquently reviewed. (mdpi.com)
- The intracellular region contains the kinase domain sandwiched between the juxtamembrane domain used for docking insulin-receptor substrates (IRS), and the carboxy-terminal tail that contains two phosphotyrosine-binding sites. (rndsystems.com)
- Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
Lowers blood glucose1
- Receptor-bound insulin lowers blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle and fat and by inhibiting the output of glucose from the liver. (globalrph.com)
Gene11
- Thus, successive generations of cells generated from the stem cell niche would exhibit an epigenetically controlled programme of gene expression that exhibited down regulation of genes for glucose transporters and insulin receptors. (peerj.com)
- Combining this unique resource with gene expression data demonstrates distinct temporal mechanisms of estrogen-mediated gene regulation, particularly in the case of estrogen-suppressed genes. (nature.com)
- Figure 1: Summary of estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding sites and correlation with nucleotide and gene number. (nature.com)
- Figure 3: Estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding relative to specific gene targets. (nature.com)
- In the version of this article initially published online, the estrogen receptor and RNA PolII binding data were aligned incorrectly in the top panel of Figure 3, which represents estrogen receptor binding at the ESR1 gene region. (nature.com)
- This gene provides instructions for making a protein called an insulin receptor, which is found in many types of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- Relative to November, gene expression between lab and field groups differed for the insulin receptor and mTOR. (usda.gov)
- Her research group (funded by the BBSRC, The Wellcome Trust and the British Heart Foundation) is investigating the molecular mechanisms important for regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression and downstream cellular functions in response to a range of external stimuli, including ligands for G protein-coupled receptors and growth factor receptors, and exogenous lipoproteins. (rvc.ac.uk)
- The two receptors share structural similarity as well as overlapping intracellular signaling events, and are believed to have evolved through gene duplication from a common ancestral gene. (rndsystems.com)
- microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. (nih.gov)
- immune destruction of insulin-pro- vestigate the relationship of VDR gene ducing beta cells by T-cell infiltration polymorphism to the risk of type 1 DM DNA isolation and PCR experiments of the pancreatic islets [1]. (who.int)
Signaling22
- Impairment of IRS-1 LLPS attenuated its positive effects on insulin/IGF-1 signaling. (nature.com)
- Our findings delineate a mechanism in which LLPS of IRS-1-mediated signalosomes serves as an organizing center for insulin/IGF-1 signaling and implicate the role of aberrant IRS-1 LLPS in metabolic diseases. (nature.com)
- Since these intrinsically disordered regions, which are conformationally dynamic and do not adopt stable secondary or tertiary structures, are often essential for mediating the phase transition of proteins 9 , it is therefore of interest to consider if the C-terminus of IRS-1 is involved in phase separation and to further delineate such implications upon insulin/IGF signaling. (nature.com)
- We further identified that the 301-600 residues, as a self-association region (SAR), is essential to the formation of IRS-1 droplets and the transduction of insulin/IGF signaling. (nature.com)
- An alternative multi-site phosphorylation of Serine/Threonine in IRS-1 regulates insulin signaling positively and negatively. (wikipedia.org)
- SOCS proteins act by binding to IR and by interfering with IR phosphorylation of IRS-1, therefore attenuating insulin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
- In conclusion, we describe a novel mechanism of IGF-IR up-regulation and promoter activity by CREB activation, induced by sex steroids, through a nongenotropic signaling. (unical.it)
- Several signaling molecules have been identified as critical players in the regulation of insulin-induced IR activation. (mdpi.com)
- One area that needs further investigation is the role of insulin signaling in regulating diapause. (usda.gov)
- Our hypothesis is that insulin signaling is responsible for allocating energy in response to stressors. (usda.gov)
- Future studies will focus on investigating more genes in this pathway to develop a full picture of how insulin signaling changes in diapausing bees. (usda.gov)
