Regulation of genes evolutionarily conserved protein kinase cell cycle checkpoint gene. Medical search. Frequent questions

However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
To examine the role of Ras and PKCa on NO mediated Ets 1 transcriptional exercise, MDA MB 468 cells had been transfected with an Ets luciferase reporter plasmid and treated with 0. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging evidence indicate that the mammalian checkpoint kinase ATM induces transcriptional silencing in cis to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a poorly understood mechanism. (elifesciences.org)
Here we show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae a single DSB causes transcriptional inhibition of proximal genes independently of Tel1/ATM and Mec1/ATR. (elifesciences.org)
The proliferative arrest is mediated by transcriptional repression of genes essential for cell division by the retinoblastoma protein family. (biomedcentral.com)
In mammals, X chromosome dosage compensation involves heterochromatization and transcriptional silencing of one of two copies of the X chromosome in female cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, motifs are indispensable for temporal, spatial, conditional and basal regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level. (biomedcentral.com)
These transcriptional factors belong to the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor family and bind the E-box DNA motifs in the promoter regions of target genes to enhance transcription. (molcells.org)
The control of nuclear localization via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation serves as the primary regulatory mechanism for MiT family proteins, and several kinases and phosphatases have been identified to directly determine the transcriptional activities of MiT proteins. (molcells.org)
Eukaryotic cells can rapidly adjust their transcriptional profile in response to molecular needs. (biomedcentral.com)
H3.3 knockout followed by RNA-seq reveals large-scale transcriptional alterations in functionally important genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results provide an evolutionary perspective on H3.3's conserved role in maintaining the transcriptional landscape of cells and on the emergence of specialized chromatin assembly pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
They are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plants, metazoans, and mammals, and are predicted to control the activity of 30% of all protein-coding genes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin. (lookformedical.com)

These alterations can take the form of epigenetic modifications, point mutations, translocations, amplifications or deletions and modify gene functions in ways that deregulate cellular signalling pathways leading to the cancer phenotype. (bmj.com)
The intricate signaling pathways that orchestrate hepatocyte energy metabolism and cellular stress, intrahepatic cell crosstalk, as well as interplay between peripheral tissues remain elusive and are crucial for the development of anti-NASH therapies. (bvsalud.org)
The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
In this review, we highlight that many of the key regulatory pathways of the cell are recruited by motifs and that the ease of motif acquisition has resulted in large networks of co-regulated biomolecules. (biomedcentral.com)
also, the 5' download volatility trading of the cytoplasm is involved actually by cationic end-product by the RNase proximity water cell, which has a direct RNA( RNA H1 in pathways) and at least 10 Fructose-6-phosphate nucleus( activated in Jarrous 2002, Xiao et al. (evakoch.com)
The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
Cells have evolved with conserved recombination mediated genome editing pathways as a mean for repairing DSBs and restarting replication forks, thus allowing genome duplication to continue [ 8 ]. (springeropen.com)
We also molecularly defined the development of Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular myoid cells during the perinatal period, allowing us to identify candidate signaling pathways acting between somatic and germ cells in a stage-specific manner during the perinatal period. (biologists.com)

Hence, Rucaparib kinase inhibitor it can be assumed that if expressed in any respect, the guinea pig Survivin variants seem to get expressed at rather very low ranges. (mirnamimic.com)
Here, we investigate amplification events that underlie resistance to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244/ARRY-142886) in COLO205 cells, a well-characterized model for reproducible emergence of drug resistance, and show that amplifications acquired are the primary cause of resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
Our findings demonstrate that acquisition of MEK inhibitor resistance often occurs through gene amplification and can be suppressed by impeding cell cycle entry in drug. (babraham.ac.uk)
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
Treatment of senescent cells with trichostatin A, a class I/II histone deacetylase inhibitor, also induced rapid and reversible decondensation of SAHFs. (biomedcentral.com)

Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
New anticancer therapy strategies refer to the inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes as an important target to prevent uncontrolled proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Natural polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Specifically, FBXW7 is responsible for binding and facilitating the destabilization of proteins involved in proliferation and migration. (bvsalud.org)
Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. (lookformedical.com)
During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
Cellular senescence is a stress response of mammalian cells leading to a durable arrest of cell proliferation that has been implicated in tumor suppression, wound healing, and aging. (biomedcentral.com)
miR-140-5p could inhibit GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by directly targeting 3′-untranlated region of YES1. (biomedcentral.com)

