Regulation of glutamate. Medical search. Frequent questions

Excessive glutamate release and the overexcitation of glutamate receptors has been identified as a central mediator in the pathophysiology of the neuronal injury associated with ischemic stroke and head trauma ( Choi, 1987 ). (jneurosci.org)
I discovered that ambient glutamate tonically activates NMDA receptors containing GluN2C and/or GluN2D subunits. (tufts.edu)
NMDA, AMPA and mGluR receptors are the major subclasses of glutamate receptors that are involved in excitatory transmission at synapses, mechanisms of activity dependent synaptic plasticity, brain development and many neurological diseases. (brad.ac.uk)
In addition to canonical role of regulating presynaptic release and activating postsynaptic potassium channels, GABAB receptors also regulate glutamate receptors. (brad.ac.uk)
There is increasing evidence that metabotropic GABAB receptors are now known to play an important role in modulating the excitability of circuits throughout the brain by directly influencing different types of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. (brad.ac.uk)
Specifically, GABAB receptors affect the expression, activity and signaling of glutamate receptors under physiological and pathological conditions. (brad.ac.uk)
In recent years, it has become clear that both AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid)- and NMDA ( N -methyl- D -aspartate)-type glutamate receptors, and many of their interacting partners, are palmitoylated proteins. (silverchair.com)
To learn more about a possible functional role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasole-propionate (AMPA) receptors in retinal development, the spatial distribution and temporal regulation of all AMPA receptor subunit proteins was studied in rats. (nih.gov)
Among these diverse features, it should be acknowledged that auto-antibodies toward glutamate receptors, GABA receptors, and K + channel-related proteins are preferentially found in autoimmune limbic encephalitis but not in IMCAs [ 10 ] (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
Long-term potentiation (LTP) in vitro reveals dynamic regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. (unboundmedicine.com)
AU - Moga,D E, AU - Shapiro,M L, AU - Morrison,J H, PY - 2006/10/14/pubmed PY - 2007/2/21/medline PY - 2006/10/14/entrez SP - 990 EP - 1003 JF - Hippocampus JO - Hippocampus VL - 16 IS - 11 N2 - Long-term potentiation (LTP) in vitro reveals dynamic regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. (unboundmedicine.com)
regulation of ADAR2 activity in response to neuronal activity mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity of vertebrate AMPA and kainite receptors. (muni.cz)
Glutamate is a main excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system and its receptor, glutamate receptors, play important roles in many neuronal functions including memory. (nii.ac.jp)
More research is also needed to examine whether ketamine's antidepressant effects are due to its actions on opioid receptors alone, its combined effect on opioid and glutamate receptors, or another mechanism, George said. (livescience.com)

I found that glutamate clearance is slow in the neonatal cortex and, furthermore, this slow glutamate clearance is permissive for extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation. (tufts.edu)
In this review I will describe how GABAB receptor activity influence glutamate receptor function and vice versa. (brad.ac.uk)
In the present paper, we review recent advances regarding the regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptor trafficking and function by palmitoylation. (silverchair.com)
In this regard, we tested the hypothesis that seizures increase brain extracellular glutamate, which signals through an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in brain capillaries to increase blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein expression. (uky.edu)
The autoantigens include glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC), metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), and glutamate receptor delta (GluRdelta). (springer.com)
glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1. (wikigenes.org)
In particular, AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPA-R) plays central roles in not only main excitatory neurotransmission, but also expression of synaptic plasticity. (nii.ac.jp)
But researchers suspected the drug's antidepressant effects were due to its ability to block the receptor for a brain chemical called glutamate, which is involved in mood regulation. (livescience.com)
But when scientists tried to develop other glutamate-receptor-blocking drugs to treat depression, those efforts largely failed, Schatzberg said. (livescience.com)
This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)
He had studied the regulation of mu opioid receptor mRNA expression in the human neuroplastoma cells following immune challenge. (isibrno.cz)
Over-represented proteins were involved in the C-jun-amino-terminal kinase pathway, caveolae-mediated endocytosis signaling, cardiovascular-cancer-respiratory pathway, regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, non-small cell lung cancer signaling, pulmonary hypertension, glutamate receptor, immune response and angiogenesis. (cdc.gov)

