• Glutamate transporters are essential players in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain, where they maintain extracellular glutamate below cytotoxic levels and allow for rounds of transmission. (elifesciences.org)
  • Sodium and aspartate symporter Glt Ph is an archaeal homolog of human glutamate transporters, which clear the neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic cleft following rounds of neurotransmission ( Danbolt, 2001 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Organic 'osmolytes' such as glutamate also serve in extracellular signalling and volume-regulatory ion transporters are often used for other purposes, putting volume regulation into the context of diverse organismal functions. (europa.eu)
  • Ion transport and regulation in a synaptic vesicle glutamate transporter. (ucsf.edu)
  • In relation to membrane excitability, students should be able to describe in detail: (i) the key governing principles, (ii) the role of ion channels and ion transporter proteins, (iii) the relationship between cellular structure and the function of excitable cells, (iv) the features of the synapse that underpin fast chemical neurotransmission and its modification, and (v) the methods used to analyse or predict cell excitability. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Sodium-hydrogen exchangers (Na + /H + exchangers, NHE) are ATP-independent membrane glycoprotein transporters that are involved in the regulation of intracellular pH, cell volume and the cellular response to hormones and mitogens. (tocris.com)
  • The transporters mediate the simultaneous efflux of a hydrogen ion and the influx of a sodium ion across the plasma membrane, the driving force being the inwardly directed electrochemical Na + gradient. (tocris.com)
  • This Subgroup focuses on the biophysics of membrane processes, including structure, function and regulation of ion channels and transporters, signal transduction, and secretory mechanisms. (biophysics.org)
  • The Channels Receptors & Transporters Subgroup (formerly The Membrane Biophysics Subgroup) promotes the exchange of ideas and information pertaining to the study of biological membranes. (biophysics.org)
  • In order to join the Channels Receptors & Transporters Subgroup (formerly The Membrane Biophysics Subgroup), you must be a current member of the Society. (biophysics.org)
  • Regulated membrane transport of ions and metabolites creates osmotic gradients that secondarily drive water across the membrane. (europa.eu)
  • Their movement across the cell membrane is regulated by numerous channels and transporters. (researchgate.net)
  • Our approach is based on the use of the thermodynamic classification of ion transport systems through the cell membrane and does not depend on the mechanism of ion movement. (researchgate.net)
  • Recently, we have developed software that allows, using a minimum of required experimental data, to find the characteristics of ion homeostasis and a list of all unidirectional fluxes of monovalent ions through the main pathways in the cell membrane both in a balanced state and during the transient processes. (researchgate.net)
  • Our work is primarily focused on membrane transport proteins mediating ion exchange, namely NHE isoforms mediating Na + -H + exchange, and SLC26 isoforms mediating anion exchange. (yale.edu)
  • Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other. (planteome.org)
  • This protein is involved in moving charged atoms (ions) of potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) across the cell membrane. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The positively charged potassium ions and negatively charged chlorine ions are moved together (co-transported), so that the charges inside and outside the cell membrane are unchanged (electroneutral). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The plasma membrane can be envisioned as a central compartment in the cellular adaptation to diverse stress conditions as it shapes the interactions between cells and their environment by harboring an elaborate complement of transmembrane proteins, e.g. transporters, channels, receptors, or adhesion proteins. (cell-stress.com)
  • 7] "These membrane proteins are involved in several physiological activities including transepithelial ion absorption and secretion, cell volume regulation, and setting intracellular Cl concentration below or above its electrochemical potential equilibrium. (medscape.com)
  • The transport of solute into the canaliculus by specific transporters creates chemical and osmotic gradients and promotes water flow by a paracellular pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Several of these specific transporters have been identified, and their function has been characterized. (medscape.com)
  • Potassium channels are among the most diverse of all ion channels in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. (wikipedia.org)
  • You will learn about: the role of ion channels and ion transporter proteins, the relationship between cellular structure and the function of excitable cells, the features of the synapse that underpin fast chemical neurotransmission and its modification, and the methods used to analyse or predict cell excitability. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Subgroup members pursue research in a variety of areas including the structure, function and regulation of channels and transporters, ligand-receptor interactions, signal transduction mechanisms, protein trafficking and secretory mechanisms. (biophysics.org)