- Studying insulin signaling in diapausing bees is important for understanding how stress affects energy allocation in insects and may provide insight into how insulin signaling evolved. (usda.gov)
- This was studied in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells, which possess a muscarinic receptor-regulated PLCβ 1 -signaling pathway. (jneurosci.org)
- These observations presented a spatial and temporal resolution of the sequence of events underlying receptor-evoked involvement of tubulin in G-protein-mediated signaling. (jneurosci.org)
- Ligand binding induces a conformational change of the receptor, resulting in ATP binding, autophosphorylation, and subsequent downstream signaling. (rndsystems.com)
- INS R signaling is important in metabolic regulation, but may also contribute to cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. (rndsystems.com)
- A novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist alleviates cognitive decline by re-sensitizing insulin signaling in the Alzheimer icv. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Importantly, insulin signaling was re-sensitized as evidenced by a reduction of phospho-IRS1Ser1101 levels and phospho-AktSer473 up-regulation. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
- 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
- Furthermore, these senescence phenotypes appear to be independent of insulin signaling and manifest in an organ-specific manner. (bioone.org)
- We herein, report that in spite of what the current paradigm recognizes, HIF-2α is transcriptionally regulated at hypoxia by the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) via the PI3K-mTORC2 axis independent of Akt-mTORC1 signaling. (lu.se)
Protein9
- Here we provide evidence that beta-arrestin, otherwise known to be involved in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors, serves as an adaptor to bring the oncoprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 to the IGF-1R. (duke.edu)
- G protein stoichiometry can dictate biased agonism through distinct receptor-G protein partitioning. (mdpi.com)
- The expression levels of Gα subunits influence the biased profiling of β-agonists and antagonists in that they determine both their activity and efficacy by affecting different membrane distribution of receptor-G protein populations. (mdpi.com)
- It is suggested that G-protein-coupled receptors might modulate cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular traffic, and cellular architecture. (jneurosci.org)
- Cardiac enlargement is caused in part by elevated IGF (insulin like growth factor) due to a reduction in IGF binding protein under conditions of elevated insulin. (robbwolf.com)
- Insulin also inhibits lipolysis and proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis. (globalrph.com)
- Insulin inhibits lipolysis in the adipocyte, inhibits proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis. (globalrph.com)
- It was identified that the insulin sensitizing effect of chemical constituents from Radix Paeoniae Rubra is modulated by the inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The current studies provide novel insights into the pharmacology of GPR40 and indicate that G protein-coupled receptors which respond to fatty acids, and potentially to other lipid ligands, can be occupied by endogenous agonists before assay and that this may mask the pharmacology of the receptor and may be mistaken for high levels of constitutive activity. (aspetjournals.org)
Diabetes mellitus4
- Insulin injected subcutaneously is the first-line treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). (medscape.com)
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes) is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by an insulin deficiency. (researchgate.net)
- Insulin injected subcutaneously is the first-line treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
- ABSTRACT Reported associations between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism and type 1 diabetes mellitus vary across ethnic groups. (who.int)
Hyperglycemia1
- Insulin detemir is indicated for once-daily or twice-daily subcutaneous administration in individuals with type 1 DM who require long-acting basal insulin for hyperglycemia control. (medscape.com)
Hormone receptors2
- This effect on longevity is apparently correlated with the midgut senescence phenotypes as a result of direct hormone action through both hormone receptors expressed in the enteroblasts or other midgut cell types. (bioone.org)
- However, gut senescence does not appear to be the direct cause for longevity regulation, as knockdown of both hormone receptors did not affect adult lifespan. (bioone.org)
