Regulation of sodium reabsorption. Medical search. Frequent questions

Sodium and potassium levels are controlled by secreting K+ and absorbing Na+. (wikipedia.org)
When aldosterone levels are high, it binds to renal tubular receptors, activating the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. (mensgadgets.net)
Aldosterone also helps to maintain electrolyte balance by regulating the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the body. (mensgadgets.net)
Stimulate the excretion of potassium ions (K+) in the urine, which helps to maintain the balance of potassium and sodium ions in the body. (mensgadgets.net)
One of these processes inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the renal tubules. (mensgadgets.net)
Mineralocorticoid receptor activated acts as a transcription factor that regulates proteins that control the transport of sodium or potassium in the cells. (ivami.com)
These proteins help maintain sodium in the body through reabsorption and potassium removed by secretion. (ivami.com)
Regulation of potassium channel Kir 1.1 (ROMK) abundance in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. (georgetown.edu)
The body uses potassium to decrease sodium reabsorption, lower blood pressure and improve heart health. (davidwolfe.com)
Initially, her lab focused on regulation of the biosynthesis and assembly of sodium pump subunits and molecular mechanisms controlling sodium pump isoforms in kidney, cardiac and skeletal muscle by potassium, hormones, and other factors under normal conditions and during human heart failure. (usc.edu)
The McDonough laboratory has especially focused on renal mechanisms responsible for regulation of sodium and potassium balance as well as blood pressure. (usc.edu)
These projects have engaged the McDonough lab with expert collaborators across the USA and around the world and attracted attention to the important role of the kidney in balancing the intertwined homeostasis of sodium, potassium and blood pressure. (usc.edu)
With mineralocorticoids , " corticoids " refers to the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, and " mineral " refers to how these hormones regulate sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal convoluted and collecting tubules of the kidney. (osmosis.org)
They are produced in the adrenal cortex and control the activity of sodium and potassium channels in the kidney tubules , which affects the reabsorption of salt and water. (osmosis.org)
Hyperaldosteronism is characterized by excessive secretion of aldosterone, which causes increases in sodium reabsorption and loss of potassium and hydrogen ions. (medscape.com)
The main role is to retain sodium and excrete potassium, which can promote the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubules, coordinate with the antidiuretic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus, and jointly maintain the balance of water and electrolytes in the body. (landmarkpharm.com)
Reabsorption of sodium into the blood is linked with removal of potassium from the blood, so excess sodium reabsorption leads to hypokalemia. (medlineplus.gov)