The glutamate, NMDA and KA, at a concentration of 0.25 mM, did not affect the basal c-fos and c-jun mRNA levels, and also did not affect forskolin- and PMA-induced responses. (kyobobook.co.kr)
The KA, NMDA, and glutamate did not affect forskolin- induced increase of ERK and CREB phosphorylation. (kyobobook.co.kr)
The KA decreased PMA-induced increase of phosphorylation of ERK and CREB proteins, whereas glutamate and NMDA did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK and CREB proteins induced by PMA. (kyobobook.co.kr)

This study investigated the effects of adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to carrot soup with or without whey protein, on subjective appetite, food intake and satiety hormones in healthy young men. (msgfacts.com)
The Commission hereby gives notice that it will proceed with full reviews pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 to determine whether revocation of the antidumping duty orders on monosodium glutamate from China and Indonesia would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury within a reasonably foreseeable time. (justia.com)
Flavours, colourings and enhancers (monosodium glutamate MSG) should be avoided. (who.int)

Glutamate transporters are essential players in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain, where they maintain extracellular glutamate below cytotoxic levels and allow for rounds of transmission. (elifesciences.org)
In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)

I found no indication that synaptic or phasic glutamate clearance was disrupted, though changes in ambient glutamate remain to be investigated. (tufts.edu)
Increased knowledge of synaptic palmitoylation not only will aid our understanding of physiological neuronal regulation, but also may provide insights into, and even novel treatments for, neuropathological conditions. (silverchair.com)
Sodium and aspartate symporter Glt Ph is an archaeal homolog of human glutamate transporters, which clear the neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic cleft following rounds of neurotransmission ( Danbolt, 2001 ). (elifesciences.org)
We also revealed that there are raft-positive and -negative synapses in the same neuron, proposing the hypothesis that glycosylation of AMPA―R decides the synaptic localization, resulting in the regulation of synaptic strength in synaptic plasticity. (nii.ac.jp)

In summary, our data suggest that the activation of AMPK and its regulation of cell surface GLUT3 expression is critical in mediating neuronal tolerance to excitotoxicity. (jneurosci.org)
Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Control Dopaminergic Signaling and Compulsive Behaviors. (albany.edu)
Synapsins are major neuronal phosphoproteins involved in regulation of neurotransmitter release. (ucl.ac.uk)

The neuromodulator dopamine and excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychosis, and dopamine antagonists remain the predominant treatment for psychotic disorders. (nature.com)
This Project aims at synthesising powerful chemical tools that make the neurotransmitter L-glutamate (L-Glu) detectable by fluorescence spectroscopy and permit to study its mobility, distribution and concentration in living cells with fluorescent microscopy, thus strongly contributing to the study of biologists and physiopathologists on neurological diseases in which this neurotransmitter seems to play an important role. (europa.eu)
Some of these genes may be involved in glutaminergic (involving the neurotransmitter amino acid glutamate) function (neuregulin-1, dysbindin, and D-amino-acid acid oxidase. (pharmacology2000.com)

Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (Ki cer ) and anterior cingulate glutamate were measured using 18F-DOPA positron emission tomography and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy respectively, before and after at least 5 weeks' naturalistic antipsychotic treatment in people with first episode psychosis ( n = 18) and matched healthy controls ( n = 20). (nature.com)
Although we did not find any effect of antipsychotic treatment on absolute measures of dopamine synthesis capacity and anterior cingulate glutamate, the relationship between anterior cingluate glutamate and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity did change, suggesting that antipsychotic treatment affects the relationship between glutamate and dopamine. (nature.com)
Pre-clinical models show interactions between the dopamine and glutamate systems which could contribute to the actions of antipsychotics [ 12 ]. (nature.com)
Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (Ki cer ) can be measured in-vivo using positron emission tomography, and cortical glutamate can be measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Effects on separate components of the dopamine and glutamate systems have been examined in few in-vivo studies [ 16 ] but not together in the same population. (nature.com)
Regulation of glutamate, GABA and dopamine transporters' uptake, surface mobility and expression. (albany.edu)
This leads to a loss of the inhibitory control of excitatory neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, glutamate, and dopamine. (medscape.com)