It is structurally different from TELOMERIC REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN 2 in that it contains acidic N-terminal amino acid residues. (lookformedical.com)
GCN2 is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses amino acid restriction through binding to uncharged tRNAs [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In most eukaryotes, two classes of histones have been described: (1) replicative or canonical histones, expressed only during the S phase of the cell cycle, which are assembled onto chromatin in a DNA replication-dependent (RD) manner, and (2) variant histones, which differ in their primary amino acid sequences, are expressed throughout the cell cycle, and can be deposited in a replication-independent (RI) fashion [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 also known as BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BUB1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Bub1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase first identified in genetic screens of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (wikipedia.org)
Bub1p comprises a conserved N-terminal region, a central non-conserved region and a C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

The crystal structure of human Bub1 revealed the presence of a N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain and a C-terminal kinase domain (residues 784-1085), adopting a canonical kinase fold with two lobes. (wikipedia.org)

inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
The role of SUN3 in the ER is reinforced by the identification of a protein interaction between SUN3 and the ER membrane-bound transcription factor maMYB. (brookes.ac.uk)
The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor family (MiT family) proteins are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that perform many essential biological functions. (molcells.org)
We identified three undifferentiated SG subsets at postnatal day 7, each of which expresses distinct genes, including transcription factor and signaling genes. (biologists.com)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle responsible for protein synthesis, folding, post-translational modification of proteins and protein trafficking in eukaryotes ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
We used the nuclear dimorphic ciliate protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila , to investigate the dynamics of H3 variant function in evolutionarily divergent eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, the potential for these genes to perform various cognitive roles during human brain evolutionary processes is discussed. (biomedcentral.com)

F-box proteins are involved in multiple cellular processes through ubiquitylation and consequent degradation of targeted substrates. (bvsalud.org)
ATR/Mec1 phosphorylates a variety of proteins substrates after that, a lot of which promote DNA replication conclusion and therefore cell success (11, 12). (colinsbraincancer.com)
There are three different protein prenyltransferases in humans: farnesyltransferase (FT) and geranylgeranyltransferase 1 (GGT1) share the same motif (the CaaX box) around the cysteine in their substrates, and are thus called CaaX prenyltransferases, whereas geranylgeranyltransferase 2 (GGT2, also called Rab geranylgeranyltransferase) recognizes a different motif and is thus called a non-CaaX prenyltransferase [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
Ageing leads to a gradual dysfunction of the proteostasis network and thus to proteome instability due to accumulation of damaged and/or misfolded proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)
Small non-protein-coding RNA molecules, composed of around 22 nucleotides, are commonly named as miRNAs ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Briefly, miRNAs are expected to account for 1-5% of the human genome and to interfere with at least 30% of the protein-coding genes ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an endogenous group of small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally repress the expression of protein-coding genes. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (about 21 nucleotides long) strands of non-coding RNA that regulate the expression of multiple genes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Because the expression of human and mouse Survivin splice variants in cancer cells continues to be proven on the mRNA level, we performed RT PCR to examine the presence of SurvivinGp splice kinds in adult guinea pig tissues. (mirnamimic.com)
In an try to validate experimentally the three in silico identified BCLL splice variants , we also found and cloned numerous alternatively spliced variants within the BCLL gene , almost all of which showed a tissue specified pattern of expression. (mirnamimic.com)
Selumetinib causes long-term G1 arrest accompanied by reduced expression of DNA replication and repair genes, but cells stochastically re-enter the cell cycle during treatment despite continued repression of pERK1/2. (babraham.ac.uk)
NO and Ets 1 contribute to an aggressive basal like phenotype NOS2 expression is linked using a basal like pheno kind in ER breast tumors and NO signaling success in enhanced expression of basal like signature genes in ER human breast cancer cell lines. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
To examine the role of Ets one in mediating the expression of basal like markers induced by NO signaling, MDA MB 468 cells have been trans fected with either control or Ets one unique siRNA and exposed to DETANO. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
Western blotting showed that Ets one siRNA resulted in suppression of Ets one protein expression. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
DETANO treatment resulted in elevated expression on the basal like markers P cad herin, S100A8 and ab crystallin when compared to con trol siRNA handled cells. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, by modulating the immune status of macrophages, we found that reversing the macrophagic expression of FBW7 in these cells can alleviate the chondrocyte damage. (bvsalud.org)
These suppressors' somatic mutations or loss of gene expression can lead to neoplastic development, tumor progression, and therapeutic resistance. (bvsalud.org)
These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. (nature.com)
Variable DNA compaction observed during senescence is explained in part by cell-type specific regulation of H4 deacetylation and HMGA1/2 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
SAM's phase conversion to the reproductive stage is demonstrated by morphological changes accompanied by an alteration in gene expression [ 3 ]. (jabonline.in)
This transition leads to alteration in gene expression and organ production. (jabonline.in)
It has been known for many years that the fundamental transforming event in BL is the translocation of the MYC gene, and the events that bring about this translocation and those that allow cells to survive with the constitutive expression of MYC have been the subject of intense investigation. (bmj.com)
DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
The RI histone variants have an uneven distribution across the genome, carry specific posttranslational modifications (PTMs), and can affect gene expression by altering the chromatin state [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We investigated the effect of 2i treatment on lineage segregation and pluripotency-related gene expression in bovine blastocysts. (bioone.org)
These developmental and morphological changes were accompanied by alterations in gene expression. (bioone.org)
We now know those structures are very relevant to many critical biological processes like gene regulation, expression of telomerase and telomere maintenance, understanding of growth/oncogenes like C-myc, understanding of organismic development, comprehension of certain enigmatic diseases like ALS and possible new cancer treatments. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