Increase the reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) in the renal tubules of the kidneys, which increases the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) and blood volume. (mensgadgets.net)
One of the main functions of aldosterone is to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) in the renal tubules of the kidneys. (mensgadgets.net)
Sodium increases because low blood volume is a stimulus for an increase in sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. (livestrong.com)
As excess urination persists and sodium is reabsorbed in the kidneys, the concentration of sodium increases in the blood. (livestrong.com)
eventually, when there is an increased concentration of sodium and blood volume, the kidneys lose their ability to reabsorb sodium. (livestrong.com)
diabetes is also associated with excess urination because the concentration of blood glucose exceeds the kidneys' capacity for glucose reabsorption. (livestrong.com)
Mamenko's lab has evidence in two common rat models of human hypertension, that in females, it is aldosterone, a hormone which cues our kidneys to hold onto more sodium and consequently more fluid, which drives blood pressure further up. (eurekalert.org)
Our body uses the kidneys like "check valves," to excrete more sodium and fluid when blood pressure gets high and to hold onto them when it gets dangerously low. (eurekalert.org)
BNP inhibits reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys), fluid balance (e.g., increases glomerular filtration rate, thereby increasing urinary excretion), and blood pressure. (unboundmedicine.com)
but because thyroid hormones play such a regulatory role in various body activities- anything from sodium retention by kidneys which would indirectly impact your Cardiovascular functioning , strong associations are tough to establish completely! (dane101.com)
Baroreceptors, the autonomic nervous system, kidneys and sodium reabsorption are important players in the control of blood pressure regulation, and different mechanisms come into play depending on the short-term or long-term blood pressure regulation on Earth. (innovaspace.org)
These channels are found at the surface of certain cells called epithelial cells in many tissues of the body, including the kidneys, where the channels transport sodium into cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Sodium absorption by the distal tubule is mediated by the hormone aldosterone. (wikipedia.org)
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland, increasing sodium ions' reabsorption in the renal tubules. (mensgadgets.net)
Aldosterone postnatally, but not at birth, is required for optimal induction of renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression and sodium reabsorption. (hal.science)
Sodium wasting during the neonatal period is the consequence of a physiological aldosterone resistance, related to a low renal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression at birth, both in humans and mice. (hal.science)
To investigate whether aldosterone is involved in the neonatal regulation of MR expression, we compared aldosterone and corticosterone levels and renal MR expression by quantitative real-time PCR, between aldosterone synthase (AS) knockout, heterozygous, and wild type (WT) mice, at birth and postnatal d 8. (hal.science)
However, mRNA levels of the α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel, a MR target gene, were significantly higher in WT compared with AS knockout mice, both at birth and postnatal d 8, despite high corticosterone levels in AS knockout mice, indicating that aldosterone is required for optimal renal induction of the epithelial sodium channel. (hal.science)
Primary hyperaldosteronism, or excess aldosterone production as a result of a tumor, can cause high blood sodium. (livestrong.com)
It selectively and competitively blocks the vasoconstricting and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively antagonising its binding to AT1 receptors.Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits the reabsorption of Na in the distal tubules causing increased excretion of Na and water including K and hydrogen ions. (medeasy.health)
Both angiotensin and aldosterone deliver the message to hold on to the epithelial sodium channel, or ENaC, in the tubules of the kidney, which enable the reuptake of sodium and which Mamenko calls a gateway for salt reabsorption. (eurekalert.org)
Mamenko's lab has shown that blocking aldosterone receptors, called mineralocorticoid receptors, in hypertensive female rats decreases the overzealous, unhealthy activity of ENaC and results in more significant blood pressure decreases than in their male counterparts, "strongly suggesting" that aldosterone is an unrecognized, female-specific mechanism in chronic blood pressure regulation, he says. (eurekalert.org)
Aldosterone, produced by the adrenal cortex, acts at ep-ithelial cells in the distal tubule of the nephron to in-crease the reabsorption of sodium and is therefore con- sidered an important hormone in the regulation of elec-trolyte balance. (brainkart.com)
Aldosterone exerts its effects at the nephron through mineralocorticoid receptors, which translocate to the nucleus upon aldosterone binding and exert genomic effects leading to increased sodium reabsorption. (brainkart.com)
Aldosterone, under normal conditions, has a high affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), allowing the renal sodium reabsorption increasing blood pressure. (ivami.com)
In fact, in response to aldosterone, MR undergoes conformational changes, is translocated across the nuclear membrane and regulates transcription of certain genes to enhance sodium transport. (ivami.com)
Aldosterone stimulates sodium uptake in the distal and hence increases blood pressure. (web.app)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system It makes this a very important reflex because it controls your blood pressure and your Renin-Angiotensin System: - The system involved in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte metabolism. (web.app)
The principal site of action of aldosterone is the distal nephron, though several other sites of aldosterone-sensitive sodium regulation are noted, including the sweat glands and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (medscape.com)
Physiologic regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. (medscape.com)
ACTH stimulates aldosterone secretion in an acute and transient fashion but does not appear to play a significant role in the long-term regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion. (medscape.com)
In addition to participating in renal exercise and regulating water and salt metabolism, aldosterone also plays a certain role in the regulation of blood pressure. (landmarkpharm.com)
Angiotensin II is the principal pressor agent of the renin-angiotensin system, with effects that include vasoconstriction, stimulation of synthesis and release of aldosterone, cardiac stimulation, and renal reabsorption of sodium, which leads to an increase in blood pressure (hypertension). (com.bd)

Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing excretion of Sodium and Chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. (com.bd)
Levels of the necessary nutrient vitamin C (ascorbate) are tightly regulated by intestinal absorption, tissue accumulation, and renal reabsorption and excretion. (researchgate.net)
The influence of 1.0 Hz renal nerve stimulation (RNS) on the renal excretion of sodium and bicarbonate was determined in anesthetized dogs before and during inhibition of renal bicarbonate reabsorption. (uky.edu)
RNS decreased both urinary sodium and bicarbonate excretion without changing arterial pressure, renal blood flow, or glomerular filtration rate. (uky.edu)
Pharmacological blockade of bicarbonate reabsorption with acetazolamide prevented RNS-induced decreases in bicarbonate excretion and reduced the antinatriuretic response. (uky.edu)
Physiological blockade of tubular bicarbonate reabsorption with intrarenal sodium bicarbonate infusion (1 M) abolished both the antinatriuretic response to RNS and the decrease in bicarbonate excretion. (uky.edu)
This physiological blockade of neurogenic antinatriuresis resulted from alkalinization of the urine and/or peritubular blood rather than an increase in filtered sodium load, because during intrarenal infusion of 1 M sodium chloride RNS concomitantly decreased sodium and urinary bicarbonate excretion. (uky.edu)
Since antinatriuretic responses and the decrease in bicarbonate excretion response to RNS were significantly decreased by blockade of bicarbonate reabsorption (with acetazolamide and intrarenal sodium bicarbonate infusion), antinatriuresis during RNS is partly mediated by a mechanism dependent on intact bicarbonate reabsorption. (uky.edu)
The data suggest that renal nerve activity may participate in the normal regulation of acid-base balance via changes in bicarbonate excretion. (uky.edu)
Inhibition of SGLT2 lowers blood glucose in an insulinindependent manner as a consequence of blocking reabsorption of filtered glucose in the glomeruli, thereby increasing urinary excretion of glucose and, in turn, potentially reducing body weight. (docksci.com)

We tested the hypothesis that EVs isolated from the bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid (BALF) of pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) or pediatric asthma patients increase epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity in normal human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) and the mechanism involves specific EV lipids. (bvsalud.org)
The other extracellular pathways that modulate ENaC (epithelial Na+ channel) activity and sodium permeability in transformed blood cells are not yet fully investigated. (bvsalud.org)
Proteases such as neutrophil elastase cleave and activate the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), causing airway dehydration. (bvsalud.org)
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Specifically, we have determined that Epithelial Sodium Channels (ENaCs), which are expressed in the collecting ducts and represent the rate-limiting step of sodium reabsorption in this nephron segment, are involved into the process of cystogenesis in the ARPKD setting. (elsevierpure.com)
In the treatment of hypertension resulting from adrenal adenoma (primary al-dosteronism) and in patients with essential hypertension, spironolactone lowers blood pressure primarily through blockade of epithelial mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney, reductions in sodium and water reabsorption, and diuresis. (brainkart.com)
We are also actively studying the impact of hyperinsulinemia in non-diabetic rats on the regulation of major sodium transport proteins, such as the epithelial sodium channel, ENaC and the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter. (georgetown.edu)
Vasopressin-mediated regulation of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) abundance in rat kidney. (georgetown.edu)
Each of these genes provides instructions for making a piece (subunit) of a protein complex called the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). (medlineplus.gov)
Corvol P. Liddle's syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the Beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. (medlineplus.gov)
Hypertension caused by a truncated epithelial sodium channel gamma subunit: genetic heterogeneity of Liddle syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
A de novo missense mutation of the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel causes hypertension and Liddle syndrome, identifying a proline-rich segment critical for regulation of channel activity. (medlineplus.gov)