Interestingly, we found that the developmental expression of glutamate transporters is disrupted by neonatal injury in the freeze lesion (FL) model. (tufts.edu)

This is an important question because homeostatic functions of astrocytes, like glutamate regulation, are actively maturing in the postnatal cortex. (tufts.edu)
To address this gap in knowledge, I measured the maturation of functional glutamate uptake in the developing cortex using electrophysiological recordings of glutamate transporter currents in astrocytes. (tufts.edu)
Finally, the cross-talk between glutamate and microglia/astrocytes could involve a positive feedback loop that accelerates excitotoxicity. (springer.com)
Estimating the glutamate transporter surface density in distinct sub-cellular compartments of mouse hippocampal astrocytes. (albany.edu)

One very efficient E. coli acid resistance system encompasses two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (gadA and gadB) and a putative glutamate:gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) antiporter (gadC). (drugbank.com)

Here, we investigated the signaling pathways activated in response to the energetic stress created by transient glutamate excitation in cerebellar granule neurons. (jneurosci.org)
We characterized a glucose dependent hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ) in the majority of neurons after transient glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, gene silencing of GLUT3 eradicated the increase in Δψ m associated with transient glutamate excitation and potently sensitized neurons to excitotoxicity. (jneurosci.org)
Given the intimate contact of the RPE with the photoreceptor outer segments, diffusion of RPE-released glutamate could contribute to the excitotoxic death of retinal neurons, and the development of thrombin-induced eye pathologies. (molvis.org)

Regulation of glutamate metabolism by protein kinases in mycobacteria. (pasteur.fr)
Protein kinase G of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been implicated in virulence and in regulation of glutamate metabolism. (pasteur.fr)
Previous reports of a defect in glutamate metabolism caused by pknG deletion may thus be explained by the effect of unphosphorylated GarA on these two enzyme activities, which may also contribute to the attenuation of virulence. (pasteur.fr)

Additionally GarA is found to bind and modulate the activity of a large NAD(+)-specific glutamate dehydrogenase with an unusually low affinity for glutamate. (pasteur.fr)

Glutamate excitation induced a rapid alteration in the AMP:ATP ratio that was associated with the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (jneurosci.org)

In addition, a siRNA-mediated knockdown of GLUT3 expression was found to sensitize CGNs to glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
Consistent with this hypothesis, exposing isolated rat or mouse brain capillaries to glutamate for 15 to 30 min increased P-glycoprotein expression and transport activity hours later. (uky.edu)
In rats, intracerebral microinjection of glutamate caused locally increased P-glycoprotein expression in brain capillaries. (uky.edu)
Genetic regulation and cellular expression. (usda.gov)
αβγ dimer assembly may be controlled by cell-type specific or temporal regulation of expression. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Abstract: The goal of this project is to examine the developmental regulation of astrocytic glutamate uptake in the cortex and determine to what extent dynamic glutamate regulation is an important feature of cortical development. (tufts.edu)
I hypothesized that disruptions in glutamate regulation during the injury-induced latent period may underlie the pathological development that leads to cortical hyperexcitability after FL. (tufts.edu)
The major question arising from this work is what the functional role of slow glutamate uptake might be in normal cortical development. (tufts.edu)
In summary, my studies describe a novel mechanism by which developmental regulation of astrocytic glutamate clearance creates a permissive environment for extrasynaptic and tonic glutamate signaling, which is necessary for the development of cortical inhibition. (tufts.edu)

It is fundamental in the regulation and modulation of the CNS, in the regulation of the locomotive and physiological activity, in superior intellectual activity, and in affectivity and moods. (europa.eu)