In eukaryotic cells the SAC serves as the central surveillance mechanism to ensure chromosomes are being passed on to the next generation in a reliable manner. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic cells have thus developed the extremely conserved DNA harm response (DDR), a significant branch which (the S stage checkpoint) works to decelerate DNA synthesis, thus providing more possibility to mitigate the genotoxic implications of replicative tension. (colinsbraincancer.com)
In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane system called the nuclear envelope (NE). (brookes.ac.uk)
The Nuclear Envelope is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. (brookes.ac.uk)

Homologous recombination' is one of the main mechanisms used by cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks. (elifesciences.org)
The proteins involved in homologous recombination have to work around other processes that go on inside the nucleus, such as the transcription of DNA in genes into RNA molecules. (elifesciences.org)
It is noteworthy that several essential NER factors (RPA1C3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and DNA ligase) also play independent functions in other crucial cellular processes, such as DNA replication and homologous recombination. (colinsbraincancer.com)
The histones and non-histone proteins of chromatin compact the DNA and govern its accessibility to enzymes during transcription, replication, repair and recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, the breakpoint in the Ig gene to which MYC is transferred in eBL occurs at the V(D)J region, suggesting that translocation occurs during V(D)J recombination. (bmj.com)

In budding yeast, individual chromosomes from vegetative cells cannot be visualized by microscopy. (silverchair.com)

In most metazoans, GCN2 is one of the four known kinases that phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2, α subunit (eIF2α) to inhibit translation initiation [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
the α subunit of FT and GGT1 is encoded by the same gene, FNTA (see Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Gene structures and chromosomal locations of human protein prenyltransferase subunit genes. (biomedcentral.com)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis. (lookformedical.com)
This download is the types and cells led from a human assembly target content soccer methylated alongside the set of two interaction localizing enzyme proteins in New Zealand. (evakoch.com)

ERKi treatment of cells drives the poly-ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent turnover of ERK2 and pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Cullin-RING E3 ligases prevents this. (babraham.ac.uk)
We previously showed that decreased ATR function engenders deep inhibition of NER particularly during S stage in a number of individual cell types (13, 14). (colinsbraincancer.com)
This conversion is promoted by the double inhibition (i.e., 2i) of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Map2k), antagonizing Fgf signaling, and of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (Gsk3), stimulating the Wnt pathway. (bioone.org)

One of the next challenges will be to see if the resection process makes any contribution to changes in the transcription of genes that surround a double-strand break in mammals as well. (elifesciences.org)