Sodium and chloride (salt) reabsorption is also mediated by a group of kinases called WNK kinases. (wikipedia.org)
What Causes Low Sodium and Chloride Levels in the Blood? (livestrong.com)
Chloride is an extracellular fluid anion that plays an important role in maintaining normal acid-base balance and along with sodium maintains water balance and serum osmolality. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] It mainly exists as sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] Chloride usually reflects changes in sodium, except in acid-base disorders in which changes in chloride are independent from sodium. (medscape.com)
In general, chloride reabsorption follows sodium reabsorption. (medscape.com)
Sixty-five to seventy percent of the total amount of filtered chloride is reabsorbed, which is close to the fractional reabsorption of sodium and water. (medscape.com)
1979. Cyanide intoxication in sheep: enhancement of efficacy of sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, and cobaltous chloride. (cdc.gov)

We therefore investigated the effects of acetazolamide, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and amiloride, known to preferentially inhibit sodium reabsorption at different segments of the nephron, on hypoxia-induced EPO formation in mice. (uni-regensburg.de)
In the kidney, the first portion of the nephron, called the proximal tubule (PT), performs the majority of solute reabsorption including about two-thirds of calcium. (ku.edu)
Using the transporter profiling approach, Dr. McDonough and her colleagues have defined how stimuli such as dietary salts, Ang II, kidney injury, and immune cytokines increase renal sodium transport in a region specific manner along the nephron and how resultant hypertension provokes intrarenal responses to decrease sodium reabsorption (via pressure natriuresis), a response that defines the blood pressure set point in the kidney. (usc.edu)

In the kidney, ENaC channels open in response to signals that sodium levels in the blood are too low, which allows sodium to flow into cells. (medlineplus.gov)

We are correlating expression of the renal sodium transporters with functional changes such as increases in blood pressure and changes in sodium reabsorption at the renal level. (georgetown.edu)

This pump transports sodium ions from the renal tubules and into the bloodstream. (mensgadgets.net)
We hypothesized that vitamin C renal leak may be the consequence of disease-mediated dysregulation affecting the renal tubules, resulting in aberrant vitamin C renal reabsorption and increased urina. (researchgate.net)

When sodium concentrations in the body are low, the mineralocorticoid receptor increases the number and activity of these proteins in the cell membrane, especially in certain cells of the kidney. (ivami.com)

This increases the number of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and blood, increasing blood volume. (mensgadgets.net)
Excess urination causes a change in fluid distribution in the body because it affects sodium concentration in the blood. (livestrong.com)
this suppresses normal sodium reabsorption in these collecting ducts, and thus promotes fluid accumulation and cysts' expansion. (elsevierpure.com)
Sodium regulation plays a role in controlling blood pressure and fluid balance. (ivami.com)
Water and Sodium Balance Body fluid volume and electrolyte concentration are normally maintained within very narrow limits despite wide variations in dietary intake, metabolic activity, and environmental stresses. (msdmanuals.com)

Regulation of renal erythropoietin (EPO) production is based on an intrarenal oxygen sensor. (uni-regensburg.de)
While this positive augmentation of intrarenal angiotensin by Ang II appears to be counter-intuitive to normal feedback regulation, the process is primarily a local amplification mechanism to increase intratubular Ang II thus effecting rapid homeostatic regulation of sodium reabsorption without equivalent increases in circulating Ang II. (migration.tj)

In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)
They discovered that changes in blood pressure, or alterations in Angiotensin II, provoke rapid trafficking of renal sodium transporters between membrane domains, associated with phosphorylation and pool size regulation. (usc.edu)

Thyroid hormones are responsible for facilitating transport Na⁺ across various cell membranes including those seeing reabsorption back into your bloodstream by kidney Tubules ^4.A consequence? (dane101.com)
1 liter of filtrate in kidney tubules contains around 140 mEq of sodium. (medscape.com)