The analysis revealed altered transcription levels of 12 E. coli genes in response to phage infection, and the observed regulation of phage genes correlated with the known in vivo pattern of M13 mRNA species. (lu.se)

The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] adenylyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)

Regulation of glutamine synthetase. (wikipedia.org)

Notably, inhibition of the CaMKK (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase) had little affect on GLUT translocation, whereas the inhibition or knockdown of AMPK (compound C, siRNA) activity prevented GLUT3 translocation to the cell surface after glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
Inhibition of calcineurin activity by cyclosporin A resulted in a complete block of Ca2+-dependent dephosphorylation of P-sites 4, 5, and 6 and correlated with a prominent increase in ionomycin-evoked glutamate release. (ucl.ac.uk)

Synapsins are well established targets for multiple protein kinases within the nerve terminal, yet little is known about dephosphorylation processes involved in regulation of synapsin function. (ucl.ac.uk)

Collaborative regulation of Escherichia coli glutamate-dependent acid resistance by two AraC-like regulators, GadX and GadW (YhiW). (drugbank.com)
The phage-infected cells demonstrated impaired function of the oxidative and the glutamate-dependent acid resistance systems. (lu.se)

Decreased NADH glutamate synthase activity in nodules and flowers of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) transformed with an antisense glutamate synthase transgene. (usda.gov)
Palmitate turns over and may affect regulation of GTPase activity by GAPs of Gα subunits as well their subcellular localization. (sigmaaldrich.com)

no such glutamate-induced increases were seen in brain capillaries from COX-2-null mice. (uky.edu)

Events over the past 15 years have resulted in the promulgation of regulations in the United States to enhance biosecurity by restricting the access to pathogens and toxins (i.e., biological select agents and toxins [BSATs]), which pose a severe threat to human being, animal, or plant health or to animal or plant products, to qualified institutions, laboratories, and scientists. (cdc.gov)

Umami is the term that identifies the taste of glutamate, and is an important taste element in foods. (msgfacts.com)
Sodium is also contained in sodium glutamate, used as a food additive in many processed foods (1). (who.int)

We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)
however, the effect of thrombin on glutamate release from RPE cells has not been examined. (molvis.org)

Primary cultures of rat RPE cells were preloaded with 1 µCi/ml 3 H-glutamate in Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 30 min at 37 °C. Cells were rinsed and super-perfused with 1 ml/min KRB for 15 min. (molvis.org)

little is known about functional glutamate regulation in the neonatal cortex. (tufts.edu)

With the implementation of these regulations has come discussion in the scientific community about the potential of these regulations to affect the cost of doing BSAT research, hamper research and international collaborations, or whether it would stop someone with a microbiological background from isolating many of the select agents from nature. (cdc.gov)

This article will cover four areas: (1) a review of the events that led up to the development of regulations to restrict access to dangerous pathogens in the U.S. (cdc.gov)

These regulations also reduce biosafety concerns by imposing specific requirements on laboratories working with BSATs. (cdc.gov)

Following the implementation of these regulations, Casadevall and Relman ( 2010 ) proposed that the policies may have the unintended consequence of hindering necessary research on countermeasures and potentially increasing societal vulnerability to biological attacks and natural epidemics. (cdc.gov)

The main source of sodium in our diet is salt, although it can come from sodium glutamate, used as a condiment in many parts of the world. (who.int)

The glutamate naturally present in food and the glutamate derived from MSG are identical and our bodies treat glutamate in exactly the same way, irrespective of its source. (msgfacts.com)

Anatomy43

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs139

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Receptors14

Receptor12

NMDA3

Monosodium glutamate3

Extracellular2

Synaptic4

Neuronal3

Neurotransmitter3

Dopamine6

Transporters1

Astrocytes4

GABA1

Neurons4

Metabolism3

Dehydrogenase1

Activation1

Expression5

Cortical4

Physiological1

MRNA1

Ligase1

Glutamine1

Inhibition2

Protein1

Acid2

Activity2

Increases1

Scientists1

Foods2

Release2

Cells1

Little is known1

Affect1

Review1

Specific1

Implementation1

Main1

Treat1