Agonists1
- Melanocortin-4 receptor agonists are approved for weight management in patients with rare genetic conditions (ie, proopiomelanocortin, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1, and leptin receptor deficiencies). (medscape.com)
Phosphorylation5
- Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 by insulin receptor (IR) introduces multiple binding sites for proteins bearing SH2 homology domain, such as PI3K, Grb-2/Sos complex and SHP2. (wikipedia.org)
- Tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptors or IGF-1 receptors, upon extracellular ligand binding, induces the cytoplasmic binding of IRS-1 to these receptors, through its PTB domains. (wikipedia.org)
- The C-terminal tail is not structured, therefore the mechanisms of regulation of IRS-1 by phosphorylation still remain unclear. (wikipedia.org)
- These processes lead to decrease in Tyrosine phosphorylation by insulin receptors and diminished PI3K recruitment. (wikipedia.org)
- Expression of the mutants differentially affected insulin-induced phosphorylation of IRS1, AKT, ERK, and STAT3. (scielo.br)
Proteins2
Long-actin1
- Insulin detemir is a soluble, long-acting basal human insulin analog with a relatively flat action profile. (globalrph.com)
Glucagon4
- In addition, insulin is the most important factor in the regulation of plasma glucose homeostasis, as it counteracts glucagon and other catabolic hormones-epinephrine, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone. (medscape.com)
- Glucagon works along with insulin to balance glucose distribution in the serum for transport to body tissues. (medscape.com)
- Normal levels of fasting glucose (80-100 mg/dL) mean that a balance exists and that both insulin and glucagon are adequately produced. (medscape.com)
- Abnormalities in glucose levels are the most common reason to measure glucagon levels in serum to see if the hormone is the source versus insulin levels, which tend to be more difficult to interpret. (medscape.com)
Endogenous insulin2
- A standard insulin test is positive for endogenous insulin and exogenous insulin. (medscape.com)
- For diabetics, we see the result of the lack of this hormone especially after a meal in which glucose values will elevate extremely high unless any endogenous insulin can inhibit glucagon's effect for producing more glucose through the process of glycogenolysis. (medscape.com)
Obesity3
- In this study, we examined the adipose expression of both TNF receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) in human obesity and demonstrated that obese female subjects express approximately twofold more TNFR2 mRNA in fat tissue and approximately sixfold more soluble TNFR2 in circulation relative to lean control subjects. (nih.gov)
- Recent studies on diseases which involve insulin insensitivity (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) also show increased cytokine production and markers of inflammation. (lww.com)
- Recently, the FDA approved tirzepatide , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and GLP-1 receptor agonist, for chronic weight maintenance in adults with obesity. (medscape.com)
Tissues4
- Although insulin is present in the bloodstream, the defective receptors make it less able to exert its effects on cells and tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
- Insulin detemir is distributed more slowly to peripheral target tissues since insulin detemir in the bloodstream is highly bound to albumin. (globalrph.com)
- Western blot analysis was used for detecting the expression of imidazoline receptor in tissues of Wistar rats. (hindawi.com)
- Insulin stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake from the blood to tissues for functional use. (medscape.com)
Growth7
- Scholars@Duke publication: {beta}-Arrestin is crucial for ubiquitination and down-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by acting as adaptor for the MDM2 E3 ligase. (duke.edu)
- The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays important roles in physiological growth and aging as well as promoting several crucial functions in cancer cells. (duke.edu)
- IRS-1 integrates signalling from insulin receptor (InsR), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and many other cytokine receptors and is elevated in β-catenin induced cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) overexpression may play a role in prostate cancer progression. (unical.it)
- Most species have a standard body size, but developing organisms are also capable of adapting their growth to fluctuating nutritional states through metabolic regulation. (riken.jp)