  • Emboldened by our identification of VRAC, we will use genome-wide siRNA screens to identify two other 'missing' ion channels, which have been known physiologically for many years and may have widespread roles in signalling and other physiological processes. (europa.eu)
  • The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and it regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system that involves ion channels and active transporters. (yale.edu)
  • The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system involving ion channels and active ion secretion, from the stromal to the aqueous-humor surface, followed by osmotic water movement. (yale.edu)
  • Ions channels/transporters & chloroplast regulation. (lpm-research.com)
  • The syndrome is caused by changes in the structure and function of certain cardiac ion channels and reduced expression of Connexin 43 (Cx43) in the Right Ventricle (RV), predominantly in the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (VSVD), causing electromechanical abnormalities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Research on cell volume regulation stagnated because the identity of a key player, the Volume-Regulated Anion Channel VRAC, remained unknown. (europa.eu)
  • Diversity of function and mechanism in a family of organic anion transporters. (ucsf.edu)
  • For example, work with mice lacking anion exchanger Slc26a6, which can function as an oxalate transporter, revealed a phenotype of calcium oxalate kidney stones. (yale.edu)
  • Regulation of Fe uptake from the rhizosphere has been reviewed extensively ( Kobayashi and Nishizawa, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In neurons, glucose uptake is facilitated by a family of glucose transporters (GLUTs) with the GLUT1 and 3 isoforms believed to be responsible for the majority of glucose uptake within the brain (Duelli and Kuschinsky, 2001). (jneurosci.org)
  • The Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter NKCC1 (SLC12A2) performs Na+-dependent uptake of Cl− and K+ ions and is an important factor in ion homeostasis and osmotic control. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Its mechanisms of ion recognition and release are addressed here by cryo-EM microscopy, ion uptake studies, and molecular dynamics simulations. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Uptake of DA is sodium- and chloride Ion-, as well as temperature- and lime-dependent, and is inhibited by a variety of compounds, including cocaine. (rti.org)
  • These cell surface proteins impinge on the vast majority of all cellular functions by mediating nutrient uptake, preserving ion homeostasis and initiating complex signaling cascades in response to extracellular cues. (cell-stress.com)
  • Moreover, modulation of the proteins involved in cellular metal homeostasis may help in the regulation of metabolism, adaptability to a diverse range of environmental conditions, and biofortification. (frontiersin.org)
  • Based on this discovery, our laboratory has been devoting increasing effort to understanding the role of transporters in governing oxalate homeostasis and excretion. (yale.edu)
  • This finding in turn has motivated studies on the mechanisms and regulation of oxalate transporters and their roles in oxalate homeostasis, urolithiasis, and crystal-induced inflammation in the kidney and other tissues. (yale.edu)
  • Cells have to cope with challenging changes in their environment such as alterations in osmolarity, ion homeostasis, redox state, oxygen or nutrient supply, or exposure to ionizing radiation or potentially toxic substances. (cell-stress.com)
  • The involvement of NHE activity during organ ischemia is complex: H + efflux driven by the NHE corrects the drop in intracellular pH, yet the concurrent influx of Na + ions leads to Ca 2+ overload through the actions of the NCX. (tocris.com)
  • found that the kinetics of the disturbance of cell ion and water balance caused by blocking the Na +/ K + pump when the intracellular K + /Na + ratio is highly changed and even reversed can be predicted sufficiently well by calculation with the invariant parameters ( Vereninov et al. (researchgate.net)
  • 2016. A set of examples is presented in Figure 1 to show how changes in a single channel or transporter species (one permeability coefficient or rate constant) can alter the intracellular concentrations of all major ions, cell water content and the MP. (researchgate.net)
  • An apparent Mg 2+ ion was bound between monomers at a conserved site in the cytoplasmic domain suggesting a mechanism to link gating of the pore to the intracellular concentration of Mg 2+ . (tcdb.org)
  • The cutaneous pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis directly disrupts cutaneous ion regulation in amphibians by increasing skin permeability and reducing sodium transporter activity and abundance. (biologists.com)
  • 6] Cation-Cl cotransporters are transmembrane proteins that include thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporter, loop diuretic-sensitive Na-K-2Cl co-transporters, and K-Cl co-transporters. (medscape.com)