It appeared not to depend on the metabolic acidosis induced by the drug, since the simultaneous administration of sodium bicarbonate, which restored standard bicarbonate levels to normal, did not diminish the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on EPO production. (uni-regensburg.de)

In addition, a renal tubular defect that reduces reabsorption may alter phosphate metabolism. (medscape.com)
Diuretic drugs, which inhibit active sodium reabsorption, reduce tubular oxygen consumption. (uni-regensburg.de)
In conclusion the data suggest that the regulation of EPO production is likely to be related to proximal tubular function. (uni-regensburg.de)

Zynquista is an oral dual inhibitor of two proteins responsible for glucose regulation known as sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter types 1 and 2, which are responsible for glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and glucose reabsorption by the kidney, respectively. (pharmatimes.com)
Canagliflozin belongs to a class of agents-the sodium- glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors-whose novel mechanism of action offers potential advantages over other antihyperglycemic agents, including a relatively low hypoglycemia risk and weight-loss-promoting effects. (docksci.com)
Canagliflozin (Invokana), an oral selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is under global development with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (docksci.com)

From the kidney cells, this sodium is returned to the bloodstream (a process called reabsorption) rather than being removed from the body in urine. (medlineplus.gov)

Higher amount Sodium ions remain within the extracellular fluids leading to water retention. (dane101.com)

Thiazide diuretics inhibit Na+/Cl− reabsorption from the DCT by blocking the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. (wikipedia.org)

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels? (bestpricetutors.com)
Marked changes in serum sodium concentration also affect the protein binding of calcium. (abdominalkey.com)

Adverse effects, blood pressure, heart rate, haemoglobin concentra-tion, per cent methaemoglobin in blood and plasma nitrite and nitrate concentration were recorded frequently for 24 h after each administration of sodium nitrite. (inchem.org)

Claudins are a group of transmembrane tight junction (TJ) proteins that are vital to the regulation of paracellular transport. (ku.edu)
EV cargo allows for intercellular communication, intracellular signaling, and regulation of proteins in recipient cells. (bvsalud.org)
Regulation of renal sodium and water transport proteins and blood pressure by insulin and during Type I and Type II diabetes. (georgetown.edu)
The focus of our current research is on investigating the regulation (primarily of protein abundance) of the major renal sodium and water transporter proteins in several different rat models of diabetes or hyperinsulinemia. (georgetown.edu)
Recently we have added studies examining the influence of estrogen-status on the regulation of renal salt and water transport proteins in female rats with Type I diabetes. (georgetown.edu)
Dysregulation of renal sodium and water transport proteins in diabetic, obese Zucker rats. (georgetown.edu)
[ 7 ] "These membrane proteins are involved in several physiological activities including transepithelial ion absorption and secretion, cell volume regulation, and setting intracellular Cl concentration below or above its electrochemical potential equilibrium. (medscape.com)

High blood sugar causes a pseudo-hyponatremia, or the effect of low sodium concentration, as a result of an increase in the concentration of another molecule such as glucose. (livestrong.com)

Studies suggest that probiotic yogurt benefits may include the ability to treat chronic pain and improve illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease , by promoting better mood regulation. (davidwolfe.com)

This butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck produces various hormones responsible for controlling body activities like temperature regulation, metabolism rate, growth pattern and so on. (dane101.com)
The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity of cellular membranes, neuromuscular activity, regulation of endocrine and exocrine secretory activities, blood coagulation, activation of the complement system, and bone metabolism. (abdominalkey.com)

At its sixth meeting, the Committee allocated an ADI of 0 0.4 mg/kg bw to this substance, expressed as sodium nitrite. (inchem.org)
mean weight, 68 3.3 kg) received a single oral dose of sodium nitrite at 0.06 or 0.12 mmol/mmol haemoglobin, corresponding to 140 190 mg or 290 380 mg, depending on the weight of the person, and 7 days later received one intravenous dose of sodium nitrite at 0.12 mmol/mmol haemoglobin, corresponding to 290 380 mg. (inchem.org)