FTS blocks Ras association with the cellular membrane and renders Ras protein susceptible to proteasomal degradation. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
Mid-SUN proteins are a neglected family of conserved type III membrane proteins of ancient origin with representatives in plants, animals and fungi. (brookes.ac.uk)
loop kappa p21 D cell 4( ABCD4) is shown to reduce the CD127 performance of cobalamin( Cbl membrane parking B12) into the mitochondrion, interacting it ED for the composition of Cbl lives. (evakoch.com)
The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
ZO-1 is a protein located on a cytoplasmic membrane surface of intercellular tight junctions. (thermofisher.com)

The bands are characterized by low gene density, contain predominantly tissue-specific genes, and are represented by silent chromatin types in various tissues. (sdbonline.org)
Post-translational modifications of histones represent an important mechanism modulating the accessibility of chromatin and contributing to the recruitment of other proteins to chromatin [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ELAC1 has been in the use and may as define as an RNase Z. In pyrophosphates subfamilies are transcribed from coupling tubules in the function by a two receptor chromatin that appears ultraviolet from protein threatening( reviewed in Popow et al. (evakoch.com)
Such dynamic regulation is, in part, achieved through epigenetic modifications and selective incorporation of histone variants into chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
Although H3.3 has been well studied in metazoans, information regarding the assembly of H3.3 onto chromatin and its possible role in transcription regulation remain poorly documented outside of Opisthokonts. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results indicate that Cac2 and Hir1 have distinct localization patterns during different stages of the Tetrahymena life cycle and suggest that Cac2 might be dispensable for chromatin assembly. (biomedcentral.com)

More precisely, mutations in the spindle checkpoint can lead to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, a feature present in over 90% of all solid tumors. (wikipedia.org)
However, erroneous repair of DSBs can lead to chromosomal rearrangements and loss of heterozygosity, which in turn can also cause cancer and cell death. (springeropen.com)

CDKs show their action by interacting with cyclins and different CDK-cyclin complexes regulate the cell cycle in the G1, S and G2/M phases ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
and the assembly and metabolite-dependent regulation of respiratory complexes. (nature.com)
After translation, where is a protein localised, and what complexes should it join? (biomedcentral.com)
Also, since BCL6 interacts with several co-repressor complexes to inhibit transcription, and its gene is frequently trans-located and hyper-mutated in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), miR-155 acts to enhance transcription and contribute to the pathogenesis of DLBCL. (biomedcentral.com)

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, is characterized by massive degradation of cytosolic contents. (spandidos-publications.com)
In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
The life of a gene product, from transcription to degradation, is controlled by a series of regulatory decisions. (biomedcentral.com)

The SurvivinGp localizes like a standard CPC protein capable of interacting with human CPC members To evaluate the functional properties on the guinea pig Survivin protein with people of its human homologue, we to begin with examined its localization while in mitosis. (mirnamimic.com)
This leads to translation of an alternative and functional open reading frame of the ATF4 gene ( atf-5 in C. elegans ) [ 20 , 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The outcome of this decision-making process is cell state dependent and, consequently, requires the integration of vast amounts of information that is encoded in the local abundance and functional state of a multitude of biomolecules acting as cell state sensors and transmitters. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)
Functional proteomics and immunofluorescence analyses of H3.1 and H3.3 revealed a highly conserved role for Nrp1 and Asf1 histone chaperones in nuclear influx of histones. (biomedcentral.com)
functional ATP by a full cell signal reticulum 1. (evakoch.com)

In endometrioid human tumors, the tumor suppressor genes PTEN and p53 (Trp53) are frequently altered or lost, as identified in datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas. (bvsalud.org)
Two unique NER subpathways have been recognized: global genomic NER (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), which excise UV DNA photoproducts throughout the entire genome and exclusively from your ENOblock (AP-III-a4) transcribed strands of active genes, respectively. (colinsbraincancer.com)
In participating UK research institutions, investigators can publish open access in Genome Research, Genes & Development, RNA, and Learning & Memory without article publication charges and all staff can read the entire renowned Cold Spring Harbor journal collection. (cshlpress.com)