- To better understand the interface between nutrient availability and growth regulation, we are focusing on how nutrition controls systemic growth through Drosophila insulin-like peptides (Dilps). (riken.jp)
- The Insulin Receptor (INS R) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1 R) constitute a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (1‑4). (rndsystems.com)
Signals3
- A long and unstructured C-terminal region of IRS-1 recruits downstream effectors for promoting insulin/IGF signals. (nature.com)
- There are two main neuronal populations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that are sensitive to signals indicating systemic fuel availability (e. g., leptin, ghrelin and insulin). (researchgate.net)
- Acute exposure of the brain to insulin blunts hunger because it clears dopamine from the brain, which signals the end of a meal. (robbwolf.com)
Molecules from the injection site1
- The prolonged action of LEVEMIR is mediated by the slow systemic absorption of insulin detemir molecules from the injection site due to strong self-association of the drug molecules and albumin binding. (globalrph.com)
Detemir5
- Insulin detemir differs from human insulin in that the amino acid threonine in position B30 has been omitted, and a C14 fatty acid chain has been attached to the amino acid B29. (globalrph.com)
- Each milliliter of LEVEMIR contains 100 U (14.2 mg/mL) insulin detemir, 65.4 mcg zinc, 2.06 mg m-cresol, 16.0 mg glycerol, 1.80 mg phenol, 0.89 mg disodium phosphate dihydrate, 1.17 mg sodium chloride, and water for injection. (globalrph.com)
- Insulin Detemir must NOT be diluted or mixed with any other insulin or solution. (globalrph.com)
- Insulins, including insulin detemir, exert their specific action through binding to insulin receptors. (globalrph.com)
- After subcutaneous injection of insulin detemir in healthy subjects and in patients with diabetes, insulin detemir serum concentrations indicated a slower, more prolonged absorption over 24 hours in comparison to NPH human insulin. (globalrph.com)
Hypoxia2
- Mukhopadhyay C.K. A Study on the molecular mechanism of insulin-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, the master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. (jnu.ac.in)
- We establish that IGF-II-induced HIF2A/EPAS1 expression during hypoxia is due to de novo transcription and further present the estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) transcription factor as a positive regulator of HIF2A. (lu.se)
Systemic1
- The protracted time action profile of TRESIBA is predominantly due to delayed absorption of insulin degludec from the subcutaneous tissue to the systemic circulation and to a lesser extent due to binding of insulin-degludec to circulating albumin. (globalrph.com)
Membrane3
- Signal transduction Nuclear and membrane receptors. (unibo.it)
- In the naïve state, the level of Gα expression influences the partitioning of not only Gα but also the co-expressed receptor in different membrane domains. (mdpi.com)
- This image depicts an insulin receptor on a sectioned bilipid membrane. (medillsb.com)
Uptake2
- Response of rat immature enterocytes to insulin: regulation by receptor binding and endoluminal polyamine uptake. (nih.gov)
- Insulin and its analogs lower blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. (globalrph.com)
Brain involved in appetite regulation2
- Both drugs mimic the gastrointestinal hormone GLP-1, activating receptors in the brain involved in appetite regulation. (vanguardngr.com)
- GLP-1 is a physiologic regulator of appetite and calorie intake, and the GLP-1 receptor is present in several areas of the brain involved in appetite regulation. (medscape.com)
Concentration3
- When 8 units were administered, maximum serum insulin concentration was reached by 12-15 minutes and declined to baseline by about 180 minutes. (medscape.com)
- Methods 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were differentiated by using a mixture of adipogenic inducers, including a suboptimal concentration of insulin. (researchgate.net)
- For example, very few countries provide test strips as part of diabetes care programmes to help to monitor blood glucose concentration in individuals who require insulin. (who.int)
Immune2
- instead, it results from an abnormality of the immune system that blocks insulin receptor function. (medlineplus.gov)
- For type 1 diabetes, "disease-modifying" and "disruptive" approaches on the meeting agenda include new data on immune modulation for people in early stages in order to prevent or delay insulin dependence, islet transplantation including the use of stem cell-derived beta cells, and the latest in technology including automated insulin delivery systems, also known colloquially as the "artificial pancreas. (medscape.com)