  • In the kidney, for example, NKCC1 type proteins ensure that these ions are reabsorbed from the urine, and generally NKCC1 is important for osmotic cell volume regulation. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The present study was conducted to determine whether corneal cells differentially express genes for T4 regulation, keratan sulfate proteoglycan (KSPG) synthesis, crystallins, and endothelial cell ion transporters during transparency development and whether these expressions are altered when E9 embryos are treated with T4. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In addition, important genes related to osmoregulation, such as ion transport and carbonic anhydrase, were also detected in the correlation analysis for same trend DEPs_DEGs. (hindawi.com)
  • A qRT-PCR assay indicated that GB enhanced NaCl-induced expression of genes encoding the K transporter, Na/H antiporter, and H-ATPase. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Recognition of stress cues and transduction of signals to activate adaptive responses and regulation of stress-related genes are key steps leading to plant stress tolerance [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whole genome analysis of lung, sampled 24 hours after challenge, showed expression changes of not only genes belonging to several Gene Ontology groups with up-regulation of inflammatory-associated genes and those associated with lung remodeling but also genes involved in downsizing these processes. (cdc.gov)
  • The identification of defective transporters in some familial cholestatic disorders has led to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human cholestasis. (medscape.com)
  • HP2 lies on the surface of a large extracellular bowl formed by the transporter and occludes L-asp and three Na + -binding sites (NA1, 2, and 3). (elifesciences.org)
  • It works as a postsynaptic neurotoxin binding to the receptor as an extracellular ligand by interacting with OH group leaving the acetylcholine channel open which releases ions used in creating an action potential. (proteopedia.org)
  • and positive regulation of protein phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
  • These studies indicate the potential for improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in plants through transcriptional regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A complementary approach uses mice with targeted gene disruption to elucidate the physiological roles of ion exchangers and associated proteins under in vivo conditions. (yale.edu)
  • KCC3 may also help regulate the activity of other proteins that are sensitive to ion concentrations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Changes in the overall endocytic flux or in the endocytic regulation of select proteins conceivably can help to counteract adverse environmental conditions. (cell-stress.com)
  • First-author and PhD student Caroline Neumann (now graduated) and colleagues from the Nissen laboratory undertook important collaborations with Prof. Rune Hartman's laboratory (AU) to establish an advanced expression system for efficient protein production, and with Prof. Robert Fenton's laboratory (Dept. of Biomedicine, AU) for functional studies of the transporter in mammalian cells. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The dopamine transporter (DAT), a protein located on presynaptic nerve terminals (4), plays a major role in the reuptake of released dopamine. (rti.org)
  • The main ion channel is composed of a water pore that runs through the entire length of the protein. (proteopedia.org)
  • The SLC12A6 gene provides instructions for making a protein called KCC3, a K-Cl co-transporter. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fe readily changes its oxidative state, which allows participation in cellular functions, and its regulation is extremely important to avoid cellular toxicity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genetic changes and epigenetic modifications in cancer cells alter the regulation of cellular metabolic pathways providing potential cancer therapeutic targets. (tocris.com)
  • Monovalent ions are involved in a vast array of cellular processes. (researchgate.net)
  • One approach involves the generation of isoform- and phospho-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to identify the cellular and subcellular sites of expression of ion exchangers in the kidney and other tissues, and to study their regulation. (yale.edu)
  • We report Cryo-EM structures of Glt Ph reconstituted into nanodiscs, including those structurally constrained in the cytoplasm-facing state and either apo, bound to sodium ions only, substrate, or blockers. (elifesciences.org)
  • Insights into the three-dimensional atomic structure and dynamics of NKCC1 including the bound ions, lipids and water molecules as well as ion transport studies in cells provide important new information on NKCC1 function, which is driven by the sodium gradient established by the sodium-potassium pump. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The studies that the team present in an article in EMBO Journal reveal a surprising mechanism for release of the ions into the cell that begins with one of the two bound chloride ions, and only then the sodium ion and finally the other chloride and the potassium ion. (technologynetworks.com)