These genetic alterations result in either activation or inactivation of specific gene functions that contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. (bmj.com)
RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (lookformedical.com)
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. (lookformedical.com)
Failure to repair DSBs can lead to unwanted consequences, such as loss of genetic information, chromosomal rearrangements and even cell death. (springeropen.com)
In an important model of premature aging, Werner's Syndrome, the genetic problem seems to be lack of a helicase protein that can unwind G-quadruplexes. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

The protein is bound to kinetochores and plays a key role in the establishment of the mitotic spindle checkpoint and chromosome congression. (wikipedia.org)
The protein kinase Bub1 possesses versatile and distinct functions during the cell cycle, mainly in the SAC and chromosome alignment during metaphase. (wikipedia.org)
This study developed a comprehensive approach that combines cytological mapping data of FlyBase-annotated genes and novel tools for predicting cytogenetic features of chromosomes on the basis of their protein composition and determined the genomic coordinates for all black bands of polytene chromosome 2R. (sdbonline.org)
The chromosome diagrams and the locations of the genes on the cytogenetic map are according to the NCBI MapViewer [ 67 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The BIC gene is activated by promoter insertion at a retroviral integration site on chromosome 21q21 in B cell lymphomas induced by avian leukosis virus. (biomedcentral.com)

Mutations and gene amplifications that confer drug resistance emerge frequently during chemotherapy, but their mechanism and timing are poorly understood. (babraham.ac.uk)
Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)
Further, we review the corresponding genes and the proteins encoded by these genes, their possible role in the developing brain and reported mutations of these genes. (biomedcentral.com)
MCPH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern in which both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
Consistently, inactivating mutations ENOblock (AP-III-a4) in various NER genes cause the autosomal recessive syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which is Nos1 usually associated with UV sensitivity and susceptibility to skin cancer development (4). (colinsbraincancer.com)
We also reported that inactivating mutations in or of any among other DDR genes mixed up in mobile response to replicative tension cripples NER exclusively in S stage. (colinsbraincancer.com)
null alleles are strict maternal effect mutations, and the phenotype of inappropriate DNA replication is the consequence of loss-of-gene function. (sdbonline.org)

This has led to the development of a range of ERK1/2 inhibitors (ERKi) that either inhibit kinase catalytic activity (catERKi) or additionally prevent the activating pT-E-pY dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 (dual-mechanism or dmERKi). (babraham.ac.uk)

The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
These adaptive molecular and structural mechanisms increase respiration to maintain basic processes specific to cell types and tissues. (nature.com)
This partitioning is conserved in different tissues and determines replication timing in Drosophila. (sdbonline.org)
Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)

Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Senescent cells elicit their fibrogenic actions primarily by secreting an assortment of inflammatory and profibrotic factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (frontiersin.org)
Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Unlike apoptosis, senescence is a state of which cells are still alive and metabolically active. (frontiersin.org)
Senescence is a complex and evolutionarily conserved program that plays both beneficial and detrimental roles under different circumstances. (frontiersin.org)
Failure to execute these regulatory responses causes cell damage and inflammation or senescence, compromising cell survival and the ability to adapt to energetically demanding conditions. (nature.com)
SIRT2, an NAD-dependent class III histone deacetylase, contributes to H4-K16Ac deacetylation and DNA compaction in human fibroblast cell lines that assemble striking senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHFs). (biomedcentral.com)
Decreased H4-K16Ac was observed in both replicative and oncogene-induced senescence of these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, this mechanism was inoperative in a fibroblast cell line that did not assemble extensive heterochromatin during senescence. (biomedcentral.com)
Deacetylation of H4-K16Ac during senescence may explain reported decreases in this mark during mammalian aging and in cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

For instance, YES1 can promote the nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor that induces resistance to cetuximab in the non-small cell lung cancer line NCI-H226 [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Proteins which bind to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins that specifically bind to TELOMERES. (lookformedical.com)
This includes finding out what other proteins the SUNs bind to and what functions they have during cell division. (brookes.ac.uk)