Transcription factor2
- Figure 4: Identification of enriched motifs within the estrogen receptor binding sites and validation of transcription factor binding. (nature.com)
- Tyagi RK, Modulatory effects of herbal drug ingredient(s) on transcription factor Pregnane & Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR): Evaluation for therapeutic potency and health safety assessment. (jnu.ac.in)
Human insulin2
- Preparations that contain a mixture of 70% neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin and 30% regular human insulin (eg, Novolin 70/30 and Humulin 70/30) are available, but the fixed ratios of intermediate-acting to rapid-acting insulin may restrict their use. (medscape.com)
- Detects human Insulin R/CD220 in direct ELISAs. (rndsystems.com)
Estrogen receptor6
- The estrogen receptor is the master transcriptional regulator of breast cancer phenotype and the archetype of a molecular therapeutic target. (nature.com)
- We mapped all estrogen receptor and RNA polymerase II binding sites on a genome-wide scale, identifying the authentic cis binding sites and target genes, in breast cancer cells. (nature.com)
- Figure 2: Estrogen-mediated transcript changes and correlation with estrogen receptor binding. (nature.com)
- Figure 5: Involvement of cooperating transcription factors at estrogen receptor binding sites. (nature.com)
- Figure 7: Assessment of estrogen receptor binding properties in different cell systems. (nature.com)
- Estrogen receptor-alpha directs ordered, cyclical, and combinatorial recruitment of cofactors on a natural target promoter. (nature.com)
Cells2
- However, because depletion of beta-arrestin 1 almost completely eliminated degradation, and IGF-1 induced down-regulation of the receptor in these cells, whereas beta-arrestin 2 only had a partial effect, beta-arrestin 1 seems to the more important isoform in affecting the expression of IGF-1R. (duke.edu)
- Despite the well-known hypoglycemic, antiadipogenesis,, and antiobesity effects of constituents from Radix Paeoniae Rubra, the glucose-mediated insulinotropic effect of Radix Paeoniae Rubra extract and constituents on insulin secreting cells remained to be evaluated. (hindawi.com)
Type8
- Currently, short-acting insulins are less commonly used than the rapid-acting insulins in patients with type 1 DM. (medscape.com)
- In patients with type 1 DM, they must be used in conjunction with a rapid-acting or short-acting insulin given before meals. (medscape.com)
- Premixed insulin is usually not recommended in type 1 DM patients, because of their need for frequent adjustments of premeal insulin doses. (medscape.com)
- Out of 29 liver tissue sections examined, 14 had a low level of expression of insulin receptor type 1 by immunohistochemical studies. (who.int)
- After synthesis, the single chain INS R precursor is glycosylated, dimerized and transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is processed at a furin-cleavage site within the middle fibronectin type III domain to generate the mature disulfide-linked alpha 2 beta 2 tetrameric receptor. (rndsystems.com)
- RÉSUMÉ Les associations observées entre le polymorphisme du récepteur de la vitamine D et le diabète de type 1 varie en fonction des groupes ethniques. (who.int)
- Un groupe de 69 patients atteints de diabète de type 1 et 45 témoins en bonne santé sans lien entre eux ont été recrutés pour cette étude. (who.int)
- Terms that describe the age of onset (juvenile or adult) or type of treatment ( insulin - or non- insulin -dependent) are no longer used because of overlap in age groups and treatments between disease types. (msdmanuals.com)
Insulinoma1
- Persistent hypoglycemia can be associated with an insulinoma, overmedication of insulin or oral hypoglycemia drugs, or prolonged fasting. (medscape.com)
Mechanisms4
- However, the molecular mechanisms involved in expression and down-regulation of IGF-1R are still poorly understood. (duke.edu)
- High insulin seems to dysregulate appetite control mechanisms and it is what allows peopel to literally eat themselves to death. (robbwolf.com)
- Blood sugar regulation can be a critical component of numerous physiological mechanisms throughout the body and can directly affect energy production, weight, cognitive function and neurological health, among others. (peoplesrx.com)
- Explore the underlying factors and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of GIPR and OPN expression in the vasculature. (lu.se)