  • and sodium-potassium ATPase transporter (ATP1A1), sodium-bicarbonate transporter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) increased 5- to 10-fold. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In this case, the bicarbonate HCO3− ion concentration decreases by binding of bicarbonate HCO3− ions and protons H+, which results in the formation of H2CO3 carbonic acid, which subsequently breaks down into carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Clarifying the mechanisms and regulation of aqueous humor formation can lead to novel strategies for lowering IOP, the only intervention known to retard the onset and progression of blindness in glaucoma. (yale.edu)
  • Briefly, the transporters are homotrimers with each protomer consisting of a centrally located scaffold or trimerization domain and a peripheral transport domain that harbors the L-aspartate (L-asp) and three sodium (Na + ) ions binding sites. (elifesciences.org)
  • In conclusion, the proteome and transcriptome correlation results from this study indicate that ion transport plays a critical role in the adaptation of S. paramamosain to sudden reduction in salinity. (hindawi.com)
  • NKCC1 is a human chloride transporter that has the ability to transport sodium, potassium, and chloride from the exterior into cells. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Electroneutral co-transport of ions across cell membranes is involved in many functions of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The secretion of aqueous humor and the regulation of intraocular pressure are fundamental physiologic processes for the integrity and normal function of the mammalian eye. (yale.edu)
  • The ocular ciliary epithelium as a novel endocrine secretory epithelium: The secretion of aqueous humor and the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are physiologically and pathophysiologically important processes for the integrity and normal function of the mammalian eye. (yale.edu)
  • While the specific function of KCC3 is unknown, it seems to be critical for the development and maintenance of nerve tissue and for the regulation of axons, which are specialized extensions of neurons that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The narrowest constriction along the pore is a hydrophobic gate, likely forming an energetic barrier to ion flux. (tcdb.org)
  • Understanding the role of these transporters is extremely important to elaborate the signaling between various subcellular compartments. (frontiersin.org)
  • Bile is a highly complex water-based medium containing inorganic ions and many classes of organic amphiphiles, the formation of which involves multiple mechanisms and levels of regulation. (medscape.com)
  • Expression levels of the primary neuronal glucose transporters (GLUTs) isoforms 1, 3, 4, and 8 were found to be unaltered within a 24 h period after excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Identification of the pathways responsible for redistribution of ions and cell water in living cells is hampered by their strong interdependence. (researchgate.net)
  • Now, not all of the ions are easy or convenient to measure, so typically the dominant cation, sodium Na+, which is typically around 137 mEq/L and the two dominant anions, chloride Cl−, which is about 104 mEq/L, and bicarbonate HCO3−, which is around 24 mEq/L, are measured. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These results suggest that the enhanced salt tolerance conferred by codA in transgenic tomato plants might be due to the regulation of ion channel and transporters by GB, which would allow high potassium levels and low sodium levels to be maintained in transgenic plants under salt stress condition. (oregonstate.edu)
  • WRKY transcription factors, as one of the largest transcription factor families, play important roles in regulation of many plant processes, including drought stress response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Link to all annotated objects annotated to potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity. (planteome.org)
  • Link to all direct and indirect annotations to potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity. (planteome.org)
  • AFUA_2G16480 domain(s) with predicted zinc ion binding activity. (cdc.gov)
  • The first portion of each renal tubule is called the proximal tubule, and the proximal tubules are collectively responsible for reabsorbing the vast majority of the filtered NaCl, bicarbonate and water, and secreting acid in the form of ammonium ions. (yale.edu)
  • There are two types of lithium batteries that the U.S. consumers use and need to manage at the end of their useful life: single-use, non-rechargeable lithium metal batteries and re-chargeable lithium-polymer cells (Li-ion, Li-ion cells). (mykonos-greece.biz)
  • Transcriptomics focuses on gene transcription and regulation of transcription in cells [ 25 , 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cryo-EM structure of the human NKCC1 transporter reveals mechanisms of ion coupling and specificity. (technologynetworks.com)