Increased levels of polyamines in cells are considered to be involved in cancer progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
Once activated by DSBs, ATM/Tel1 and ATR/Mec1 promote DSB repair, delay cell cycle progression or trigger the elimination of genetically unstable cells by inducing cell death. (elifesciences.org)
Telomere shortening is involved in the progression of CELL AGING. (lookformedical.com)
Helix-distorting CPDs and 6-4PPs strongly block the progression of DNA polymerases, which causes prolonged replication fork stalling and formation of DNA strand breaks, eventually leading to cell death (7). (colinsbraincancer.com)
Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic relevance of miR-140-5p in GC and identify whether YES1 is a direct target of miR-140-5p in the regulation of tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)

plu encodes a protein with two ankyrin-like repeats, including a domain for protein-protein interaction (Axton, 1994). (sdbonline.org)

Within this research, we sought to determine novel splice variants with the BCLL gene, a member within the apoptosis associated BCL family members, determined by examination of EST sequences. (mirnamimic.com)
Specifically, the concepts of tumour heterogeneity, oncogene addiction, non-oncogene addiction, tumour initiating cells, tumour microenvironment, non-coding sequences and DNA damage response will be reviewed. (bmj.com)

Similarly to its role in kinetochore assembly, it recruits members of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) like Aurora B kinase, Survivin and INCENP. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, FTS treatment resulted in decreased Ras protein ranges, indicating that Ras signaling is important for NO to improve Ets 1 phosphorylation. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
These two levels serve degraded by a phosphorylation including at least 6 membranes in a such tail that both leaves the 2' disorder ubiquitination and adducts the 3' heart to the 5' cell. (evakoch.com)
Mitochondria are the energy producing organelles in eukaryotic cell providing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
The α subunits of protein prenyltransferases consist of tetratricopeptide repeats and are part of the tetratricopeptide repeat superfamily [ 5 ], which also includes functionally diverse proteins involved in transcription, co-chaperoning, protein transport, cell-cycle control and phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)

The mitotic checkpoint kinase is evolutionarily conserved in organisms as diverse as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and humans. (wikipedia.org)
The chromosomal locations and number of exons from protein prenyltransferase genes in the major eukaryotic model organisms are shown in Table 2 . (biomedcentral.com)

We herein demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and adenylate kinase (ADK) cooperated to maintain cellular ATP levels regardless of glucose levels. (waseda.jp)
The present study demonstrates that cellular ATP homeostasis ensures proteostasis and revealed that suppressing the high volatility of cellular ATP levels prevented cytotoxic protein aggregation, implying that AMPK and ADK are important factors that prevent proteinopathies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. (waseda.jp)

A creatine-driven substrate cycle enhances energy expenditure and thermogenesis in beige fat. (nature.com)

The latter interaction is essential for kinetochore localization of Bub1 and its function in cell cycle arrest induced by spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation. (wikipedia.org)

Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
NER is evolutionarily conserved, and studies using both yeast and human models have been instrumental in elucidating its molecular underpinnings. (colinsbraincancer.com)
I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)

A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)

The best studied functions of MiT proteins include lysosome biogenesis and autophagy induction. (molcells.org)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the telomere-associated protein Ndj1 is required for bouquet formation. (biorxiv.org)

Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis. (lookformedical.com)

Mitochondrial energetic adaptations encompass a plethora of conserved processes that maintain cell and organismal fitness and survival in the changing environment by adjusting the respiratory capacity of mitochondria. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Regulation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity. (nature.com)
Mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese. (nature.com)
In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)

The N-terminal region mediates binding of Hs-BUB1 to the mitotic kinetochore protein blinkin (a protein also commonly referred to as AF15q14). (wikipedia.org)
During prophase it localizes as one of the first proteins to the outer kinetochore, a process generally implicated in correct mitotic timing and checkpoint response to spindle damage. (wikipedia.org)
Disturbed mitotic checkpoints are a common feature of many human cancers. (wikipedia.org)
Mayor Salomon is out that Freiburgers build more than the skeleton or mitotic T-cell. (evakoch.com)

Morphological profiling is an omics-based approach for predicting intracellular targets of chemical compounds in which the dose-dependent morphological changes induced by the compound are systematically compared to the morphological changes in gene-deleted cells. (waseda.jp)

Despite this, clinical responses are typically transient as tumour cells develop resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
1 BL tumour cells usually express IgM, 13 - 15 B-cell markers such as CD19, CD20 and CD22 and markers of germinal centre (GC) centroblasts such as CD10, BCL6 4 and the human germinal centre-associated lymphoma (HGAL) protein. (bmj.com)
17 - 22 The cell surface phenotype of BL tumour cells reflects a GC origin but the site of tumour growth is frequently the jaw or ovary, neither of which normally contain GCs. (bmj.com)
However, the tumour cells have undergone hypermutation, 21 23 a feature of the GC reaction during B-cell activation and differentiation. (bmj.com)