I found no effect of claudin-3 overexpression on conductance or sodium permeability (PNa), with or without claudin-2 expression. (ku.edu)

It also participates in calcium regulation by reabsorbing Ca2+ in response to parathyroid hormone. (wikipedia.org)
nor do they bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation. (com.bd)

Sodium influx carried out by ion channels is one of the main regulators of water-salt and volume balance in cells of blood origin. (bvsalud.org)
When blood sodium is increased, there is a redistribution of water from the cells to the blood, thereby, increasing the blood volume. (livestrong.com)
if sodium is reabsorbed, then water is reabsorbed, and the opposite is true as well. (livestrong.com)
Glucose also behaves like sodium, in that when glucose is lost, water is lost as well. (livestrong.com)
Mineralocorticoids are hormones that play an important role in the regulation of salt and water balance. (osmosis.org)
The increase in channels at the cell surface abnormally increases the reabsorption of sodium (followed by water), which leads to hypertension. (medlineplus.gov)

It is important to maintain an optimal sodium concentration because a sodium imbalance can affect your blood volume. (livestrong.com)

Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of ZDTPs, calcium alkyl phenates, and magnesium, sodium, and calcium sulphonates had significant effects on the reproductive organs of male rabbits (testicular atrophy and reduction or absence of spermatozoa) which appeared to be species specific. (cdc.gov)

There is cumulative evidence that while the fundamental system for blood pressure control is the same, blood pressure regulation in males and females is somewhat different," says Dr. Mykola Mamenko , physiologist in the Department of Physiology at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University . (eurekalert.org)
In the case of high blood pressure, salt or sodium, is a key ingredient that should be eliminated. (eurekalert.org)
Expedition 35 Commander Chris Hadfield taking part in blood pressure regulation experiment (2013). (innovaspace.org)
The use of this technique in aerospace applications has provided valuable information regarding the mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. (innovaspace.org)
renin To help you understand important concepts in nursing school like how ACE inhibitors work or how the body manages the blood pressure, it is essential you Jul 24, 2016 Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. (web.app)

The precise mechanisms and molecular facilitators of calcium reabsorption in the PT, however, remain unknown. (ku.edu)

When a person makes excess urine for a significant period of time, sodium in the blood increases as a result. (livestrong.com)
Although urine is finally modified in subsequent tubules, the proximal tubule is the main site for both NaCl and NaHCO 3 reabsorption. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)

Increased dietary sodium intake leads to increases in blood sodium. (livestrong.com)

In ventricular myocytes, intracellular Na + is centrally involved in regulation of cardiac Ca 2+ and contractility by the way of an Na +/ H + exchanger (NHE1), NCX, and Na + channel (Despa S et al. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)

In vivo and ex vivo studies of PTs have shown that the major component of calcium reabsorption is passive and tightly linked to sodium reabsorption. (ku.edu)
I hypothesized that PT calcium reabsorption is facilitated by claudin-2. (ku.edu)
I also examined the mechanism of hypercalciuria in these animals and found both a reduction in renal calcium reabsorption and a large increase in intestinal calcium absorption. (ku.edu)

Anatomy27

Organisms9

Diseases33

Chemicals and Drugs132

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes37

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Potassium17

Kidneys12

Aldosterone22

Excretion10

Epithelial12

Chloride8

Nephron3

ENaC1

Changes in sodium1

Renal tubules2

Mineralocorticoid receptor1

Fluid5

Intrarenal2

Transporters2

Kidney tubules2

Bicarbonate1

Tubular3

Glucose co-transporter3

Bloodstream1

Ions1

Inhibit1

Serum2

Administration of sodium1

Proteins7

Hyponatremia1

Alzheimer's1

Metabolism2

Nitrite2

Permeability1

Hormone2

Water6

Concentration1

Concentrations1

Blood pressure5

Mechanisms1

Urine2

Increases in blood1

Cardiac1

Calcium3