The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at millimolar levels has recently been implicated in the solubilization of cellular proteins. (waseda.jp)
Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
Meiosis is a specialized cellular program required to create haploid gametes from diploid parent cells. (biorxiv.org)

26 27 In contrast, the chromosomal breakpoint in sBL and HIV-associated BL occurs most commonly in the class switch region, 28 but since both somatic hypermutation and class switching are events that are normally confined to GC B cells and GC centroblast markers are expressed on BL cells, the BL progenitor cells most likely arise from B cells subjected to chromosomal rearrangements in the GC. (bmj.com)

Previous to this I completed my BSc in Cell and Human Biology here at Oxford Brookes University. (brookes.ac.uk)
The genomic organization of the human genes that encode protein prenyltransferases is shown in Figure 1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Automatic comparisons of data from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with genes (for example using the program Acembly, for which the results are available from the NCBI AceView server [ 2 ]) shows that all the human protein prenyltransferase genes have multiple alternative splice variants. (biomedcentral.com)

Downstream targets identified are distinct kinetochore proteins as CENP-F, MCAK and the mentioned Sgo1. (wikipedia.org)
In different immune cell types, each MiT family member is shown to play distinct or redundant roles and we expect that there is far more to learn about their functions and regulatory mechanisms in host defense and inflammatory responses. (molcells.org)
Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for the ZO-1 gene. (thermofisher.com)
We identified both gene and protein markers for three temporally distinct ProSG cell subsets, including a migratory cell population with a transcriptome distinct from the previously defined T1- and T2-ProSG stages. (biologists.com)

An choice activator of MEK 1/2 sig naling is protein kinase Ca. To examine RAF265 927880-90-8 the role of PKCa on NO activation of MEK/ERK/Ets one signaling, cells were treated with EGF or 0. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous for cells, since their inefficient or inaccurate repair can result in deletions and chromosomal translocations that can lead to cancer and/or severe developmental abnormalities in humans. (elifesciences.org)
Thus, the SAM needs to pass the developmental checkpoint between incompetent and competent states. (jabonline.in)

The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)

DSBs are cytotoxic lesions, which if left unrepaired could lead to genomic instability, cancer and even cell death. (springeropen.com)

Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
Certain G-quadraplexes appear to be evolutionarily conserved across mammalian species, suggesting they play common critical roles. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
These unusual DNA structures play critical roles in regulation of very basic biological functions and are integral part of the complex regulatory systems of living beings. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

In mammalian cells, inhibiting the transcription of genes around a double-strand DNA break depends on a signaling pathway that is activated whenever DNA damage is detected. (elifesciences.org)

YES proto-oncogene 1(YES1), a notable member of SFKs, serves as a seminal regulator of cell growth, adhesion, and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)

The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms4

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs133

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Transcriptional15

Highly conserved protein1

Pathways10

Inhibitor6

Proliferation9

Amino3

Serine4

Residues1

Transcription factor4

Eukaryotes2

Evolutionary1

Substrates3

Accumulation3

MiRNAs5

Expression20

Eukaryotic cells4

Recombination5

Budding yeast1

Subunit3

Enzyme2

Inhibition3

Mammals1

Membrane5

Chromatin6

Lead to chromosomal2

Complexes4

Degradation4

Functional6

Genome3

Genetic5

Chromosome5

Mutations7

Inhibit1

Tissues5

Senescence11

Induces1

Bind4

Progression6

Encodes1

Sequences2

Survivin1

Phosphorylation4

Organisms2

AMPK2

Substrate1

Interaction1

Molecular3

MRNAs2

Biogenesis1

Saccharomyces1

Synthesis1

Mitochondrial5

Mitotic4

Morphological changes1

Tumour cells4

Cellular4

Chromosomal rearrangements1

Human3

Distinct4

Role2

Developmental2

CDKs1

Genomic1

Roles3

Mammalian cells1

Differentiation1

Apoptosis1